Brainstem ResponsePathwayNerveVertebrate inner earLateral lemniscusPeripheralCurrentsCochleaNeuronsAfferentNuclearSensoryResponsesAcousticProducesDifferentiationZebrafishPostsynapticProliferationResponseInferiorFrequencyGeneCalciumRoleActivationPresentComplexSignalFunctionMembranePotentialRecordingsEffectSupportMouseBody
Brainstem Response2
- The above brainstem neural pathways contribute to the Auditory Brainstem Response recorded from surface electrodes. (slavery.org.uk)
- This spread of excitation can introduce errors in clinical threshold estimation during a diagnostic auditory brainstem response (ABR) exam. (bvsalud.org)
Pathway6
- Recent studies showed that extracellular ATP induced nitric oxide (NO) production in IHCs, OHCs, and SGNs, which affects the ATP-induced Ca2+ response via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in those cells by a feedback mechanism. (sagepub.com)
- Some studies regarded as of hallucination indicate brain responses from the more initial auditory pathway that particularly support a microwave hearing mechanism. (slavery.org.uk)
- Anatomical features of the auditory pathway of interest to microwave hearing begin with the cochlea within which hair cells transduce sound into neural impulses that are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve. (slavery.org.uk)
- This parallel route in the auditory pathway is mainly devoted to sound localization, and also joins the lateral lemniscus, which proceeds to the inferior colliculus. (slavery.org.uk)
- Hearing effect pulsed microwave exposure increases rat brain glucose metabolism by [ 14 C] 2-deoxy-D-glucose with particular auditory pathway prominence in the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex, the inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body. (slavery.org.uk)
- Prior to describing the recent identification of clock systems in the auditory pathway, we will review general aspects of the structure and function of the mammalian circadian system. (entokey.com)
Nerve5
- The tympanic membrane then sends these waves through the ossicles of the middle ear and into the inner ear that includes the vestibular organ, cochlea, and auditory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The inner ear of barn owls includes the vestibular organ, cochlea, and auditory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The cochlear nerve arises from the vestibulocochlear nerve for transmission to the cochlear nuclear complex at the brainstem pontomedullary junction. (slavery.org.uk)
- Sympathetic ganglia comprises the thousands of afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies that run along either side of the spinal cord, connecting major organ systems, such as the renal system, to the spinal cord and brain. (nih.gov)
- Here, we use two computational models of the auditory periphery to characterize the predicted effect of parallel presentation on place specificity in the auditory nerve. (bvsalud.org)
Vertebrate inner ear2
- L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCCs) drive the bulk of voltage-gated Ca 2+ entry in vertebrate inner ear hair cells (HCs) and are essential for mammalian auditory processing. (jneurosci.org)
- Sensory epithelia of the vertebrate inner ear consist of two cell types,hair cells and support cells. (biologists.com)
Lateral lemniscus2
- To understand how ICC neurons integrate excitatory and inhibitory inputs for processing temporal information, we examined postsynaptic responses of ICC neurons to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus at 10-100 Hz in rat brain slices. (jneurosci.org)
- In this study, we recorded the postsynaptic responses to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus and examined the effects of AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor antagonists. (jneurosci.org)
Peripheral1
- gem homozygous receptor mutant HCs display normal cell viability, afferent synaptogenesis, and peripheral innervation, yet exhibit strongly reduced extracellular potentials (∼50% of wild-type potentials). (jneurosci.org)
Currents1
- The excitatory synaptic currents mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and the inhibitory current mediated by GABA A receptors were pharmacologically isolated and recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. (jneurosci.org)
Cochlea2
- Role of nitric oxide on purinergic signalling in the cochlea Harada, Narinobu 2010-06-08 00:00:00 In the inner ear, there is considerable evidence that extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in auditory neurotransmission as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator, although the potential role of adenosine signalling in the modulation of auditory neurotransmission has also been reported. (sagepub.com)
- The activation of ligand-gated ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic P2Y receptors has been reported to induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in inner hair cells (IHCs), outer hair cells (OHCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), and supporting cells in the cochlea. (sagepub.com)
Neurons1
- The physiological responses of ICC neurons depend on the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory action, which provides a mechanism for processing auditory temporal information ( Casseday and Covey, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
Afferent1
- The ICC receives afferent inputs that include monaural and binaural projections from a number of nuclei in the lower auditory brainstem. (jneurosci.org)
Nuclear1
- The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Sensory4
- Proximal sensory hair cells contained mostly short hair cells along with a few intermediate hair cells, but absolutely no tall hair cells. (wikipedia.org)
- This mass is not to be confused with the loose fibrous mass of the tympanic part of the basilar membrane that underlies the part of the basilar membrane that is covered by sensory cells. (wikipedia.org)
- 2. A slow (0.5-4 Hz) membrane potential oscillation was observed in thalamocortical cells recorded in motor, sensory, associational and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. (researchgate.net)
- prospective sensory cells begin to express p27 kip1 and exit the cell cycle before expression of Atoh1 , and this process still occurs in Atoh1 mutants. (biologists.com)
Responses3
- The microwave hearing effect produces auditory responses consistent with many observations of brain activation occurring during hallucination. (slavery.org.uk)
- The responses to TFLLR of cells close to the cut surface were detected by calcium imaging or membrane potential recordings. (bvsalud.org)
- With a single pulse of current stimulation, the AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor-mediated responses overlap each other temporally. (jneurosci.org)
Acoustic1
- The inferior colliculus connects brainstem auditory centers to the medial geniculate body in the posterior thalamus from which the rather disperse acoustic radiation projects to the primary auditory cortex. (slavery.org.uk)
Produces1
- In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Differentiation2
- In mouse, Atoh1 is necessary for hair cell differentiation, but its role in specifying the equivalence group (proneural function) has been questioned and little is known about its upstream activators. (biologists.com)
- As the equivalence group develops, a few cells upregulate Atoh1 expression and complete differentiation as hair cells. (biologists.com)
Zebrafish3
- Via positional cloning, we show that mutations in a zebrafish LTCC encoding gene, cav1.3a , underlie the auditory-vestibular defects of gemini ( gem ) circler mutants. (jneurosci.org)
- Two zebrafish homologs, atoh1a and atoh1b , are together necessary for hair cell development. (biologists.com)
- A model is presented in which zebrafish atoh1 genes operate in a complex network leading to hair cell development. (biologists.com)
Postsynaptic1
- The intrinsic nature of the phenomenon was supported by the lack of rhythmic postsynaptic potentials as the cells were prevented from oscillating by outward current injection. (researchgate.net)
Proliferation2
- This study revealed that the basilar papilla of barn owls has two unique features being a proliferation of lenticular cells and a thickening of the basilar membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Measured in a cell proliferation assay using BaF mouse pro-B cells transfected with TrkB. (novusbio.com)
Response3
- AMPA EPSCs could follow each pulse of stimulation at a rate of 10-100 Hz but showed response depression during the course of repetitive stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
- NMDA EPSCs showed facilitation and temporal summation in response to repetitive stimulation, which was most pronounced at higher rates of stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
- Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Inferior3
- The vestibular surface of the basilar membrane is covered by supporting cells and a few border cells at the inferior edge of the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) is a major site of synaptic interaction in the central auditory system. (jneurosci.org)
- The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) is a major synaptic integration center in the auditory system. (jneurosci.org)
Frequency2
- However, the frequency ranges for which the auditory system can use ITDs and ILDs significantly overlap, and most natural sounds will have both high and low frequency components, so that the auditory system will in most cases have to combine information from both ITDs and ILDs to judge the location of a sound source. (wikipedia.org)
- Off-frequency cochlear excitation can be mitigated through the addition of masking noise to the test stimuli, but introducing a masker increases the already long test times of the typical ABR exam. (bvsalud.org)
Gene1
- Hair cells of the inner ear develop from an equivalence group marked by expression of the proneural gene Atoh1 . (biologists.com)
Calcium2
- Rapid effects of steroid hormones on free intracellular calcium in T84 colonic epithelial cells. (sagepub.com)
- Application of 10 µM TFLLR (4 min) induced a rapid and transient increase of calcium signal in cells of the ventrolateral respiratory regions of the medulla. (bvsalud.org)
Role1
- I also consider the possible role of NO in the ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling in SGNs and supporting cells. (sagepub.com)
Activation1
- In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Present2
- Tall hair cells are only present on the distal half of the owl's papilla, starting at about 5 mm from the proximal end, along with some short-haired cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Complex1
- Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus project through the trapezoid body to the ipsilateral and contralateral superior olivary complex. (slavery.org.uk)
Signal1
- A cross-talk between NO and ATP may therefore exist in the auditory signal transduction. (sagepub.com)
Function1
- Although Atoh1 is maintained only in hair cells, it may function earlier to specify the equivalence group itself - a definitive proneural function. (biologists.com)
Membrane1
- The cochlear duct of the owl contains the basilar papilla, the tectorial membrane, the tegmentum vasculum, and the macula of the lagena. (wikipedia.org)
Potential1
- Microwave hearing exposure decreases animal cortical auditory evoked potential amplitudes with increased latency. (slavery.org.uk)
Recordings1
- 7. Multiunit recordings of spontaneously oscillating cells showed epochs characterized by phase-related firing. (researchgate.net)
Effect1
- A technology for simulating auditory hallucination has had development that is based on the microwave hearing effect. (slavery.org.uk)
Support1
- The rest lose expression of Atoh1 and become support cells. (biologists.com)
Mouse1
- 100% sequence homology with Mouse, Rat, Canine, Equine and all other mammalian proteins examined. (novusbio.com)
Body1
- the dendritic arbor, the cell body, and the axon. (nih.gov)