• It mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
  • Lipid signaling employs various messenger molecules that carry out communication between the plasma membrane, the endomembrane compartments, and the cytoplasm. (frontiersin.org)
  • The fusion of insulin-stimulated GLUT4-containing vesicles (GSV) with the plasma membrane (PM) of adipose or skeletal muscle cells is governed by regulated exocytosis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Pyk2 colocalizes with mGluR1a at the plasma membrane in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells and with endogenous mGluR5 in cortical neurons. (uwo.ca)
  • This technique entails the actin-dependent development of lamellipodia, sheet-like plasma membrane extensions backed by a internet of actin filaments. (acancerjourney.info)
  • Each fiber is covered by a sarcolemma (plasma membrane). (medscape.com)
  • To achieve this, the neuronal SNARE (i.e., soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex brings the vesicle and presynaptic membranes in close proximity, thereby, mediating the fusion of the two membranes resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
  • Structural modifications of vesicle stomatitis virus (VSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) viral glycoproteins allow membrane fusion and virus entry. (cdc.gov)
  • Most commonly, electrical signals trigger neurotransmitter release through an 'evoked vesicle fusion' process. (elifesciences.org)
  • This second mode of communication was given the placeholder moniker of 'spontaneous vesicle fusion', since its origin and use was unknown ( Fatt and Katz, 1952 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • However, more recent evidence suggests that distinct molecular mechanisms underpin spontaneous and evoked vesicle fusion, with the two processes activating separate classes of postsynaptic receptors. (elifesciences.org)
  • Evoked vesicle fusion and detection takes place inside these columns, with the neurotransmitters being captured by receptors present within a carefully delineated postsynaptic nanodomain ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Still, spontaneous fusion events cannot be detected via this approach: therefore, whether evoked and spontaneous vesicle fusion take place in the same location within synapses remains an open question. (elifesciences.org)
  • Revealing the nanoscale organisation of synapses during evoked and spontaneous vesicle fusion. (elifesciences.org)
  • Through concomitant activity of two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, the covalent linkage of Atg12 with Atg5/Atg16L1 and LC3 lipidation with phosphatidylethanolamime, the isolation membrane elongates into a double-membrane vesicle, called autophagosome. (frontiersin.org)
  • A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane occurs in the presence of the NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor) / α-SNAP (α-soluble NSF attachment protein) disassembly machinery. (nature.com)
  • In all such membrane fusion events cognate t- and v-SNAREs interact in an ordered way to allow vesicles to first dock with, and then fuse with the plasmalemma. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Doc2b functions as a calcium sensor which positively regulates soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE) dependent fusion of vesicles with membranes. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Neurotransmission begins when vesicles that store the neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the molecules into the space between the two neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
  • As for many essential biological processes, intracellular membrane fusion is mediated by interactions among a series of evolutionarily conserved proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Lysosomes are membrane bound acidic intracellular organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that normally function as recycling centers within cells by breaking down damaged cellular macromolecules. (stanford.edu)
  • Crowding of asymmetric proteins results in an asymmetric lateral pressure across the membrane which can be used by cells in a number of biological processes involving membrane remodeling. (portlandpress.com)
  • Pyk2 overexpression in HEK293 results in attenuated basal and agonist-stimulated inositol phosphate formation in mGluR1 expressing cells and involves a mechanism whereby Pyk2 displaces Galphaq/11 from the receptor. (uwo.ca)
  • In addition, high potential electrotherapy is thought to rupture infected cells having weakened cell membranes expressing virus, and may prevent the formation of synctia. (electroherbalism.com)
  • In cell culture conditions, the ranges of concentrations of alcohol that are commercially available are able to stimulate the infection efficiency of HIV in primary oral epithelial cells,' the researchers conclude. (advocate.com)
  • The researchers are unclear exactly how HIV entered the oral epithelial cells because they lack a key receptor necessary for viral infection, but they theorize that the alcohol either alters the cellular membranes to facilitate viral entry or interacts with key proteins to enable cellular fusion and infection. (advocate.com)
  • Since patients with GPA have augmented neutrophil PR3 expression, and PR3-expressing apoptotic cells frustrate macrophage phagocytosis and cellular clearance, we investigated the role of PR3 in stimulating giant cell and granuloma formation. (bmj.com)
  • Methods We stimulated purified monocytes and whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with GPA, patients with MPA or healthy controls with PR3 or MPO and visualised MGC and granuloma-like structure formation using light, confocal and electron microscopy, as well as measuring the cell cytokine production. (bmj.com)
  • PBMCs stimulated by PR3 formed granuloma-like structures with central MGC surrounded by T cells. (bmj.com)
  • But interferon counters this phenomenon by inducing cellular proteins that prevent the fusion of infected cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Interferon is a substance with antiviral activity that stimulates cells' natural defenses by inducing the synthesis of proteins that protect them from infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • Some regulate the biochemical and physiological activity of other cells while others stimulate cells in other parts of the body to release their own hormones. (tomsk.ru)
  • Growth Hormone (GH) - stimulates cells to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) which stimulate growth of muscle and bone. (tomsk.ru)
  • We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • Immunoblots from membrane and cytosolic fractions of isolated PF cells revealed conventional (α, βI, and γ), novel (δ and ε), and atypical (ι/λ and ζ) PKCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • As a result, PF cells secrete both transmitters when stimulated by their natural secretogogue, increased extracellular Ca 2+ (↑[Ca 2+ ] e ) ( Nunez and Gershon, 1978 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Type I angiotensin II receptors (AT1R) are somewhat unique in that they are expressed at apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) membranes in proximal tubule cells and both receptor sites undergo endocytosis. (duke.edu)
  • Virulence protein secreted into sponsor cells stimulate considerable membrane ruffling, which really is a type of macropinocytosis. (acancerjourney.info)
  • hasn't previously been proven to express a sort III secretion program or even to invade epithelial cells by an activity involving this type of membrane ruffling. (acancerjourney.info)
  • Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
  • Skeletal muscle is actually formed by the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells. (medscape.com)
  • The sphingomyelin that accumulates in the lysosomes of Niemann-Pick disease-affected cells is thought to arise from the degradation of the cells and their organelles because it is a major component of all mammalian cell membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. (medscape.com)
  • Note that in some cases Rab3 inhibits and in others it stimulates secretion. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Only PKCγ was found to have been translocated to the membrane fraction when secretion of 5-HT was evoked by ↑[Ca 2+ ] e or phorbol esters. (jneurosci.org)
  • Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics due to mutations in proteins involved in the fusion-fission machinery represent an important pathogenic mechanism of human diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • The most relevant proteins involved in the mitochondrial fusion process are three GTPase dynamin-like proteins: mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and 2 (MFN2), located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1), in the inner membrane. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • These proteins take part in the fusion pathway in two consecutive steps. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • In the second step, fusion of the inner membranes requires a motor-like process driven by OPA1 and coordinated by various other proteins, including the prohibitins. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • Binding of viral proteins to their ligands activates signaling pathways-focal adhesion kinase for human herpesvirus 8, JAK1, tyk2 and STAT1/2 for West Nile virus (WNV), I κ B-kinase, and nuclear transcription factor κ B (NF-κB) for influenza virus-resulting in virus entry, DNA delivery to nucleus, and modulation of protein expression that stimulate or inhibit virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • Pyk2 also interacts with GST-fusion proteins corresponding to the second intracellular loop and the distal carboxyl-terminal tail domains of mGluR1a. (uwo.ca)
  • Enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, infect a host via proteins protruding from their surface that bind to and fuse with a target cell's membrane, allowing the virus to enter a cell. (nature.com)
  • These fusion proteins are the basis of many subunit vaccines, a type in which a part of the pathogen being vaccinated against is injected to prompt the body to efficiently raise an immune response that can protect against the live virus. (nature.com)
  • Further structural modification was needed to achieve stability, whereas fusion proteins clamped using the gp41 fragments were stable on their own. (nature.com)
  • Rab proteins constitute the largest family of Ras-related small G proteins and play a role in regulating the specificity of membrane trafficking (63, 78). (pancreapedia.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 has various proteins on its surface including (M) membrane protein, (E) envelope small membrane protein and (S) spike glycoproteins. (springer.com)
  • The SNARE complex assembles from vesicular Synaptobrevin-2 as well as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 both anchored to the presynaptic membrane. (nature.com)
  • These molecules are then captured by receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, altering the activity of the receiving cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Phospholipase A2 breaks membrane lipids, forming molecules that contribute to inflammation and pain signaling. (rcsb.org)
  • Thus, suppressing PA production by inhibiting either PLD or DGK activity compromised membrane trafficking except early endocytosis, disrupted tip-localized deposition of cell wall material, especially pectins, and inhibited pollen tube growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, peptide sequences within the AT1R-COOH tail necessary for endocytosis also modulate endosomal fusion properties. (duke.edu)
  • The three S1 and S2 subunits form a fusion spike embedded in the viral membrane and held in a very particular conformation until it binds to a target cell. (nature.com)
  • Binding to a receptor triggers a very rapid structural change, with some parts of the protein flipping through 180°, pulling the viral membrane and the host membrane close together to allow them to fuse. (nature.com)
  • The trouble is that the final stable post-fusion form of the protein is not what is on the viral surface and so is not an appropriate form to stimulate a strong protective immune response in a vaccine. (nature.com)
  • Following fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane Vmw65 is released into the cell and forms a complex with cellular factors which bind to TAATGARAT (where R is a purine) elements upstream of the viral immediate early (IE) genes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Scientists from the Virus and Immunity Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS) investigated viral fusion, the mechanism by which viral membranes and cellular membranes fuse, allowing viral genetic material to enter the target cell. (pasteur.fr)
  • Viral fusion can also occur when the cell is infected and produces new viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • Once the complex has bound to DNA, the acidic carboxy-terminal domain of Vmw65 stimulates transcription by recruiting components of the RNA polymerase II transcription initiation complex to the promoter. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important intermediate in membrane lipid metabolism that acts as a key component of signaling networks, regulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of the endomembrane system and the cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • Doc2b binds phospholipids and may act at the priming stage of membrane fusion by modifying membrane curvature to stimulate fusion. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled via Galphaq/11 to the activation of phospholipase Cbeta, which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to form inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. (uwo.ca)
  • Zippering of the SNAREs is proposed to provide the required energy to initiate membrane fusion 6 , 7 and proceeds from the N-terminus towards the membrane-proximal C-terminus through interactions of their complementary SNARE motifs. (nature.com)
  • This latter step is mediated by a second Beclin-1 complex, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and a fusion machinery including SNARE syntaxin-17. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using this framework to analyze the SM (Sec1/Munc18)-SNARE ( N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor) system in exocytic membrane fusion in yeast and neurons, we find that the SM-SNARE network motifs of yeast and neurons show distinct dynamical behaviors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identify the closed binding mode of neuronal SM (Munc18-1) and SNARE (syntaxin-1) as the key factor leading to mechanistic divergence of membrane fusion systems in yeast and neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We applied the framework to study SM-SNARE-mediated exocytic membrane fusion processes in yeast and neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
  • Using innovative approaches such as phospholipid-specific antibodies and reconstituted cell-free systems, Jean Gruenberg and his colleagues were able to unravel several important mechanisms regulating the biogenesis and membrane dynamics of early and late endosomal compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • That study showed that in naturally infected individuals the majority of potent neutralizing antibodies were those responding to the pre-fusion form of the protein, not the post-fusion form. (nature.com)
  • Nirsevimab provides RSV antibodies directly to the recipient (passive immunization) while vaccines stimulate the recipient's immune system, including production of antibodies (active immunization). (cdc.gov)
  • Impairment of insulin stimulated endothelial NO production is proposed to be a key mechanism in this process. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • In cultured human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) models, insulin stimulates an intracellular signalling cascade resulting in activating phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1), Protein kinase B (PKB. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The activation of endogenous mGluR1 in primary mouse cortical neuron stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation. (uwo.ca)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic, complex organelles that continuously alter their shape, ranging between two opposite processes, fission and fusion, in response to several stimuli and the metabolic demands of the cell. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • Hormonal stimuli: Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle in the uterus to contract during labor . (medscape.com)
  • Fight against background noise in stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy. (jhmi.edu)
  • Article{pmid31141791, Author="Ma, Y. and Ha, T.", Title="{Fight against background noise in stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy. (jhmi.edu)
  • Conversely, suppressing PA degradation by inhibiting LPP activity using any of three different inhibitors significantly stimulated pollen tube growth, and similar effect was achieved by suppressing the expression of tobacco pollen LPP4 using antisense knock-down. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mitochondrial fusion and fission are fundamental processes underlying cellular dynamics [1]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • This review provides an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial fusion and focuses on the alteration in mitochondrial DNA amount resulting from impairment of mitochondrial dynamics. (centrodinoferrari.com)
  • This was the impetus for building the molecular infrastructure to maintain a spike protein in its pre-fusion form. (nature.com)
  • We focus on the Rab GTPases that are master regulators of membrane trafficking. (stanford.edu)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 spike or fusion protein is a trimer: a group of three units, each consisting of a receptor-binding subunit, S1, and a subunit responsible for fusion, S2. (nature.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: The type 1 angiotensin II receptor tail affects receptor targeting, internalization, and membrane fusion properties. (duke.edu)
  • Upon autophagy activation, Atgs, serine/threonine kinase ULK1, and Beclin-1, in association with Atg14 and type III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Vps34, promote the formation of a cup-shaped isolation membrane to engulf the cargo ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These dCas9-activator fusions targeted to the promoter region of endogenous genes can then modulate gene expression 7 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Immunofluorescence confirmed that the assembled membrane contains a component of nuclear pore complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of novel ultrafiltration (UF) electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) incorporated with iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for effective oily solution treatment. (utm.my)
  • A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. (stanford.edu)
  • Protein crowding induces membrane curvatures through an entropic mechanism. (portlandpress.com)
  • The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
  • There is no known specific Rab3 GDI, but rather a common family of Rab GDI isoforms which bind prenylated Rabs in the cytoplasm and participates in insertion and removal from membranes (75). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The UQ clamp that was developed consists of fragments of the fusion subunit of HIV's spike protein, gp41. (nature.com)
  • An emerging method in the field of neuroscience involves inserting fluorescent reporters into the postsynaptic membrane: these reporters glow when bound to the neurotransmitter glutamate, thus allowing scientists to visualize where and when neurotransmission occurs in the brain. (elifesciences.org)
  • GluSnFR fluorescent reporters introduced at the postsynaptic membrane, which glow when bound to glutamate (green ovals), can be used to understand the architecture of synapses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Chemical cross-linking provides detailed insights into these interactions suggesting a role for membrane fusion. (nature.com)
  • Fluorescence was still observed during spontaneous fusion events, but not during evoked ones. (elifesciences.org)
  • When stimulated with progesterone or A23187 (a calcium ionophore), sperm from these animals had a defective acrosome reaction. (uandes.cl)
  • Glutamate travels across synapses within nanoscale 'columns' (pale blue and pale orange) and is captured by receptors (pink) studded through the postsynaptic membrane at dedicated postsynaptic domains (PSD). (elifesciences.org)
  • The fusion protein on the surface of the virus behaves remarkably like a mousetrap in that it's held in a highly tensed form," explains Young. (nature.com)
  • The gp41 fragment sequences, which are shaped as coils known as alpha helices, link to the end of each of the spike protein's three fusion subunits (S2s). (nature.com)
  • The bundle structure stabilizes the spike protein in its pre-fusion conformation. (nature.com)