Step in eukaryotic eukaryotic rna small nuclear. Medical search. Frequent questions

They are transcribed by either RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. (wikipedia.org)
They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres. (wikipedia.org)
Sm-class snRNA are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. (wikipedia.org)
Lsm-class snRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III and never leave the nucleus, in contrast to Sm-class snRNA. (wikipedia.org)
RNA-based processive anti-termination is exemplified by the polymerase utilization ( put ) signal of phage HK022. (fu-berlin.de)
Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
A wide range of sequencing methods has been developed to assess nascent RNA transcription and resolve the single-nucleotide position of RNA polymerase genome-wide. (bvsalud.org)
Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Co-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing relies on reversible phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). (cipsm.de)
87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
A new yeast poly(A) polymerase complex involved in RNA quality control. (nature.com)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
Other transcription factors and RNA polymerase then assemble on the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). (stemcelldaily.com)
Elongation involves the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase along the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
RNA synthesis occurs in the 5' → 3' direction with the RNA polymerase catalyzing a nucleophilic attack by the 3-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom on an incoming ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. (stemcelldaily.com)
Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template and releases the RNA transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)
Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
Most promoters for RNA polymerase II also have a conserved sequence called the TATA box, which is recognized by a subunit of the transcription factor TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
The transcript is cleaved at an internal site before RNA polymerase II finishes transcribing. (stemcelldaily.com)
In this closed state, chromatin structure becomes an obstacle for eukaryotic transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase machinery and most transcription factors (TFs). (cytoskeleton.com)
Within SEC two elongation factors, positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and elongation factor for RNA polymerase II 2 (ELL2) are key components. (biomedcentral.com)

These are small RNA molecules that play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and guide chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and other RNA genes (tRNA and snRNAs). (wikipedia.org)
Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) play a critical role in the occurrence and development of tumors. (xiahepublishing.com)
The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
Chromatin structure and expression of plant ribosomal RNA genes. (ncsu.edu)
This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
DNase I sensitivity of ribosomal RNA Genes in chromatin and nucleolar dominance in wheat. (ncsu.edu)
Ribosomal RNA genes at different nucleolar organizer (NOR) loci in hexaploid wheat are expressed at different levels. (ncsu.edu)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNAs for several phytochrome-regulated genes were examined in Pisum seedlings in order to investigate possible light effects on mRNA partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ncsu.edu)
Transcripts from each of five light-regulated genes exhibited different responses to a variety of light treatments, but for each transcript we observed a characteristic linear relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic levels over a wide range of total transcript abundance. (ncsu.edu)
mRNA steady state levels of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II, ferredoxin I, the small and large subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and pEA214 and pEA207, two other light-responsive genes, were determined during chlorophyll photooxidation. (ncsu.edu)
Some miRNAs are hosted in pri-miRNAs annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and defined as MIRHGs (for miRNA Host Genes). (mdpi.com)
Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Reciprocal best hits for 24,527 (89.4%) of all nuclear Col-0 genes against the GeneSet_Nd-1_v1.1 indicate a high gene prediction quality. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic genes are transcribed as a primary transcript that is subsequently converted to a mature mRNA through several processing steps including splicing. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2-deletion syndrome transcriptional phenotype found in mature neurons may in part be due to the broad dysregulation of a class of genes associated with disease susceptibility that are important for dysfunctional RNA processing and synaptic function. (bvsalud.org)
We use this information to build a synthetic transcription factor whose function can be tuned between repression and activation independent of recruitment to target genes by using a small-molecule drug. (bvsalud.org)
RNA alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism enabling single genes to produce multiple proteins. (nature.com)
Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)
The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
Multiple sequence alignments of MAT genes from a wide diversity of eukaryotes demonstrated a paralogue of MAT, named MATX, with distinctive features that are absent in all other eukaryotic MATs. (biomedcentral.com)

Analyses of chlorophylls a and b and the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein suggest that accumulation of the protein and its mRNA are coordinated with chlorophyll abundance at several steps. (ncsu.edu)
RNAs and proteins can also engage in more transient interactions, for example during co-transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerases or during post-transcriptional regulation of (pre-)mRNA life cycles. (fu-berlin.de)
We investigate the molecular mechanisms, by which RNAs and proteins cooperate to bring about the biological functions of selected RNPs involved in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. (fu-berlin.de)
Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex composed of five small nuclear RNP particles (snRNPs) and additional proteins. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
2001 During splicing the spliceosome has to accomplish several functions that involve correct intron recognition a two-step transesterification reaction to cleave out introns and join together exons and finally the release of mature mRNA (for reviews see Staley and Guthrie 1998 Wahl et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Orthologous to human LSM7 (LSM7 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated). (nih.gov)
Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
The primary transcript undergoes various processing steps before becoming a mature mRNA that can be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. (stemcelldaily.com)
The first class of small RNAs identified were the micro RNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~22 nt) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base pairing to mRNAs where they direct either mRNA cleavage or repress translation [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

snRNA are often divided into two classes based upon both common sequence features as well as associated protein factors such as the RNA-binding LSm proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The spliceosome is a large, protein-RNA complex that consists of five small nuclear RNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6) and over 150 proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) provide glimpses at the molecular ancestry of modern cells, which most likely evolved from an RNA-dominated world. (fu-berlin.de)
In these processes, transcript-borne regulatory RNAs alone or in conjunction with protein factors assemble on the surface of RNAP and accompany the enzyme during further transcription by an RNA looping mechanism, rendering the elongation complex resistant to pause and/or termination signals downstream of the original modification site. (fu-berlin.de)
Introduction In eukaryotic cells protein-encoding transcripts contain intronic sequences that must be spliced out before translation. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
The process is catalyzed by a RNA protein complex called a spliceosome, which exists in several variants. (biomedcentral.com)
We give it a special fancy name called the small ribonucleic protein complex. (pearson.com)
Instead, they are essentially nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat called a capsid. (goodsiteslike.com)
For stage one, we trained multiple Support Vector Machines (SVMs) to score eukaryotic protein sequences for membership to each of three categories: nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular, plus extra category nucleocytoplasmic, accounting for the fact that a large number of proteins shuttles between those two locations. (biomedcentral.com)
Small non-protein-coding RNA molecules, composed of around 22 nucleotides, are commonly named as miRNAs ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
PRKRA, a protein kinase, interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent activator protein kinase, also known as PACT, a protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase, is a product of PRKRA gene [ 1 , 2 ] and is a member of the dsRNA binding protein family [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
PRKRA is contained in the cytoplasmic RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) together with transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP) and Dicer [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
HCC tissues from patients had higher levels of PVRL1 messenger RNA and protein than nontumorous tissues. (stanford.edu)
especially, in localization, Nonetheless small lipid requires purified digested to the protein of the most TSLC1 random expression to be the two figures. (scoutconnection.com)

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Imaging individual RNA molecules in live cells is key to understanding fundamental cellular processes such as transcription, translation, splicing, transport and decay. (imperial.ac.uk)
A membrane called the nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, and its job is to create a room within the cell to both protect the genetic information and to house all the molecules that are involved in processing and protecting that info. (khanacademy.org)
Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
This process is carried out by the human spliceosome machinery, in which over 300 proteins sequentially assemble with uridine-rich small nuclear RNA molecules (U snRNAs) to form distinct small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (snRNPs). (biomedcentral.com)
Small RNAs have proven to be essential regulatory molecules encoded within eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

snRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are not the same and neither is a subtype of the other. (wikipedia.org)
van Hoof, A., Lennertz, P. & Parker, R. Yeast exosome mutants accumulate 3′-extended polyadenylated forms of U4 small nuclear RNA and small nucleolar RNAs. (nature.com)

The results illustrate a complex set of interactions regulating expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (ncsu.edu)
Bacteria transcribe their genomes with the help of multi-subunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs), which comprise two large β and β' subunits that form the active site, two regulatory α subunits and an ω subunit that supports RNAP assembly. (fu-berlin.de)
To correlate and compare gene structures from related genomes, the first step is to define "orthologous" gene couples. (biomedcentral.com)
ISWI slides nucleosomes along DNA, enabling the structural changes of chromatin required for the regulated use of eukaryotic genomes. (cipsm.de)

For many regions of the genome, we have detected multiple overlapping transcripts including both small, gene-sized RNAs and large transcripts covering entire gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
All transcripts detected were more abundant (as a fraction of total cellular RNA) in light grown plants than in plants entirely in the dark. (ncsu.edu)
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Partitioning of Phytochrome-Regulated Transcripts in Pisum sativum. (ncsu.edu)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory non-coding RNAs, resulting from the cleavage of long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus by the Microprocessor complex generating precursors (pre-miRNAs) that are then exported to the cytoplasm and processed into mature miRNAs. (mdpi.com)
The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
For this step to be efficiently executed, the viral Trans-Activator of Transcription, Tat, acts as a master regulator of transcription elongation by tethering SEC to the HIV trans-activator response (TAR) stem-loop RNA on the viral short transcripts, and synergistically enhancing RNAPII pause-release and elongation. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequential assembly of the human spliceosome on RNA transcripts regulates splicing across the human transcriptome. (biomedcentral.com)

Spliceosomes catalyse splicing, an integral step in eukaryotic precursor messenger RNA maturation. (wikipedia.org)
Many eukaryotic precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) bear coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding intervening sequences (introns). (fu-berlin.de)

The α 2 ββ'ω core enzyme cooperates with transcription factors and responds to signals on DNA templates and nascent RNAs to achieve full functionality in vivo . (fu-berlin.de)
We leveraged the template-switching properties of thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) and developed Butt-seq (bulk analysis of nascent transcript termini sequencing), which can produce libraries from purified nascent RNA in 6 h and from as few as 10,000 cells-an improvement of at least 10-fold over existing techniques. (bvsalud.org)

There are two main types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. (khanacademy.org)
Mitochondria (and chloroplasts) are approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells, but they are located inside much much larger eukaryotic cells instead of free-living. (gatech.edu)
The membrane composition of mitochondria (and chloroplasts) is more similar in composition to prokaryotic membranes than to eukaryotic membranes. (gatech.edu)

Numerous fundamental cellular processes, including virtually every aspect of gene expression and regulation, depend on the cooperation of RNAs and proteins. (fu-berlin.de)
Specific RNAs and proteins associate to build up some of the most complex macromolecular machineries of living cells, such as ribosomes and spliceosomes, which mediate particular steps of gene expression. (fu-berlin.de)
RNP-based processive anti-termination underlies the switching from immediate-early to delayed-early gene expression in other lambdoid phages as well as ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . (fu-berlin.de)
This crucial step in gene expression is catalyzed by the spliceosome a multicomponent RNP complex which consists of five major U1 U2 U4 U5 and U6 small nuclear RNP particles (snRNPs) in addition to other proteins (for reviews see Will and Lührmann 2001 Jurica and Moore 2003 Wahl et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Throughout the life of a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes undergo drastic conformational rearrangements that play essential roles in almost all nuclear processes, including gene expression, DNA repair and cell division. (imperial.ac.uk)
Transcription of the DNA template, to generate an RNA message, is the first step in gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
Although a small number of 3' regulatory regions have been identified and validated so far, many studies have shown that plant 3' regulatory regions have a higher potential to regulate gene expression in plants compared to widely used 3' regulatory regions, such as NOS and OCS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 35S from cauliflower mosaic virus. (frontiersin.org)
Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Competition for PRPF8 availability alters the transcription-coupled splicing of RNAs in which weak 5′ splice sites predominate, enabling diversification of human gene expression during biological processes like mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)

RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases (I, II and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)

Functional enrichment analysis revealed SNHG4 involvement with regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and the RNA processing and surveillance pathway. (xiahepublishing.com)
Huang YH, Said N, Loll B, Wahl MC (2019) Structural basis for the function of SuhB as a transcription factor in ribosomal RNA synthesis. (fu-berlin.de)

2008 However it was also reported in a human in vitro system that the penta-snRNP is not essential for early spliceosome assembly steps (Behzadnia et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
The spliceosome complex, composed of at least 170 proteins and several small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), is the key structure responsible for splicing in eukaryotes 10 . (nature.com)
This is done by a complex of proteins and RNAs called spliceosome. (stemcelldaily.com)

Since all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but only photosynthetic eukaryotes have chloroplasts, the principle of parsimony (the idea that the explanation requiring the fewest steps is most likely correct) argues that first, an ancestral eukaryote engulfed the bacteria (which led to mitochondria). (gatech.edu)
Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)
Transcription occurs in eukaryotes in a way that is similar to prokaryotes with reference to the basic steps involved. (stemcelldaily.com)
The significant conflict between eukaryotic phylogenies inferred from MATX and SSU rDNA data represents strong evidence that MATX paralogues have undergone horizontal gene transfer across the tree of eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, elongating RNAP frequently enters an elemental paused state, and pausing can be stabilized by an RNA hairpin invading the RNA exit tunnel or by RNAP backtracking. (fu-berlin.de)
RNA synthesis is terminated intrinsically, when the elongation complex transcribes a stable RNA hairpin followed by a uridine-rich stretch, or with the aid of transcription termination factor ρ. (fu-berlin.de)
Figure 2: Mtr4p unwinding rates versus tether tension and nucleotide composition for unwinding the 16-bp RNA hairpin. (nature.com)
Pvrl1 and Pvrl3 were knocked down in Hepa1-6 cells by using short hairpin RNAs. (stanford.edu)

The major class, which is far more abundant in eukaryotic cells, splices primarily U2-type introns. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we show that alterations in RNA splicing patterns across the human transcriptome that occur in conditions of restricted cellular PRPF8 abundance are defined by the altered splicing of introns with weak 5′ splice sites. (biomedcentral.com)

Each human cell contains the equivalent of two meters of DNA packed in a small, micrometre-sized nucleus in the form of chromatin. (imperial.ac.uk)
These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)

Wang, X., Jia, H., Jankowsky, E. & Anderson, J.T. Degradation of hypomodified tRNA(iMet) in vivo involves RNA-dependent ATPase activity of the DExH helicase Mtr4p. (nature.com)

And that cap protects the RNA for degradation. (pearson.com)
RNA degradation by the exosome is promoted by a nuclear polyadenylation complex. (nature.com)
Callahan, K.P. & Butler, J.S. TRAMP complex enhances RNA degradation by the nuclear exosome component Rrp6. (nature.com)

Their primary function is in the processing of pre-messenger RNA (hnRNA) in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Later analysis has shown that these RNA were high in uridylate and were established in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
The nucleus of a bacterium is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane, unlike in eukaryotic cells. (goodsiteslike.com)

The DNA strand that directs the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA by complementary base pairing is the template strand. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses and assessment of RNA binding proteins were performed by R software, circlncRNAnet and Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI). (xiahepublishing.com)
Similar analyses were performed for RNAs extracted from pea seedlings grown under several different light regimes. (ncsu.edu)
This study encompasses the first analyses of the major classes of small RNAs for the newly completed tammar genome, validates preliminary annotations using deep sequencing and computational approaches, and provides a foundation for future work on tammar-specific as well as conserved, but previously unknown small RNA progenitors and targets identified herein. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that MATX is related to other eukaryotic MATs, but it forms a long branch in the eukaryotic subtree [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
BRFSS, a survey which has a larger sample size than NHIS, may bettersupport analyses of hysterectomy estimates for smaller subpopulations. (cdc.gov)

It results in a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)

Cytosine C5 methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism in a wide array of eukaryotic organisms and generally carried out by proteins of the C-5 DNA methyltransferase family (DNMTs). (mdpi.com)
In eukaryotic organisms, there is a multitude of specialized, differentiated cells that are formed by specific gene programs. (cytoskeleton.com)

RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)

A genome-wide in situ hybridization map of RNA-binding proteins reveals anatomically restricted expression in the developing mouse brain. (nih.gov)
Alternatively spliced lncRNAs were detected with in situ hybridization with variant-specific RNA probes on human cornea sections. (molvis.org)

RNA helicase activity of Mtr4p is critical for biological functions of the enzyme, but the molecular basis for RNA unwinding is not understood. (nature.com)
Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)

They are located in the nucleolus and the Cajal bodies of eukaryotic cells (the major sites of RNA synthesis), where they are called scaRNAs (small Cajal body-specific RNAs). (wikipedia.org)
2002 Additionally in human cells a large 200S RNP particle named the supraspliceosome that contained four penta-snRNP-like subunits was isolated and shown to catalyze RNA splicing (Azubel et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
In eukaryotic cells, the three types of SMC complexes are cohesin, condensin and SMC5/6. (imperial.ac.uk)
You can do all this because you are made of cells - tiny units of life that are like specialized factories, full of machinery designed to accomplish the business of life. (khanacademy.org)
Just like cells have membranes to hold everything in, these mini-organs are also bound in a double layer of phospholipids to insulate their little compartments within the larger cells. (khanacademy.org)
In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
The descendants of this ancient engulfed cell are present in all eukaryotic cells today as mitochondria . (gatech.edu)
In addition to the "standard" eukaryotic organelles, their cells also photosynthetic organelles called chloroplasts . (gatech.edu)
In contrast, eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis . (gatech.edu)
We present single cell RNA sequence data from 1.3m peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 982 healthy human subjects. (iscb.org)
Methods: Total RNA was isolated from PNN knockdown human corneal epithelial (HCET) cells or Pnn-deficient mouse corneas, and subjected to real-time-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, and the alternatively spliced lncRNAs were counted. (molvis.org)
The results suggest that PRKRA functions in the nuage as an element of RNA silencing system and plays unknown role in the ectoplasmic specialization and at the tubulobulbar complexes of Sertoli cells attaching the head of late spermatids. (hindawi.com)
RISC assembles into processing bodies (P-bodies) which are specific cytoplasmic foci in somatic eukaryotic cells [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Live cell imaging demonstrates that FUS co-localizes with AFF4 within nuclear punctuated condensates, which are disrupted upon treating cells with aliphatic alcohol. (biomedcentral.com)

We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)
Johnson, S.J. & Jackson, R.N. Ski2-like RNA helicase structures: common themes and complex assemblies. (nature.com)
These structures first appear in the cytoplasmic lobe of elongated step 10 spermatids and subsequently disappear in step 19 spermatids. (hindawi.com)

USP15 Deubiquitinates TUT1 Associated with RNA Metabolism and Maintains Cerebellar Homeostasis. (nih.gov)

And pretty much when you have an M. RNA transcript it looks kind of like this where you have the coding sequences the exxons intertwined with the N. Tron and that's what the entire transcript looks like. (pearson.com)

EF-P is present in all bacteria and orthologous to archaeal and eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, yet the biological function has so far remained enigmatic. (cipsm.de)

We also closely collaborate with the Joint Research Group MX of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin and Freie Universität at the local BESSY II storage ring, where we aim at exploiting MX-based fragment screening to develop small molecule probes and modulators of RNP function. (fu-berlin.de)
We generated a probe panel that includes 39,916 80-bp RNA probes targeting 32 pathogen groups, including bacteria, helminths, fungi, and protozoans. (cdc.gov)

Different mRNAs are characterized by different nuclear-cytoplasmic `partitioning coefficients', indicating that post-transcriptional events play a significant role in regulating the accumulation of these mRNAs during light induction. (ncsu.edu)

A splicing mistake in even a single nucleotide can be devastating to the cell, and a reliable, repeatable method of RNA processing is necessary to ensure cell survival. (wikipedia.org)

The ratio between AR1 RNA and the major leftward RNA was constant and was used to normalize AR1 transcription for viral DNA copy number. (ncsu.edu)
RNA splicing plays important roles in viral replication and virus-host interactions 38 . (nature.com)
Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
The simplicity of the viral structure is one of the reasons why viruses are much smaller than bacteria. (goodsiteslike.com)
Antiviral drugs, on the other hand, often target specific steps in the viral replication cycle. (goodsiteslike.com)

To this aim, we are developing various single-molecule FRET assays to characterize the multi-step DNA unwrapping process required for remodelling. (imperial.ac.uk)
Improving the photostability of small molecule fluorophores using chemistry is a straightforward method for increasing the photon budget. (janelia.org)
Small-molecule fluorophores, such as fluorescein and rhodamine derivatives, are critical tools in modern biochemical and biological research. (janelia.org)
Here, single-molecule high-resolution optical trapping measurements reveal that Mtr4p unwinds RNA duplexes by 3′-to-5′ translocation on the loading strand, that strand separation occurs in discrete steps of 6 base pairs and that a single Mtr4p molecule performs consecutive unwinding steps. (nature.com)
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)

Pausing and termination can be further modulated by elongation factors, such as N-utilization substances A and G. Some regulatory factors or RNAs can stably insulate RNAP from the destabilizing effects of terminators over long distances (processive anti-termination). (fu-berlin.de)
If smORFs present within lncRNAs can encode functional small peptides, they can also constitute cis -regulatory elements involved in lncRNA decay. (mdpi.com)

The most common human snRNA components of these complexes are known, respectively, as: U1 spliceosomal RNA, U2 spliceosomal RNA, U4 spliceosomal RNA, U5 spliceosomal RNA, and U6 spliceosomal RNA. (wikipedia.org)

The conserved Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ski2-like RNA helicase Mtr4p plays essential roles in eukaryotic nuclear RNA processing. (nature.com)
Sloan, K.E., Bohnsack, M.T., Schneider, C. & Watkins, N.J. The roles of SSU processome components and surveillance factors in the initial processing of human ribosomal RNA. (nature.com)
Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)

RNA-Seq data ("external hints") does not support the detection and annotation of non-canonical splice sites on genome sequence assemblies at a satisfying level [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, despite this vast range in size, shape, and function, all these little factories have the same basic machinery. (khanacademy.org)
As transcription silencing is key for establishing the HIV reservoir, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanism that regulate HIV gene transcription, and the role of the elongation machinery in promoting this step. (biomedcentral.com)

However, despite growing biological and clinical significance, little is known about the structural arrangement of this receptor or any of its family members. (uci.edu)
Each class of small RNAs is synthesized by a distinct mechanism and each has discrete biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the sequential fungal cell biology of fertilisation and the associated nuclear dynamics after plasmogamy are poorly understood. (exeter.ac.uk)

The cytoplasmic RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) contains dsRNA binding proteins, including PRKRA, TRBP, and Dicer. (hindawi.com)

Or you may see its SNR and P. And this is the combination of the small nuclear RNA and the proteins that make up the splices own. (pearson.com)

The clinical C31 online artificial coverage treatments enriched for time Integrate have aimed from the Eukaryotic transgenic vertebrate scan Purification accuracy HEK293 and CHO microRNAs, which are from artifacts of the observed Hamster. (scoutconnection.com)

Each snRNP particle is composed of a snRNA component and several snRNP-specific proteins (including Sm proteins, a family of nuclear proteins). (wikipedia.org)
The initial step of splicing is the bonding of the U1 snRNP and its associated proteins to the 5' splice end to the hnRNA. (wikipedia.org)
2009 Each snRNP consists of a unique small nuclear RNA (snRNA) associated with a specific set of proteins and a ring of seven Sm or Lsm proteins (Urlaub et al. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
One critical step involves recruitment of the pre-assembled U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP to Complex A, which engages 5′ and 3′ splice sites, to form the pre-catalytic Complex B. Complex B then undergoes profound structural and conformational changes that lead to catalytic activation and conversion to Complex B act , which initiates catalysis and nucleates the formation of Complex C, which completes the splicing reaction [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Manual inspection of RNA-Seq read mapping and RT-PCR were applied to validate the structural annotations of non-canonical splice sites. (biomedcentral.com)

A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)

They are then exported to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores for further processing. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy20

Organisms21

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes85

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care1

Polymerase25

Genes25

MRNA12

Protein14

Molecules7

Nucleolar2

Genomes4

Transcripts7

Precursor2

Nascent2

Prokaryotic3

Gene expression10

Polymerases3

Ribosomal RNA synthesis2

Spliceosome3

Eukaryotes4

Hairpin4

Introns2

Chromatin2

TRNA1

Degradation3

Nucleus3

Nucleotides1

Analyses5

Complementary1

Organisms2

Intron1

Situ hybridization2

Enzyme2

Cells14

Structures3

Metabolism1

Transcript1

Initiation factor1

Probes2

MRNAs1

Single nucleotide1

Viral5

Molecule5

Regulatory2

Complexes1

Roles3

Sequence1

Machinery2

Biological2

Sequential1

RISC1

Splices1

MicroRNAs1

SnRNP4

Splice sites1

Processes1

Exported to the cytoplasm1