Stimulation of nk cell subsets vivo nk cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Persistent adaptive NK populations have been reported during viral infection, contact hypersensitivity reactions, and after stimulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or activating receptor pathways. (wikipedia.org)
NK cells essentially "remember" the previous effects of cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
Pre-activation of NK cells by the cytokines IL-12/18 plus IL-15 or by engagement of FcγRIII/CD16 via therapeutic antibodies can induce similar memory-like functions: an enhanced proliferative capacity toward IL-2 due to CD25 up-regulation as well as a strengthened responsiveness to restimulation by tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Effector CD4 + T cell subsets have been defined based on their secretion of cytokines, as well as based on transcription factors and cytokines required for their development and maintenance. (jci.org)
Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. (frontiersin.org)
In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. (frontiersin.org)
In vivo development and survival of NK cells require cytokines ( 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this context, cytokines have been shown to activate NK cells potently during ex vivo expansion ( 9 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Examination of T cells showed profound lymphopenia, that worsened over time and correlated with lower levels of plasma cytokines important for T cell survival in aged patients with severe disease. (medrxiv.org)
Functional analyses revealed that splenic NKp46 high NK cells produced much higher levels of Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α upon stimulation with cytokines or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/Ionomycin compared to the other two subsets. (biomedcentral.com)
Besides their role as cytotoxic cells through the production of perforin and granzymes, NK cells are potent producers of cytokines like Interferon (IFN)-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α [ 3 ] and thus play important roles in immunomodulation and the defence against viral, parasitic and bacterial pathogens [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Different properties such as the efficient Ag processing machinery, the high levels of expression of costimulatory molecules and peptide-MHC complexes, and the production of cytokines contribute in making DCs potent stimulators of naive T cell responses. (aai.org)
Many strategies and approaches have been tried to overcome these obstacles, including arming CAR-T cells with knock-out of PD-1 expression or secretion of cytokines/chemokines and using CAR-T cells in combination with other treatments [ 3 - 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Additionally, IFNγ induces the production of cytokines, Fc receptor, and adhesion molecules and up-regulates MHC class I and II antigen expression by antigen presenting cells during an immune response. (bioxcell.com)
Their two main functions are direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
CD56dim subset shows enhanced cytotoxic activity and expresses CD16, KIRs (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors), and perforin whereas CD56bright subset secretes enormous amounts of cytokines and expresses low levels of perforin and CD16 [1]. (ufe-eg.org)
Upon stimulation, NK cells secrete large amounts of cytokines and chemokines such as IFN-Batf3andIrf8 and several chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10) [10]. (ufe-eg.org)
DCs Induce NK Activation TLR mediated recognition of pathogen by DC stimulates their maturation and secretion of several cytokines, which can activate NK cells. (ufe-eg.org)
DC promotes NK cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic activity mainly through the release of cytokines and cell-cell contacts. (ufe-eg.org)
2008 Multiple studies show that this transactivation is influenced by the precise structure of glycolipid antigens which has enabled manipulation of immune responses with structural analogs of αGC (Venkataswamy and Porcelli 2010 For example derivatives of αGC containing truncated or unsaturated N-acyl chains induce responses in which cytokines typically associated with T helper-2 (Th2) cells predominate KM 11060 and transactivation of NK cells is limited (Yu et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
2005 On the other hand replacing the O-glycosidic linkage of αGC with a nonhydrolyzable carbon linker gives a C-glycoside variant that induces cytokine responses biased toward cytokines characteristic of T helper 1 (Th1) cells along with enhanced transactivation of NK cells and their secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (Schmieg et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
Surprisingly the induction of Th1 cell- versus Th2 cell-associated cytokines and the extent of NK cell transactivation do not correlate consistently with the potency of different αGC analogs or with the affinity with which they interact with the T?cell receptors (TCRs) of iNKT cells (Im et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
2011 A unifying feature of αGC analogs that induce predominantly Th2 cell-associated cytokines is that they are more polar than KRN7000 and can load directly onto CD1d molecules on the cell surface (Im et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
2011 In contrast glycolipids that induce responses that are biased toward Th1 cell cytokines are more hydrophobic and require intracellular loading onto CD1d for presentation (Arora et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
Trained immunity of natural killer (NK) cells has shown great potential in the treatment of cancers by eliciting enhanced effector responses to restimulation by cytokines or cancer cells for long time periods after preactivation. (cancerbiomed.org)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
As we mentioned above, NK-like CD8+ T-cells possess a diverse TcR repertoire and there is evidence that these cells can function as antigen-specific suppressive cells that regulate the immune response through killing antigen-bearing dendritic cells (13). (cgp60474.com)
Mechanistic investigation defined that Axl inhibition reprograms the immunological microenvironment leading to the increased proliferation, activation and effector function of tumor-infiltrating CD4 + and CD8 + T cells possibly through preferential accumulation and activation of CD103 + cross-presenting dendritic cells. (oncotarget.com)
Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
Basis of treatment based dendritic cells to combat coronavirus infections is summarized. (medsci.org)
CD4 is primarily expressed in a subset of T-lymphocytes, also referred to as T helper cells, but may also be expressed by other cells in the immune system, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (thermofisher.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs able to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens. (aai.org)
Among the cells that participate to innate responses, dendritic cells (DCs) 4 play a central role. (aai.org)
NK cells and dendritic cells represent two central components of the innate immune system, both of which play a key role in combating early infection. (ufe-eg.org)
Circulating and intratumoral NK and H-2Kb/OVA-specific CD8 responses are monitored, as well as the state of activation of dendritic cells (DC) with regard to activation markers and IL-12 secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
This occurs both through KM 11060 direct stimulation of iNKT cell functions and by transactivation of other effectors most notably NK cells and dendritic cells (Brennan et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
By visualizing glycolipid antigen presentation directly with monoclonal antibodies specific for complexes of αGC bound to CD1d we showed that the CD8α+DEC-205+ subset of dendritic cells was the major APC in the spleen for a range of αGC analogs irrespective of their chemical structures and cytokine biasing activities. (biotech-angels.com)
Interaction of CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs) with iNKT cells during presentation of Th1 cell-biasing versus Th2 cell-biasing glycolipid antigens led to markedly different changes in expression of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules on these. (biotech-angels.com)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is reported to promote NK cell differentiation and education. (aacrjournals.org)
Signals transmitted through the IL-12 receptor combined with CD2 and MHC class I-binding receptor provide a three-prong stimulation responsible for promoting the epigenetic and phenotypic modifications that occur in association with adaptive NK cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
The transcription factor STAT1 plays a critical role in modulating the differentiation of CD4 + T cells producing IL-17 and GM-CSF, which promote the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The protective role of STAT1 in MS and EAE has been largely attributed to its ability to limit pathogenic Th cells and promote Tregs. (jci.org)
TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23 promote the differentiation of Th17 cells. (jci.org)
During Th1 differentiation, the transcription factor T-bet, which is weakly induced by TCR stimulation, is further upregulated by IFN-γ/STAT1-mediated signaling ( 13 ) and promotes the expression of IL-12Rβ2. (jci.org)
and may have distinct overlapping functions on NK-like CD8+ T-cell priming, activation, differentiation, and memory responses associated with different cell phenotypes. (cgp60474.com)
the elucidation of this differentiation process and a greater understanding of the characteristics of these cells could be important for their eventual in potential therapeutic applications aimed at improving protective immunity. (cgp60474.com)
These data demonstrate that African green monkey-like natural killer cell differentiation profiles can be rescued in rhesus macaques to promote viral clearance in tissues. (nature.com)
define NK cell differentiation states based on their education via NKG2a and expression of CD16 (FcγRIII), an activating Fc receptor that mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 8 , and demonstrate that nonpathogenic SIVagm infection in African green monkeys (AGMs) imprints the maturation of NK cells inducing terminally differentiated NKG2a low CD16 + NK cells, which express high levels of interleukin (IL)−21R. (nature.com)
They are extremely versatile APCs involved in the initiation of both innate and adaptive immunity ( 1 ), but also in the differentiation of regulatory T cells ( 2 ) required for the maintenance of self-tolerance. (aai.org)
IFNγ exerts immunoregulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-viral, and proinflammatory activities and plays an important role in activation, growth, and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells and other non-hematopoietic cell types. (bioxcell.com)
In contrast, patients with reactive T cells exhibited poor T-cell differentiation and activity. (hindawi.com)
For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
The basic and common immunologic defect in common variable immunodeficiency is a failure of B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells that produce the various immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. (medscape.com)
These studies described failure of B-cell differentiation because of altered B-cell surface-molecule expression. (medscape.com)
that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)

Though adaptive NK cells do not possess antigen specificity, they exhibit dynamic expansions of defined cell subsets, increased proliferation and long-term persistence for up to 3 months in vivo, high IFN-γ production, potent cytotoxic activity upon ex vivo restimulation, and protective memory responses. (wikipedia.org)
However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
The most remarkable function of TNFRSF4 is to enhance division, proliferation, survival and cytokine production of T cells by activating the pathways described above. (biomedcentral.com)
In SIVagm infection, systemic IL-15 was associated with NK cell proliferation in lymph node (LN), while systemic IFNα correlated with NK cell cytotoxicity in LN 17 . (nature.com)
First, we are interested in Epstein Barr Virus-mediated mechanisms of immune evasion with particular emphasis on pathways that promote survival and proliferation of EBV B cell lymphomas, the characterization of the human T cell and NK cell response to EBV and the identification of novel therapeutics for treatment of EBV B cell lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
1 T-PLL cells commonly demonstrate rearrangements involving T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) family genes TCL1A, MTCP1 (mature T-cell proliferation), or TCL1B as molecular hallmarks. (haematologica.org)
Silencing PKM2 markedly inhibits proliferation and metastasis capacity in vivo and in vitro , and vice versa. (researchsquare.com)
IL-15 is another relevant cytokine produced by DC which can stimulate NK cell proliferation, survival, and priming of protective NK cell response [1]. (ufe-eg.org)
It has also Mouse monoclonal to KDM3A been shown that TLR-9 stimulated pDCs promote a selective proliferation of CD56bright NK cell subset [19]. (ufe-eg.org)
Proliferation-linked shifts in eligibility of T-cell progenitors, population dynamics, DN1 cells to undergo specification thus control kinetics of T-cell generation. (lu.se)

Human NK cells are phenotypically characterized by the expression of CD56 and the absence of CD3 and can be further subdivided into a CD56 bright population and a CD56 dim population. (frontiersin.org)
We constructed a non-contact co-culturing system and humanized xenograft tumor mice model to detect the influence of GC microenvironment on NK-92 or primary human NK cells viability by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the human NK cells responsible for the generation and maintenance of trained immunity are largely unknown. (cancerbiomed.org)

They can be distinguished from cytotoxic NK (cNK) cells by their receptor expression profile and epigenome. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the IFNG gene, NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells also showed CpG demethylation of the PRDM1/BLIMP1 and ZBTB32/TZFP genes or hypermethylation of FCER1G (Fc fragment of IgE receptor Ig). (wikipedia.org)
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4), as known as OX40 or CD134 is expressed primarily on activated T cells [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. (bmj.com)
Heterogeneous antigen expression is a key barrier influencing the activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors. (nature.com)
Expanded natural killer cells killed both allogeneic and autologous primary myeloma cells avidly via a perforin-mediated mechanism in which the activating receptor NKG2D, natural cytotoxicity receptors, and DNAX-accessory molecule-1 played a central role. (haematologica.org)
Axl receptor tyrosine kinase critically involves in the carcinogenesis of multiple cancers due to its dual roles in both promoting cancer invasion and metastasis and suppressing myeloid cell activation and function. (oncotarget.com)
Description: The RPA-T4 monoclonal antibody reacts with human CD4, a 59 kDa cell surface receptor expressed by a majority of thymocytes, subpopulation of mature T cells (T-helper cells) and in low levels on monocytes. (thermofisher.com)
CD4 functions to initiate or augment the early phase of T-cell activation through its association with the T-cell receptor complex and protein tyrosine kinase, Lck. (thermofisher.com)
Additionally NKp46 high NK cells expressed elevated levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on mRNA level. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, a recent study from our group with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the activating receptor NKp46 enabled a more comprehensive insight into the phenotype of porcine NK cells and putative subsets [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer immunotherapy by chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells has shown exhilarative clinical efficacy for hematological malignancies. (ijbs.com)
The IFNγ receptor is expressed ubiquitously on almost all cell types with the exception of mature erythrocytes. (bioxcell.com)
2018). "NKp46 Receptor-Mediated Interferon-gamma Production by Natural Killer Cells Increases Fibronectin 1 to Alter Tumor Architecture and Control Metastasis" Immunity 48(1): 107-119 e104. (bioxcell.com)
We demonstrated that signaling via the NK cell receptor NKp46 (human) and Ncr1 (mouse) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion from intratumoral NK cells. (bioxcell.com)
NKG2D is an activating NK cell surface receptor that recognizes ligands, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence (MIC) A and B and UL16-binding proteins (ULPBs), displayed on the surfaces of stressed cells, thereby preventing non-specific killing by bringing NK cells into close proximity with their targets [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
IL-18 produced by DC can further Tirofiban Hydrochloride Hydrate induce the expression of IL-12 receptor on NK cells [15]. (ufe-eg.org)
We have recently shown that the vaccine formulation, and in particular the presence of the Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonist CpG, can significantly promote the maturation of pro-inflammatory DCs, which favors Type I T cell responses while restricting the expansion of Tregs [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Graphical Abstract Introduction Natural killer T?cells with invariant T?cell receptor α chains (iNKT cells) are a conserved population that recognizes KM 11060 glycolipid antigens bound to CD1d a lipid antigen-presenting molecule with structural similarities to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins (Brennan et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
Here, we report that CDPK16 promotes pollen germination phenotype in cdpk16 and loss caused by synchronous stimulation, suggesting that the utilization of normalized version of the simulation speed is increased in pollen when compared to axons with receptor knockdown. (dannymillsfoundation.com)
CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)

After stimulation through CD16 ligation adaptive NK cells produce large amounts of IFN-γ and also extensively proliferate. (wikipedia.org)
It had been indicated similar or reduced degranulation of CD107a as compared to cNK cells after CD16 ligation or stimulation with antibody-coated tumor targets. (wikipedia.org)
TEM, and CD16+CD56+ CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood, probably associated with the chronic infection with HPV (44). (cgp60474.com)
Here we report, using the pathogenic model of antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected rhesus macaques that sequential interleukin-21 and interferon alpha therapy generate terminally differentiated blood natural killer cells (NKG2a/c low CD16 + ) with potent human leukocyte antigen-E-restricted activity in response to SIV envelope peptides. (nature.com)
The frequency and activity of terminally differentiated NKG2a/c low CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with a reduction of replication-competent SIV in lymph node during antiretroviral therapy and time to viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. (nature.com)
For example, ex vivo IL-21 treatment expanded CD16 + NK cells 9 , antagonized the IL-15-dependent expansion of resting NK cells 10 , and reverses hypo-responsiveness via the STAT1 and PI3K-AKT-FOXO1 pathways 11 . (nature.com)
Given previous findings on a role of IL-21 and IFNα in regulating NK cell function, and that NKG2a low CD16 + NK cells are generated while expressing high levels of IL-21R in nonpathogenic SIV infection, we sought to determine whether immunotherapy with IL-21 and IFNα rescues AGM-like profiles of NK cell maturation and activity in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). (nature.com)
Our results found that PBC stimulated a greater change in numbers of CD16 + NK cells and CD8 + T cells in comparison to CWI, suggesting a larger catecholamine response after PBC could result in a morepronounced mobilisation of lymphocytes than CWI. (researchgate.net)
2012). CD16 + NK cells in this study were observed to increase by 167% after PBC, 58% after CWI, and 29% after CON. (researchgate.net)
In the current study it is shown that this NKp46 high phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of CD16 and CD27 compared to the CD8α + NKp46 - and NKp46 + NK-cell subsets in spleen and blood. (biomedcentral.com)
Addition of DEP further reduced CD16 expression in pI:C stimulated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on effector function, NK cells are divided into two major subsets: more cytotoxic NK cells (CD56 dim CD16 + ) and more cytokine-secreting NK cells (CD56 bright CD16 dim/- ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, the mechanisms by which NK cells control tumors in vivo are unclear. (bioxcell.com)

discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
10). Moreover, NK-like CD8+ T-cells from EpsteinCBarr virus (EBV)-associated tumor patients are quantitatively and functionally impaired and in a human-thymus-SCID chimera model, the EBV-induced human NK-like CD8+ T-cells synergize with NK-like CD4+ T-cells suppressing EBV-associated tumors upon induction of a Th1-bias (43). (cgp60474.com)
A considerable number of phenotypically and functionally different NK-cell subsets have been identified up to date [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the mouse likewise CD27 and CD11b (Mac-1) are used to dissect NK cells into functionally and developmentally different subsets [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite these hints on important functions of porcine NK cells in vivo, so far no investigations on the existence of functionally differing NK-cell subsets have been reported. (biomedcentral.com)
While all cells are functionally deficient, resulting in high susceptibility to infections, only some of these cells are causing autoimmune symptoms. (hindawi.com)

IFNγ has also been shown to modulate macrophage effector functions, influence isotype switching and induce the secretion of immunoglobulins by B cells. (bioxcell.com)
Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)

First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
Methods In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8 + T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. (bmj.com)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
An increase in circulating leukocyte subsets such as CD8⁺ T cells and CD56loCD16⁺ natural killer cells suggests that PBC may induce a transient mobilisation of lymphocytes. (researchgate.net)
IFNγ is primarily produced by activated lymphocytes including T, B, NK cells, and ILCs. (bioxcell.com)
The marginal zone of the spleen is a precisely ordered region that contains specialized subsets of B lymphocytes and macrophages. (silverchair.com)
While the autoreactive cells displayed significantly reduced Tregs numbers, the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes had high functional Tregs. (hindawi.com)
In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The origin of the reactive cells in such patients are either thymic release of T-cells that expand at the periphery or transplacentally transfers of maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
A distinctive feature of SCID patients, which sometimes can clinically resemble Omenn, [ 6 ] is the presence of alloreactive cells originated from transplacentally maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)

There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Results Herein we reveal a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells against tumors using TLR-activated B cells. (bmj.com)
To improve the response rate in B cell malignancies and translate the success of CAR T cells to solid tumors, the optimization of this class of therapeutics is required. (nature.com)
Adoptive transfer of expanded natural killer cells inhibited the growth of established OPM2 and high-risk primary myeloma tumors grown in the murine model. (haematologica.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are an integral component of the innate immune system, which undertake the immune surveillance against tumors [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There are mounting evidence suggesting that the improvement of NK infiltration or function in tumors is obviously beneficial for patient survival [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite the progresses made in treating hematological malignancies, challenges still remain for use of CAR-T cell therapy to treat solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
In this landscape, most studies have primarily focused on improving CAR-T cells and overcoming the unfavorable effects of tumor microenvironment on solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
To further understand the current status and trend for developing CAR-T cell based therapies for various solid tumors, this review emphasizes on CAR-T techniques, current obstacles, and strategies for application, as well as necessary companion diagnostics for treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
However, due to intricacies of solid tumors and their locations in the human body, treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells is facing multiple obstacles, such as the hostile tumor microenvironment, on-tumor/off-tumor toxicities, and undesired antigen specificity [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
Encouragingly and optimistically, in this landscape, more than forty clinical trials in treatment of solid tumors by CAR-T cells have been registered in China alone (Table 1 ) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
Therefore, in this review, we focus on current CAR-T techniques , obstacles, strategies for overcoming these obstacles, as well as necessary companion diagnostics in treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, and their presence within human tumors correlates with better prognosis. (bioxcell.com)
NK cells provide the first line of defense against a variety of tumors and microbial pathogens. (ufe-eg.org)

Hence, we established a two-phase expansion protocol with IL-15 to induce an early NK cell expansion, followed by short exposure to IL-21 that boosted the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against RMS cells. (frontiersin.org)

Phenotypic transcriptional and functional examination of the peripheral mononuclear cells revealed age-, time, and disease severity-specific adaptations. (medrxiv.org)
Currently, there is no consensus regarding the functional properties and phenotypic characterization of human NK-like CD8+ T-cells. (cgp60474.com)
CD3 - CD8α + NKp46 - NK cells show phenotypic and functional properties of NK cells although they produce reduced levels of IFN-γ compared to the NKp46 + subset after in vitro stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In humans, NK cells are divided, based on their functional and phenotypic properties, into two main subsets, namely, CD56dim Tirofiban Hydrochloride Hydrate and CD56bright. (ufe-eg.org)
At present, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional variation of human γδ T cells are increasing. (explorationpub.com)

Human adaptive NK cells in peripheral blood are likely derived from cNK cells expressing low levels of CD56, as CD56dim cNK cells are more likely to express killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and/or CD94/NKG2C. (wikipedia.org)
Importantly, both memory-like functionalities are antigen-unspecific and mean "remembering" a previous state of increased activation caused by cytokine exposure or stimulation via activating NK cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
These NK cells bear activating MHC class I-binding receptors, typically CD94/NKG2C, demonstrate reduced activation and degranulation in response to activated autologous T cells and they are CD56dim CD16+. (wikipedia.org)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
They can be activated rapidly via germ-line encoded receptors that recognize the presence of stress ligands or absence of self-antigens on target cells ( 1 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
NK cells recognize the targets through the biased signals transmitted from active or inhibitory receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
IgG2a also engages in high affinity interactions with Fc receptors on immune cells which can result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by phagocytosing cells like macrophages 3-8 . (researchsquare.com)
On exposure to pathogens, TLRs and other receptors on surface of DCs recognize molecular patterns associated with microbes, which initiates DC maturation, upregulation of CCR7, and consequent migration to the local draining lymph nodes where interaction with naive T cell occurs. (ufe-eg.org)

moreover, the exposure of peritoneal macrophages (in vitro) to temperatures of 4, 10, 24, and 37°C for 1 hour suggested a close inverse association between incubation temperature and the number of cells capable of phagocytosis. (researchgate.net)
Disruption of the negative signaling inositol phosphatase, SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP), results in the loss of marginal zone B cells (MZBs) with reorganization of marginal zone macrophages (MZMOs) to the red pulp of the spleen. (silverchair.com)

Our results demonstrated high potential of IL-15 for NK cell expansion, while IL-21 triggered NK cell maturation and functionality. (frontiersin.org)
Interaction of NK cells with DC results in maturation, activation, and cytokine production by both cells. (ufe-eg.org)
The combined CD1d/iNKT antitumor therapy and CpG/peptide-based immunization leads to optimized expansion of NK and OVA-specific CD8 T cells (CTLs), likely resulting from the maturation of highly pro-inflammatory DCs as seen by a synergistic increase in serum IL-12. (biomedcentral.com)
Residual autologous T cells are usually emerging from partial thymic maturation impairment such as in the case of Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) deficiency. (hindawi.com)

The CD56 dim subset is the terminally differentiated successor of the CD56 bright population and is primarily responsible for exerting cytolytic functions ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
CD56+CD8+ NKT-cells express more IFN-gamma and KIR in patients with leishmaniasis compared with healthy subjects (49). (cgp60474.com)

Moreover, the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME), which mainly consists of neoplastic cells, stromal cells, immune cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix, severely diminishes the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity, thus restraining the effects of various immunotherapies developed during the past decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Dysregulation of various cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) causes immunosuppressive functions and aggressive tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
Therefore, an in-depth understanding of γδ T cells that play conflicting roles in the tumor microenvironment is necessary. (explorationpub.com)

STAT1-deficient effector T cells became the target of NK cell-mediated killing, limiting their capacity to induce EAE. (jci.org)

The impact of CMV infection and adaptive-like NK cells on relapse and survival of patients with AML not receiving allo-SCT remains unknown. (aacrjournals.org)
1 Significant advances have been made by combining novel agents with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation which allows for long-term disease-free survival in the majority of transplant-eligible patients. (haematologica.org)
A multivariate Cox analysis was performed to show that the intra-tumoral NK cell density was positively related with the overall and disease-free survival of GC patients [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The cell-based therapeutic vaccine Sipuleucel T targeting the antigen PAP has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2010 and recently by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of asymptomatic - minimally symptomatic metastatic CRPC based on a median prolongation in overall survival by 4.1 months compared to placebo controls [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cells were subsequently analyzed for changes in surface marker expression, cytokine production, gene expression changes, and cytotoxic function using flow cytometry, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which serves as an animal model of MS, is also induced by the activation of myelin reactive CD4 + T cells and their subsequent migration in the CNS, where they mediate inflammatory responses, resulting in demyelination and neurodegeneration. (jci.org)
Gene expression signatures within memory B cells suggest qualitative differences in the antibody responses in aged patients with severe disease. (medrxiv.org)
Unlike HIV infection, which progresses to AIDS absent suppressive anti-retroviral therapy, nonpathogenic infections in natural hosts, such African green monkeys, are characterized by a lack of gut microbial translocation and robust secondary lymphoid natural killer cell responses resulting in an absence of chronic inflammation and limited SIV dissemination in lymph node B-cell follicles. (nature.com)
By blocking the negative immune regulatory signals mediated by PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, these drugs remove the inhibition of T-cell activation and effector function and vigorously restore antitumor immune responses [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Protein conjugated pneumococcal vaccine elicit antibody responses that are T-cell dependent. (medscape.com)
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the early phase of immune responses against various pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
Administration of QIV with the two adjuvants, individually or combined, resulted in enhanced HA-specific serum ELISA IgG titers, serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and splenic T cell responses as examined by IFN-γ and IL-4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays, 4-weeks post-prime and post-boost vaccination in BALB/c mice. (researchsquare.com)
Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)
However, cancer cells exploit these checkpoints to evade immune surveillance and suppress antitumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Altogether, our study in mice demonstrates that αGC/CD1d-antitumor fusion protein greatly increases the efficacy of a therapeutic CpG-based cancer vaccine, first as an adjuvant during T cell priming and second, as a therapeutic agent to redirect immune responses to the tumor site. (biomedcentral.com)
We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)

In summary, this two-phased feeder cell-free ex vivo culturing protocol combined efficient expansion and high cytolytic functionality of NK cells for treatment of radiation-resistant RMS. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, cross-linking of NKp46 by NKp46-specific mAbs led to a superior CD107a expression in the NKp46 high NK cells, thus indicating a higher cytolytic capacity of this subset. (biomedcentral.com)

The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
A main challenge of NK cell therapy is that it requires a high amount of functional NK cells. (frontiersin.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are "licensed" with functional competence following education with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules 1 . (nature.com)
Therefore, in this study we focused on functional and phenotypical properties of CD8α dim/- NKp46 high NK-cells in the spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
1997 it has been proposed that selective presentation by different cell types could account for variation in functional outcomes with different glycolipid antigens (Bezbradica et?al. (biotech-angels.com)

An adaptive natural killer (NK) cell or memory-like NK cell is a specialized natural killer cell that has the potential to form immunological memory. (wikipedia.org)
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. (frontiersin.org)
With their ability to detect and directly destroy virally infected or malignant cells, natural killer (NK) cells form an important part of the first line defense of the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
This is in contrast to control macaques, where less differentiated, interferon gamma-producing natural killer cells predominate. (nature.com)
We tested whether natural killer cells expanded by co-culture with K562 cells transfected with 41BBL and membrane-bound interleukin-15 could kill myeloma cells with a high-risk gene expression profile in vitro and in a unique model which recapitulates human myeloma. (haematologica.org)
These mice are devoid of endogenous natural killer and T-cell activity and were used to determine whether adoptively transferred expanded natural killer cells could inhibit myeloma growth and myeloma-associated bone destruction. (haematologica.org)
Results Natural killer cells from healthy donors and myeloma patients expanded a median of 804- and 351-fold, respectively, without significant T-cell expansion. (haematologica.org)
The transferred, expanded natural killer cells proliferated in vivo in an interleukin-2 dose-dependent fashion, persisted up to 4 weeks, were readily detectable in the human bone, inhibited myeloma growth and protected bone from myeloma-induced osteolysis. (haematologica.org)
Conclusions These studies provide the rationale for testing expanded natural killer cells in humans. (haematologica.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in body's fighting against various types of cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
and natural killer (NK) cells. (123dok.net)
Natural killer cell counts were also elevated after PBC, with the increase attributed specifically to the CD56loCD16⁺ cytotoxic subset. (researchgate.net)
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important lymphocyte population in the nasal mucosa and play important roles in linking the innate and the adaptive immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
Many hematopoietic cell types express CD1d and so are with the capacity of presenting glycolipid antigens to invariant natural killer T?cells (iNKT cells). (biotech-angels.com)
NK: Natural killer including IL-5 and IL-13. (cdc.gov)
NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)

More importantly, we show that Axl inhibition induces an adaptive immune resistance evidenced by unregulated PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and combined Axl inhibition with PD-1 blockade mounts a potent synergistic antitumor efficacy leading to tumor eradication. (oncotarget.com)
Tirofiban Hydrochloride Hydrate In addition, pDCs secrete profound amounts of type 1 interferon (IFN-produced by DC induces IL-15 production by DCs as well as NK cells. (ufe-eg.org)
Triangles indicate the membrane potential dynamics then results in NMDAR-dependent release (or pro-conversion) of mBDNF that induces Hebbian synaptic strengthening in postsynaptic tectal neurons in vivo. (dannymillsfoundation.com)

Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
2005 This possibility was supported by a recent study using lineage-specific conditional deletion of gene expression which identified presentation by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as a major factor underlying the cytokine biasing properties of different αGC variants (Bai et?al. (biotech-angels.com)
2010 In the current study we reassessed the presentation of various forms DUSP2 of αGC in?vivo to identify the predominant APCs involved in presentation of diverse glycolipid antigens. (biotech-angels.com)

Adaptive NK cells have been identified in both humans and mice. (wikipedia.org)
review the heterogeneity of the current models for memory T cells generation and maintenance in humans and mice. (scielo.br)
Using mice with selective deletion of STAT1 in T cells (STAT1 CD4-Cre ), we identified a potentially novel mechanism by which STAT1 regulates neuroinflammation independently of Foxp3 + Tregs. (jci.org)
Elimination of NK cells restored EAE susceptibility in STAT1 CD4-Cre mice. (jci.org)
We find that a structurally rigid IgG4H and CD28TM domain brings the two D4 fragments in proximity, driving CAR dimerization and leading to enhanced T-cell signaling and tumor regression in pancreatic cancer models with low antigen density in female mice. (nature.com)
Inspired by the accidental discoveries, we constructed a NK-92 cell strain with high expression of GPX4 and treated the humanized xenograft tumor mice model with the NK-92 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we used reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging in humans and in mice to visualize tumor architecture in vivo . (bioxcell.com)
Injection of IFN-gamma into tumor-bearing mice or transgenic overexpression of Ncr1 in NK cells in mice resulted in decreased metastasis formation. (bioxcell.com)

Some evidence exists for tissue-resident adaptive NK cells in the liver, where a small population of CD49a+NKG2C+ NK cells has been shown to emerge in response to human cytomegalovirus infection. (wikipedia.org)
Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)
We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
CXCR3 expression on the surface of NK cells promotes chemotaxis to sites of infection through the release of IP-10 by other cells including epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Unique and expanded adaptive NK cell populations were observed in peripheral blood in humans that have been previously infected with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, a 11-year prospective cohort study of Japanese inhabitants linked low peripheral-blood NK cell cytotoxicity with increased cancer risk ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Applications Tested: This RPA-T4 antibody has been pre-titrated and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells. (thermofisher.com)
No studies have assessed acute PBC exposure on peripheral blood mononuclear cell mobilisation or compared these with cold water immersion (CWI), which may inform how PBC impacts inflammatory processes. (researchgate.net)
This trial examined the impact of a single PBC exposure on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to CWI or a control. (researchgate.net)
NK cells were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from normal healthy volunteers and subsequently stimulated with the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C), DEP, or pI:C+DEP for 18 hours. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. (bmj.com)

The clinical application of NK cells with memory-like properties can significantly increase the efficiency of these cells and pave the way for the new NK cell-based clinical approaches for the cancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
Many culturing strategies are based on the addition of feeder or accessory cells, which need to be removed prior to the clinical application of the final NK cell product. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, the use of em ex vivo /em -expanded NK and NK-like T-cells has been reported seems to be safe and it could be an approach for further clinical evaluation in cancer patients (47). (cgp60474.com)
Thus, restoring the number of NK cells in TME is of great significance for GC clinical treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
In this regard, ICB targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have produced an unprecedented clinical benefit in cancer patients and been approved by Food and Drug Administration for treating melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma with a rapidly growing list of indication [ 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
For instance, a peptide/CpG-based cancer vaccine has been evaluated in several clinical trials and was shown in pre-clinical studies to favor the expansion of effector T versus Tregs cells, resulting in a potent antitumor activity, as compared to other TLR ligands. (biomedcentral.com)
Alternatively, the adjuvant activity of CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells (iNKT) on the innate and adaptive immunity is well demonstrated, and several CD1d glycolipid ligands are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, patients with self-reactive cells have significant autoimmune features in addition to their clinical and molecular immunodeficient state. (hindawi.com)
However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)

They conclude that although armed with highly distinct effector functions, there are many parallels between the T cell and B cell components of the immune response and their conversion into memory. (scielo.br)
2012 Studies of the prototypical glycolipid antigen of iNKT cells an α-galactosylceramide (αGC) known as KRN7000 show the potential for iNKT cells to KM 11060 activate a range of immune effector functions in?vivo. (biotech-angels.com)

In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
The biological functions of PKM2 were investigated in vitro and in vivo . (researchsquare.com)

Additionally, a third NK cell population with elevated NKp46 expression levels was identified in high frequencies in spleen and liver, pointing towards a special role of NK cells with this phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, these cells show highly flexible and dynamic plasticity and are extremely easily polarized into regulatory phenotypes. (explorationpub.com)

HCMV-associated NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells and IL-12/15/18 pre-activated NK cells have been detected to have an epigenetic imprint, for instance, the demethylated CNS1 region of the IFNG gene, which in turn can lead to a remarkable stability of the IFN-γ-producing phenotype even after adoptive transfer. (wikipedia.org)
CpG-conditioned CD8 + T cells acquired a unique proteomic signature hallmarked by an IL-2Rα high ICOS high CD39 low phenotype and an altered metabolic profile, all reliant on B cells transiently present in the culture. (bmj.com)
Likewise, human TILs benefitted from expansion with CpG ex vivo, as they also possessed the IL-2Rα high ICOS high CD39 low phenotype. (bmj.com)
CpG fostered the expansion of potent CD8 + T cells with the signature phenotype and antitumor ability via empowering a direct B-T cell interaction. (bmj.com)
These studies show that the NK-like CD8+ T-cells interact with other cells and that chronic stimulation determines their phenotype. (cgp60474.com)
These cells exhibited a senescent secretory effector phenotype: KLRG-1+/CD57+/CD160+/CD28? (cgp60474.com)
47) and may Pemetrexed disodium possibly be NK-like CD8+ T-cells with Pemetrexed disodium TEM or TTE phenotype. (cgp60474.com)
Phenotypical analyses with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine NKp46 recently revealed that in blood NKp46 - and NKp46 + cells with NK phenotype exist with comparable cytotoxic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
In spleen a third NKp46-defined population with NK phenotype was observed that was characterised by a low to negative CD8α and increased NKp46 expression. (biomedcentral.com)

microbial infections to differently influence NK-DC crosstalk thereby contributing to distinct adaptive immune response. (ufe-eg.org)

After activation, they can directly lyse the targets by generating cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin and granzyme B. Besides, NK cells also secret amounts of immune regulators, especially IFN-γ, to enhance the overall anti-tumor activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
Coupled with reports that allogeneic MSCs have immunoprivileged status and immunomodulatory properties, there has been considerable interest in exploring the use of these cells as a therapeutic option for bone repair. (hindawi.com)
New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient's immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
In a proof of concept in vivo study, we also observed a therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred IL-15 expanded and IL-21 boosted NK cells in combination with image guided high precision radiation therapy using a luciferase-transduced RMS xenograft model. (frontiersin.org)
Based on this, we generated GPX4 over-expressed NK-92 cells, and found these cells showed therapeutic potential towards GC. (biomedcentral.com)
Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to boost the natural immunity against transformed cancer cells, and a series of adjuvants and co-stimulatory molecules have been proposed to enhance the immune response against weak self-antigens expressed on cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The importance of immune surveillance in eradicating malignant cells is well demonstrated, and several observations have motivated the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

In comparison to CD56dim cNK cells, adaptive NK cells generally show decreased expression of surface CD7, CD161, NKp30, NKp46, and SIGLEC-7 but demonstrate retained or even higher expression of CD2, CD57, and CD85j (ILT2, LILRB1). (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, NKp46 in the pig was shown to divide porcine CD3 - CD8α + NK cells into NKp46 - and NKp46 + subsets in blood and all organs tested [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. (bmj.com)
Conclusions Our results demonstrate a novel way to use TLR agonists to improve immunotherapy and reveal a vital role for B cells in the generation of potent CD8 + T cell-based therapies. (bmj.com)
This study demonstrates the potential of V H H-based CAR T for pancreatic cancer therapy and provides an engineering strategy for developing potent CAR T cells targeting membrane-distal epitopes. (nature.com)

The capacity to produce IL-2 following a microbial stimuli encounter is a feature shared by diverse DC subtypes in vivo, such as CD8α + and CD8α − splenic DCs and epidermal Langerhans cells. (aai.org)

NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous and hematologic malignant disease which is characterized by infiltration of the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal, abnormally differentiated, and occasionally poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We repurposed the TLR9 agonist, CpG, commonly used in the clinic, to bolster T cell-B cell interactions during expansion for ACT. (bmj.com)
The interactions between tumor and immune cells in the local microenvironment are believed to be involved in the growth, metastasis and invasion of GC [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Newer strategies recognize the close biologic interactions between the skeletal cells and the immune cells. (medscape.com)

other lymphocyte subsets. (123dok.net)

Although hallmarks of a cytokine storm were evident in both groups, older individuals exhibited elevated levels of chemokines that mobilize inflammatory myeloid cells, notably in those who succumbed to disease. (medrxiv.org)

Mature DCs express high levels of MHC and costimulatory molecules which enable them to activate naive T cells in T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs [12]. (ufe-eg.org)
2. NK-DC Interaction The bidirectional crosstalk between DCs and NK cells can occur in the periphery or in secondary lymphoid tissues where they interact with each other through cellCcell contact and soluble factors. (ufe-eg.org)
1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)

Other soluble factors, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by DC Tirofiban Hydrochloride Hydrate have emerged as a potential regulator of NK-DC crosstalk. (ufe-eg.org)
The TME consists of various cellular components, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix, along with soluble factors and signaling molecules. (biomedcentral.com)

Although NK cells play important roles in host defense against various infectious agents, they are critical in host defense against viral infections. (scielo.br)
Whether and how exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) affects NK cell function in the context of viral infections has not been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
This reduction in the potential ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected host cells may increase the susceptibility to viral infections after DEP exposure. (biomedcentral.com)

instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
Immunotherapy with CAR-T cells has achieved tremendous successes in treatment of hematological malignancies. (ijbs.com)

The CMV-induced generation of highly differentiated adaptive-like NK cells has been proposed to affect favorably on the maintenance of remission in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). (aacrjournals.org)
Several of these critical changes, such as the reduction of surface HLA-DR on myeloid cells, were reversed in young but not aged patients over time. (medrxiv.org)
This primary macrophage defect, as revealed by selectively depleting SHIP in myeloid cells shows that MZMOs are specifically required for the retention of MZBs. (silverchair.com)
CD14+ DCs, originally described as interstitial DCs, are a third subset CD11c+ myeloid DC found in tissues and lymph nodes. (ufe-eg.org)

In addition to TLR ligands, CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been shown to efficiently promote the transactivation of DCs through the CD40L-CD40 interaction upon recognition of the CD1d-glycolipid antigen complex by their semi-invariant TCR. (biomedcentral.com)

Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)
Recently two CAR-T cell based therapeutics, Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel) and Yescarta (Axicabtagene ciloleucel) approved by US FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) are now used for treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) respectively in the US. (ijbs.com)

IL-12, IL-18, and IL-15 contribute to the development of adaptive NK cells by priming NK cells prior to immune stimulation. (wikipedia.org)

Patients with B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma had significantly higher percentages of Ts cells and NKT-like cells than healthy people, suggesting that, in this type of lymphoma, these cell subsets may possibly have an immunosuppressive role (46). (cgp60474.com)

However, direct injection of IL-2 has been shown to be accompanied by severe side effects, such as vascular leak syndrome, activation-induced cell death, and strong induction of regulatory CD4 pos T cells, which did not occur after IL-15 administration ( 15 , 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
For instance, the development of tolerogenic DCs will lead to antigen tolerance in particular through the expansion of T regulatory cells (Tregs). (biomedcentral.com)
In a phase I/II trial in patients with metastatic melanoma, direct intra-dermal injection of mRNA coding for relevant tumor-associated antigens was well tolerated and influenced the frequency of vaccine-antigen directed CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as regulatory T cells (T Regs). (biomedcentral.com)
SCID patients presenting with circulating T cells show different patterns of T-cell activity and regulatory T cells enumeration that dictates the immunodeficient and autoimmune manifestations. (hindawi.com)

First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)

The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
It has been previously demonstrated that NK cell functionality is responsive to immunotherapies with IL-21 and interferon alpha (IFNα). (nature.com)
According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)

Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. (hindawi.com)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Anatomy35

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes39

Information Science3

Cytokines29

Dendritic Cells14

Differentiation18

Proliferation10

Human NK cells3

Receptor24

CD1612

Mechanisms by which NK cells2

Functionally6

Secretion2

Lymphocytes12

Tumors16

Cytotoxic activity1

Phenotypic5

Receptors8

Macrophages2

Maturation4

CD562

Tumor microenvironment4

Induce1

Survival4

Cytokine production1

Responses16

Cytolytic2

Functional5

Natural killer17

Induces3

APCs3

Mice8

Infection4

Peripheral7

Antigen-prese1

Clinical10

Effector functions2

Vitro and in vivo2

Additionally2

Phenotype9

Distinct1

Perforin and granzyme1

Therapeutic7

NKp462

Potent3

Splenic1

Infiltration2

Interactions3

Lymphocyte1

Notably1

Lymphoid3

Soluble2

Viral infections3

Immunotherapy2

Myeloid4

Transactivation1

Therapeutics2

Immune stimulation1

Immunosuppressive1

Regulatory4

Inhibitory1

Immunotherapies3

Stromal cells2