• Phosphenes have been created by electrical stimulation of the brain, reported by neurologist Otfrid Foerster as early as 1929. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the current study, Inoue and colleagues were successful for the first time in inducing trial-by-trial "adaptation" in voluntary arm movements by artificial electrical stimulation of the premotor cortex (PM) or the primary motor cortex (M1). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Kanai R, Chaieb L, Antal A, Walsh V, Paulus W. Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. (springer.com)
  • Murris SR, Arsenault JT, Raman R , Vogels R , Vanduffel W . Electrical stimulation of the macaque ventral tegmental area drives category-selective learning without attention. (neurotree.org)
  • Murris SR, Arsenault JT, Vanduffel W . Frequency- and State-Dependent Network Effects of Electrical Stimulation Targeting the Ventral Tegmental Area in Macaques. (neurotree.org)
  • In our studies, we use a combination of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), functional MRI (fMRI), and intracranial electrical stimulation (iES). (stanford.edu)
  • Hence electrical stimulation of the remaining intact ganglion cells by placing micro electrodes onto the retina can in principal lead to visual sensation. (medgadget.com)
  • Second Sight's Argus II System provides electrical stimulation that bypasses the defunct retinal cells and stimulates remaining viable cells inducing visual perception in individuals with severe to profound Retinitis Pigmentosa. (businesswire.com)
  • These areas overlap with recently-discovered, retinotopically-organized visual field maps (VFMs) spanning the IPS (IPS-0/1/2/3/4/5), and potentially maps in lateral occipital cortex, such as LO-1/2, and/or TO-1/2 (hMT+). (scirp.org)
  • Other fMRI studies have implicated early VFMs in posterior occipital cortex, suggesting that visual areas V1-hV4 are recruited to represent information in VWM. (scirp.org)
  • The visual evoked potential (VEP) tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • It measures the conduction of the visual pathways from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • The generator site for VEPs is believed to be the peristriate and striate occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
  • Such behavioral specificity is often interpreted as implicating the early visual cortex as the site of learned-induced neural plasticity, because of the receptive field properties in these areas. (jneurosci.org)
  • NMDA Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Distorts Object Recognition by Reducing Feedback to Early Visual Cortex. (uva.nl)
  • These results suggest that tFUS can be used to modulate mood and emotional regulation networks in the prefrontal cortex. (frontiersin.org)
  • The current experiments investigated whether tFUS could modulate mood in healthy participants by sonicating a region in the prefrontal cortex implicated in emotional regulation, thereby uncovering a target for future therapeutic interventions (Experiment 1). (frontiersin.org)
  • The second experiment used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate FC changes after sonication of the prefrontal cortex to demonstrate that tFUS modulates brain function in networks related to emotional processing and mood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Changes in prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression following two weeks of daily left prefrontal TMS. (springer.com)
  • Amyloid plaques were reduced in additional regions of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, an area where many complex mental processes take place. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
  • For instance, we have studied the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as we have recorded directly from the human periaqueductal gray (PAG) and we have electrically stimulated the human default network as we have stimulated the human hypothalamus. (stanford.edu)
  • EEG with stroboscopic examination is a good predictor of functional MR imaging sensitivity to changes in regional cerebral blood flow induced by sensory stimulation. (ajnr.org)
  • To test whether a sufficiently complex visual stimulus causes the consumption of oxygen to rise in the human visual cortex, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) during visual stimulation in 6 healthy normal volunteers. (ku.dk)
  • In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse line that expresses membrane-anchored GCaMP6s in OPCs and used longitudinal two-photon microscopy to monitor OPC calcium (Ca 2+ ) dynamics in the cerebral cortex. (nature.com)
  • Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex. (nature.com)
  • Cerebral Cortex. (monash.edu)
  • The Allen Institute for Brain Science is in the early stages of a large-scale, multi-year, experimental and theoretical effort to study coding in the cerebral cortex. (alleninstitute.org)
  • Cerebral Cortex , 26 (4), 1401-1408. (uva.nl)
  • Cerebral Cortex , 26 (5), 1986-1996. (uva.nl)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans may demonstrate atrophy of the spinal cords and occasionally of the cerebral cortex. (medscape.com)
  • Previous studies of global brain hypoxia ischemia have primarily focused on injury to the cerebral cortex and to the hippocampus. (cdc.gov)
  • In a 2020 study of a group of 1,100 people with visual snow syndrome, the average age was 29. (healthline.com)
  • Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices med. (emf-portal.org)
  • A noninvasive technique that uses electrodes on the scalp, transcranial magnetic stimulation, has also been shown to produce phosphenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phosphenes have been produced by intense, changing magnetic fields, such as with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). (wikipedia.org)
  • They also can be induced by alternating currents that entrain neural oscillation as with transcranial alternating current stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging method for non-invasive neuromodulation akin to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Ultrasound neuromodulation offers advantages over transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), such as better spatial resolution and the ability to reach deep targets in the brain ( Fini and Tyler, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 2016. Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Posterior Parietal Cortex enhances distinct aspects of Visual Working Memory . (gold.ac.uk)
  • Wilson S, Lockwood R, Thickbroom G, Mastaglia F. The muscle silent period following transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Kanai R, Paulus W, Walsh V. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) modulates cortical excitability as assessed by TMS-induced phosphene thresholds. (springer.com)
  • Miranda PC, Lomarev M, Hallett M. Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Wagner T, Zahn M, Grodzinsky A, Pascual-Leone A. Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Cogiamanian F, Marceglia S, Ardolino G, Barbieri S, Priori A. Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas. (springer.com)
  • Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann E, Brasil-Neto J, Cohen L, Hallett M. Effects of focal transcranial magnetic stimulation on simple reaction time to acoustic, visual and somatosensory stimuli. (springer.com)
  • Axford P, Lakany H, Conway B. The effects of transcranial stimulation on enhanced physiological tremor: a pilot study. (springer.com)
  • Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Clark VP, Coffman BA, Trumbo MC, Gasparovic C. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. (springer.com)
  • Tharayil BS, Gangadhar BN, Thirthalli J, Anand L. Seizure with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in a 35-year-old otherwise-healthy patient with bipolar disorder. (springer.com)
  • University of Washington postdoctoral student Caitlin Hudac wears a cap that uses transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMG) to deliver brain signals from the other participant. (popsci.com)
  • Responses of neurons in neonatal cortex and thalamus to patterned visual stimulation through the naturally closed lids. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Connectivity studies have shown that the secondary visual cortex (V2) of mice receives bottom-up inputs from primary visual cortex and anterior thalamus, conveying respectively visual and vestibular information, and feedback top-down inputs from the retrosplenial cortex. (europa.eu)
  • The limbic system allows for complex interactions between the cortex, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the brainstem. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to visually induced seizures, reflex seizures are also triggered by the activation of other primary sensory cortices, such as the primary auditory, or somatosensory cortices, but also by activation of premotor, pericingulate (SMA), and parietal lobe association cortices. (medscape.com)
  • Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. (nih.gov)
  • Phosphenes can be induced by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the retina or visual cortex, or by random firing of cells in the visual system. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is possible these involve some mechanical stimulation of the retina, but they may also involve mechanical and metabolic (such as from low oxygenation or lack of glucose) stimulation of neurons of the visual cortex or of other parts of the visual system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to joining the institute, he investigated the contribution of synaptic processing to visual computations in the retina. (alleninstitute.org)
  • An image of the environment is taken and processed by a digital signal processor (the so-called retina encoder), which calculates a stimulation pattern for the electrodes placed onto the retina that reproduces the original image. (medgadget.com)
  • By bypassing the retina and optic nerve and directly stimulating the visual cortex, a cortical prosthesis system has the potential to restore useful vision to patients completely blinded due to many reasons, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or forms of cancer and trauma. (businesswire.com)
  • It is also important to note that the macula projects to the occipital pole, whereas the rest of the retina projects to the mesial calcarine cortex. (medscape.com)
  • In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Using fMRI in conjunction with a novel signal detection-based analysis, we show that extensive practice selectively enhances the neural representation of trained orientations in the human visual cortex. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the present study, we used fMRI to determine whether orientation-selective responses in early human visual areas might be enhanced by extensive training on an orientation discrimination task. (jneurosci.org)
  • Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) work shows that the number of objects is maintained by representations in the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) along dorsal parietal cortex, whereas the resolution of these maintained objects is subserved by the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex (LOC). (scirp.org)
  • Population receptive fields in nonhuman primates from whole-brain fMRI and large-scale neurophysiology in visual cortex. (neurotree.org)
  • Orientation selectivity (OS) of neuronal responses is considered to be fundamental for visual perception of contours. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here we show that, as early as 2 wk before eye-opening, visual stimuli presented through the closed eyelids can drive neuronal activity in LGN and striate cortex of the ferret. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thus neuronal activity patterned by visual experience, rather than by spontaneous retinal activity, is present in visual cortex much earlier than previously thought. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A critical component of this effort is to systematically characterize neuronal cell types in the cortex and its afferent and efferent structures at molecular, anatomical, and physiological levels. (alleninstitute.org)
  • Namely, the rate of oxidative metabolism in astrocytes is about half of that in neurons, and it can increase as much as the rate of neuronal metabolism in response to sensory stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Herpers J, Arsenault JT, Vanduffel W , Vogels R . Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area induces visual cortical plasticity at the neuronal level. (neurotree.org)
  • Experiments with humans have shown that when the visual cortex is stimulated above the calcarine fissure, phosphenes are produced in the lower part of the visual field, and vice versa. (wikipedia.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Simple and complex cells, two classes of principal neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1), are generally thought to be equally selective for orientation. (jneurosci.org)
  • In doses up to 50 mcg/kg i.v. LSD depressed the response to optical stimuli, and the unstimulated background firing of some neurons, but enhanced the activity of other neurons in the primary visual receiving area of cats. (erowid.org)
  • We test the hypothesis that spatial processing mechanisms in the early visual system facilitate prediction by constructing neural representations that follow straighter temporal trajectories. (nature.com)
  • Prior knowledge about objects determines neural color representation in human visual cortex. (uva.nl)
  • Brindley and Lewin (1968) inserted a matrix of stimulating electrodes directly into the visual cortex of a 52-year-old blind female, using small pulses of electricity to create phosphenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • If strips or grids of electrodes are implanted over the bare cortex in the subdural space, we use the term electrocorticography or ECoG. (stanford.edu)
  • The Orion is designed to transmit these electrical pulses wirelessly to an array of electrodes implanted on the surface of the visual cortex, intended to result in the perception of patterns of light. (businesswire.com)
  • Ictal or interictal epileptic discharges can be elicited by visual stimuli, praxis, or reading in people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy . (medscape.com)
  • Sensory cortices are inherently dynamic and exhibit plasticity in response to a variety of stimuli. (intechopen.com)
  • The direction of the increase in the error was opposite to the "preferred" error direction of the neuron recorded in the stimulation site. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)
  • Experts think it may be a neurological disorder of the brain's visual processing center. (healthline.com)
  • Furthermore, it was explored in mice, how the application of drugs (serotonin and ketamine) modulates potential plasticity within the visual system. (intechopen.com)
  • The checkerboard minus baseline subtraction yielded statistically significant increases in CMRO2 in the primary (V1) and higher order visual cortices (V4 and V5). (ku.dk)
  • Repetitive visual stimulation was applied using MR-compatible goggles with 8 Hz checkerboard stimulation during 12 min. (edu.au)
  • Therefore, retrochiasmatic lesions may not be detected by full-field checkerboard stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • 2021. Multivariate patterns and long-range temporal correlations of alpha oscillations are associated with flexible manipulation of visual working memory representations . (gold.ac.uk)
  • Herein, we provide a brief overview of some recent developments for better controlling brain stimulation and present preliminary human data indicating that closed-loop strategies could considerably enhance the effectiveness, safety, and long-term stability of visual cortex stimulation. (scite.ai)
  • Normalization was developed to explain responses in the primary visual cortex and is now thought to operate throughout the visual system, and in many other sensory modalities and brain regions. (nih.gov)
  • Brain Stimulation. (monash.edu)
  • With her colleagues of the Cognition and Neuroscience Group, she uses non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and EEG in combination with behavioural and psychophysical measurements, often using numerical cognition as a model for understanding how the younger and older brain works. (gold.ac.uk)
  • 2016. Enhancing duration processing with parietal brain stimulation . (gold.ac.uk)
  • Cohen Kadosh R, Levy N, O'Shea J, Shea N, Savulescu J. The neuroethics of non-invasive brain stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Some researchers think that visual snow might go unnoticed in many cases because the brain edits it out. (healthline.com)
  • If the answer is yes, the coil releases a pulse that stimulates the asker's visual cortex in the brain. (popsci.com)
  • The improvements were only seen in one area of the brain, the visual cortex. (thedoctorwillseeyounow.com)
  • When we see a color, it is interpreted in our brain by the visual cortex, where different groups of neurons are stimulated. (scientificamerican.com)
  • These results together suggest that sensory cortices are capable of adapting to intense experiences by going through a recalibration of corresponding or neighboring sensory area(s) to redirect the sensory function and exhibit remarkable extent of neuroplasticity within the brain. (intechopen.com)
  • These ganglion cells are connected to the visual cortex of the brain via the optic nerve. (medgadget.com)
  • The question of how spatially organized activity in the visual cortex behaves during eyes-closed , lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD )-induced "psychedelic imagery" (e.g., visions of geometric patterns and more complex phenomena) has never been empirically addressed, although it has been proposed that under psychedelics, with eyes-closed , the brain may function "as if" there is visual input when there is none. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • 1991). Organization of visual inputs to the inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. (scirp.org)
  • 1991). Visual stimulation increases technetium-99m-HMPAO distribution in human visual cortex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Visual working memory capacity in retinotopic cortex: Number, resolution, and population receptive fields. (scirp.org)
  • It was suspected that eyes-closed psychedelic imagery might involve transient local retinotopic activation, of the sort typically associated with visual stimulation. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • To test this, it was hypothesized that, under LSD , patches of the visual cortex with congruent retinotopic representations would show greater RSFC than incongruent patches. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • Using a retinotopic localizer performed during a nondrug baseline condition, nonadjacent patches of V1 and V3 that represent the vertical or the horizontal meridians of the visual field were identified. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • Consistent with our prior hypothesis, the difference between RSFC of patches with congruent retinotopic specificity (horizontal-horizontal and vertical-vertical) and those with incongruent specificity (horizontal-vertical and vertical-horizontal) increased significantly under LSD relative to placebo, suggesting that activity within the visual cortex becomes more dependent on its intrinsic retinotopic organization in the drug condition. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • This will be accomplished using a combination of population calcium imaging or whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of layer 5 neurons, coupled with sensory stimulation and optogenetic activation or inhibition of sensory or top-down inputs and behavioural experiments. (europa.eu)
  • Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. (springer.com)
  • Here, we examine these questions in macaque primary visual cortex (V1). (nature.com)
  • In the primary visual cortex (V1), orientation-selective neurons can be categorized into simple and complex cells primarily based on their receptive field (RF) structures. (jneurosci.org)
  • The premotor and primary motor cortices encoded visual error in reaching. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This training-specific enhancement of orientation-selective responses was observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) as well as higher extrastriate visual areas V2-V4, and moreover, reliably predicted individual differences in the behavioral effects of perceptual learning. (jneurosci.org)
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies using the Contralateral Delay Activity (CDA) paradigm have revealed that cortical representations of VWM are at a minimum loosely organized like the primary visual system, such that the left side of space is represented in the right hemisphere, and vice versa. (scirp.org)
  • They could use quadrants of space or different visual or auditory cues and patterns. (popsci.com)
  • Current cortical visual prosthesis approaches are primarily unidirectional and do not consider the feed-back circuits that exist in just about every part of the nervous system. (scite.ai)
  • Brindley and Rushton (1974) used the phosphenes to create a visual prosthesis, in this case by using the phosphenes to depict Braille spots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Cosendai will direct all clinical activities including feasibility and pivotal trials for the Orion™ Cortical Visual Prosthesis System (Orion), as well as clinical trials designed to expand the population of patients treatable by the Argus ® II Retinal Prosthesis System to include retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with better vision. (businesswire.com)
  • At this age, spontaneous activity in cortex is much lower than in LGN, and the visual responses of many cortical, but not geniculate, neurons depend on the orientation of a moving grating. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We measured the strength of orientation-selective responses in individual voxels in early visual areas (V1-V4) using signal detection measures, both before and after training. (jneurosci.org)
  • Clinical photoconvulsive seizures or subclinical photoparoxysmal responses occur when an individual is exposed to intermittent light stimulation (ILS), consisting of flashes of light of a particular frequency. (medscape.com)
  • Herpers J, Vanduffel W , Vogels R . Few Pairings of Electrical Micro-stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area and a Visual Stimulus Enhance Visual Cortical Responses. (neurotree.org)
  • While processing visual information, such as the perception of different colors, our brains also coordinate our muscle movements. (scientificamerican.com)
  • In a 2022 case study , researchers presented a case of visual snow syndrome developing after LASIK surgery . (healthline.com)
  • Another 2022 case study reported visual snow syndrome in a person who experienced a series of mild concussions . (healthline.com)
  • Another 2022 case study reported probable visual snow syndrome related to methylphenidate to treat a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . (healthline.com)
  • Vines BW, Cerruti C, Schlaug G. Dual-hemisphere tDCS facilitates greater improvements for healthy subjects' non-dominant hand compared to uni-hemisphere stimulation. (springer.com)
  • Visual stimulation in photosensitive individuals leads to activation of IEDs in the frontoparietal cortices. (medscape.com)
  • 2009). Visual field maps, population receptive field sizes, and visual field coverage in the human MT+ complex. (scirp.org)
  • We previously developed a method for estimating the curvature of perceptual representations of video sequences and used it to demonstrate that the human visual system selectively straightens natural videos 6 . (nature.com)
  • Increased oxygen consumption in human visual cortex: response to visual stimulation. (ku.dk)
  • These results demonstrate that extensive training can lead to targeted functional reorganization of the human visual cortex, refining the cortical representation of behaviorally relevant information. (jneurosci.org)
  • Visual field map organization in human visual cortex. (scirp.org)
  • Top-down modulation in human visual cortex predicts the stability of a perceptual illusion. (uva.nl)
  • A proof-of-concept clinical trial demonstrating the viability of stimulation of the human visual cortex with a commercially available device from a different manufacturer began in Q4 2016 at UCLA. (businesswire.com)
  • In 2018, Dr Shivdasani joined UNSW as a Senior Lecturer in Bionics and Neuromodulation and continues to dabble in various bionics projects related to retinal implants, cochlear implants, neuroscience of touch and nerve stimulation to treat chronic pain. (edu.au)
  • The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)
  • To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)
  • A 2021 case study documented the first case of visual snow syndrome developing after COVID-19 infection . (healthline.com)
  • Neurochemical effects of theta burst stimulation as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (springer.com)
  • Together, these findings establish that the early visual system processes its inputs using a set of specialized computations that can support perceptual prediction in the natural environment. (nature.com)
  • This result may indicate that under LSD , with eyes-closed , the early visual system behaves as if it were seeing spatially localized visual inputs. (beckleyfoundation.org)
  • Spatial navigation requires the integration of visual and vestibular inputs to build a representation of space. (europa.eu)
  • The aims of this project are to determine the visual and vestibular tuning of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in V2, how these inputs are recruited and interact when the mouse is engaged in a spatial navigation task, and how they are modulated by retrosplenial inputs. (europa.eu)
  • It is unclear whether the stimulus generates an abnormal response directly in the sensory or association cortices, with a synchronized discharge spreading functionally connected cortical or subcortical structures or if a physiological response is responsible for the induction of synchronization of larger networks or functionally connected epileptogenic cortex. (medscape.com)
  • Interestingly, the differential synaptic tuning correlated well with the spatial organization of synaptic input: the inhibitory visual RF in complex cells was more elongated in shape than its excitatory counterpart and also was more elongated than that in simple cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • six of seven subjects with no functional MR imaging lacked EEG synchronization at 8-Hz stimulation. (ajnr.org)
  • Li X, Zhu Q, Vanduffel W . Myelin densities in retinotopically defined dorsal visual areas of the macaque. (neurotree.org)
  • Stimulation to the motor cortices induced trial-by-trial increases in reach errors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Arsenault JT, Vanduffel W . Ventral midbrain stimulation induces perceptual learning and cortical plasticity in primates. (neurotree.org)
  • We hypothesize that the visual system transforms its input into a representation that follows a "straighter" trajectory through time (the temporal straightening hypothesis 6 ). (nature.com)
  • Testing the temporal straightening hypothesis requires comparing the straightness (conversely, curvature) of the trajectory of a sequence of images in the pixel domain with that of the visual system's internal representation. (nature.com)
  • Normalization may underlie operations such as the representation of odours, the modulatory effects of visual attention, the encoding of value and the integration of multisensory information. (nih.gov)