Stem cells to divide asymmetrically. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mammalian adult stem cells resemble the blastomeres of planktonic and benthic organisms with small eggs and may have evolved in mature organisms as an adaptation to the growth and maintenance of tissues via proliferation and the regulation of organ size via cell loss (e.g., terminal differentiation). (iospress.com)
Herein, we show that BAF complex acts as cell cycle regulator, controlling the dynamic balance between proliferation and differentiation of OL progenitors. (uni-goettingen.de)
Overall, these findings emphasize that BAF complex is crucial for proper proliferative division and enhance of OPCs and IN differentiation during murine brain development. (uni-goettingen.de)
Cell fate decisions within these hierarchical brain cell lineages are tightly controlled and irreversible: e.g. cells in the state of differentiation will not turn into progenitor cells or stem cells. (stanford.edu)
This is especially true for malignant glioma cells, which simultaneously express markers of different lineages and states exhibiting incomplete differentiation. (stanford.edu)
Little is known about the early stages that regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural stem cells and their immediate progeny. (biomedcentral.com)
SSCs divide asymmetrically to either replenish their numbers (self-renewal) or produce undifferentiated progenitors that proliferate before committing to differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Single cell analyses revealed that Cnot3 deletion led to the de-repression of transcripts encoding factors involved in spermatogonial differentiation, including those in the glutathione redox pathway that are critical for SSC maintenance. (bvsalud.org)
Together, our study reveals that CNOT3 - likely via the CCR4-NOT complex - actively degrades transcripts encoding differentiation factors to sustain the spermatogonial pool and ensure the progression of spermatogenesis, highlighting the importance of CCR4-NOT-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation during male germ cell development. (bvsalud.org)
an imbalance outcomes when the speed of proliferation exceeds the speed of cell and differentiation reduction. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Whereas normal cells homeostasis requires the coordination of the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells with their differentiation (above) cancer-inducing problems (*) are thought to inhibit stem cell differentiation … Chromosomal Instability and Gene Dosage Most sporadic tumors undergo a combination of numerical and structural changes. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Asymmetric inheritance of organelle and cellular compounds between daughter cells impacts on the phenotypic variability and was found to be a hallmark for differentiation and rejuvenation in stem-like cells as much as a mechanism for enhancing resistance in bacteria populations. (biorxiv.org)
Margaret "Minx" Fuller studies how male germ cells balance self-renewal versus differentiation to both maintain the stem cell population and continually produce sperm cells. (genestogenomes.org)
Here we show that cell differentiation suppresses tumor formation. (amegroups.org)
Cells were transfected with the early B-cell factor-2 (EBF2) to activate progenitor cell differentiation and gauged the tumorigenic potentials of the derived cell subsets. (amegroups.org)
Here we show that the brown adipose differentiation gene, EBF2, activates differentiation-associated signals in the cancer progenitor cells in culture and CSC transplantation models. (amegroups.org)
This study reveals a previously unrecognized function of EBF2 in regulating PDAC progenitor cell differentiation and tumor suppression. (amegroups.org)
Genes expressed in LRECe revealed retention of some stem-like properties along with up-regulation of differentiation factors. (frontiersin.org)
whereas LREC in suprabasal epithelial layers are enriched for more committed progenitor cells, expressing some genes that are associated with stem cell attributes along with those indicative of cell differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
This dictates cycles of mammary growth, differentiation, lactation, and regression, during which mammary stem cells (MaSC) provide for the lineages of luminal and basal (myoepithelial) epithelial cells in the ducts and alveoli. (frontiersin.org)
② After a certain number of divisions, the stem cells accumulate a sufficient amount of Sc protein, and the endocrine cell differentiation factor Pros begins to be expressed. (guozhenglab.net)
At this time, the stem cells express the cell polarity protein Mira and the endocrine cell differentiation transcription factor Pros. (guozhenglab.net)
One of the crucial questions is cell fate determination and differentiation, tissue formation, and what, what cell phenotype type each cell will become. (catsboard.com)
The process reaches its limit when a cell undergoes terminal differentiation to form one of the highly specialized cell types of the adult body. (catsboard.com)
Many histone modifiers and chromatin remodelers have been implicated in stem cell pluripotency, cellular differentiation and development. (catsboard.com)
However, in the second phase, the formation of a central invagination in each hemi-neuromere is accompanied by the differentiation of apical neural stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
A marked increase of ganglion cell numbers follows their differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, we have shown that the CCR4-NOT complex is essential for insulin production and immune cell differentiation, and that it is important for gene regulation during early development. (oist.jp)

Their larval and adult cells have narrow potencies, sometimes coupled to virtually unlimited … proliferation, and function in the growth, maintenance and regulation of body size. (iospress.com)
The embryos of larger arthropods and deuterostomes with well-provisioned eggs or viviparity, on the other hand, exhibit regulative development, while their larval "set-aside" or adult stem cells function in the growth, maintenance, and regulation of organ size coupled to constrained proliferation and cell turnover. (iospress.com)
Mammalian embryonic stem cells would seem adapted to rapid proliferation, functioning in part to enclose yolk or to acquire access to maternal resources. (iospress.com)
If this example persist the transient deposition of stem or progenitor cells might facilitate the acquisition of hereditary Volasertib adjustments cause a additional lack of control over proliferation and eventually lead to cancer tumor (Fig.?1). (colinsbraincancer.com)
Recently, it was reported that miR-200a plays a crucial role in the development of cancer through its regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, proliferation and metastasis [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Mechanistically, EBF2 uniformly activates Pparγ-expression in pancreatic cancer cells and limits cell proliferation, whereas oncogenic drivers are expressed differentially in the progenitor cell subsets. (amegroups.org)
The complex PDAC pathobiology is established predominantly through KRAS mutations and the associated cellular signaling that contributes to cell proliferation and dedifferentiation ( 5 , 6 ). (amegroups.org)
Enriched expression of genes in LRECb was associated with stem cell attributes and identified WNT, TGF-β, and MAPK pathways of self renewal and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
During rapid mammary growth in the mouse, label retaining epithelial cells (LREC) appear to retain label by asymmetric distribution of DNA strands, as evidenced by a rapid proliferation index of the LREC ( Smith, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
During periods of low mammary proliferation, quiescence of the stem cell population may account for retention of label. (frontiersin.org)
phosphorylation of STAT1: this peptide inhibited proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines, in which STAT3 is constitutively activated. (micrornaarray.com)
However, in processes like wound healing, stem cell activation, immune cell activation, and cancer development, cells transit to a more active state marked by increased proliferation and migration. (ous-research.no)
and iv) restriction of tangentially oriented cell proliferation to the apical cell layer. (biomedcentral.com)
fluid apparently regulates the microenvironment of hematopoietic stem cells, where Igf signaling regulates progenitor proliferation (Orkin and Zon, 2008 and Zhang and Lodish, 2004). (inhibitorkits.com)

This study shows that, similarly to H3 , histone H4 is inherited asymmetrically in Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells undergoing asymmetric division. (sdbonline.org)
The Drosophila CNS midline cells are an excellent system for studying these issues because they consist of a small population of diverse cells with well-defined gene expression profiles. (biologists.com)
The cells that lie along the midline of the Drosophila CNS provide a useful system for the comprehensive study of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. (biologists.com)
The splicing co-factor Barricade/Tat-SF1, is required for cell cycle and lineage progression in Drosophila neural stem cells. (unibas.ch)
Identification and functional characterization of muscle satellite cells in Drosophila. (unibas.ch)
Centrosomes play an important role in Drosophila melanogaster stem cells, where the different size and activity of the two centrosomes help these cells divide asymmetrically. (ox.ac.uk)
A model of Drosophila multipotent intestinal stem cells that use Notch signalling to generate daughter cells with different fates at different times and in different places. (guozhenglab.net)
① When Drosophila intestinal stem cells divide in the adult stage, 90% of the division is to produce EB cells that will differentiate into intestinal epithelial cells in the future. (guozhenglab.net)
Changes in the number of intestinal stem cells of Drosophila in the pupal stage and the division pattern of stem cells. (guozhenglab.net)
The pattern and molecular mechanism of asymmetric division of Drosophila type 1 neural stem cells and intestinal stem cells. (guozhenglab.net)
A: Drosophila type-1 neural stem cells undergo an asymmetrical division during the embryonic stage. (guozhenglab.net)
In the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) glial cells are known to be generated from glioblasts, which produce exclusively glia or neuroglioblasts that bifurcate to produce both neuronal and glial sublineages. (biologists.com)
During Drosophila sensory bristle development, precursor cells segregate Numb asymmetrically to one of their progeny cells, rendering it unresponsive to reciprocal Notch signaling between the two daughters. (silverchair.com)

Proper cell fate decisions by neuroglia stem cells are critical for growing the cell lineages that form the brain during development and to maintain adult brain homeostasis. (stanford.edu)
Defects in cell fate control could explain many key defects present in brain tumors Of special emphasis, we study the establishment of cell fates within normal hierarchical brain lineages for comparison to the dysregulated cell-fate hierarchies seen in brain tumors. (stanford.edu)
In the second part of this thesis, I examined the lineages other than the pigmented cells in the fin for their establishment and maintenance. (wustl.edu)
Like in salamander limbs, transdifferentiation of cells or lineages in zebrafish fin regeneration blastema is often postulated. (wustl.edu)
In mammals, caspases affect various aspects of stem cell lineages. (ucl.ac.uk)
The second wave, referred to as definitive hematopoiesis, temporarily occurs in the fetal liver and transitions to the bone marrow and thymus, where multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) contribute to the generation of all blood lineages ( 1 - 3 ). (amegroups.org)
Both of these lineages autonomously bring about two extremes of cell fate: the top micromeres stay inductive CP-724714 small molecule kinase inhibitor and develop the?singular fate of skeletogenic cells for the larval skeleton8, whereas the tiny micromeres bring about the primordial germ cells9,10. (biopaqc.com)
Although studies have identified unique transcription factors in the selection of normal pancreatic lineages, the cells of origin and molecular mechanisms arbitrating PDAC growth are poorly defined. (amegroups.org)
The generation of the embryonic CNS is a lineage-based process in which neural progenitors, called neuroblasts (NBs), give rise to largely invariant lineages of neural/glial cells. (biologists.com)
Cell lineage analysis techniques have been used to analyse most of the embryonic NB lineages at the histological level. (biologists.com)
In many cell lineages, the conditional role of Notch signaling is integrated with the autonomous action of the Numb protein, a Notch pathway antagonist. (silverchair.com)
Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which conditional and autonomous modes of fate specification are integrated within cell lineages. (silverchair.com)

The primary progenitors (B1 cells) of this adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) have been best studied in mice. (idival.org)
In contrast to current views, we find no evidence for asymmetric division of these primary progenitors. (idival.org)
Initially, Nkx2.1 expressing progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) specify into the first wave of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and then they migrate towards the cerebral cortex by E15.5. (uni-goettingen.de)
GE progenitors concurrently produce diverse neuronal and glial cell types. (uni-goettingen.de)
Her research identified conserved mechanisms of cell fate determination in mammalian brain progenitors and led to a paradigm shift in understanding how brain progenitor cells self-renew and differentiate. (stanford.edu)
In the healthy brain, neuroglia stem cells generate progenitors, which in turn give rise to differentiating cells that will eventually acquire their final functional state. (stanford.edu)
cells either divide asymmetrically to preserve stem cell progenitors, partition into sister cells, differentiate along fate pathways, or undergo oncogenesis following the formation of normal tissues. (bioseek.eu)
These lineage classes argue for distinct progenitors, or organ founding stem cells (FSCs), for each lineage. (wustl.edu)
Transplantation experiments have revealed that most cells which can perform the hallmark feature of SSCs (that is, re-establishing full spermatogenesis in testes lacking germ cells) are found within the single uSPG population, but may also be present among paired and aligned progenitors ( Kubota and Brinster, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
The team started by screening the expression profile of individual cells in a population of mouse uSPGs containing both SSCs and progenitors. (elifesciences.org)

The sheet expands and balloons outward due to symmetric divisions of these polarized cells. (virginia.edu)
We are studying the mechanisms of these unusual cell divisions, and how the way that the cells divide influences the structure and fate of daughter cells. (virginia.edu)
Neural stem cell divisions appear to be much more asymmetric than we had previously anticipated,» states Darcie Moore, postdoc in the group of Sebastian Jessberger and lead author of the study. (uzh.ch)
Indeed, launch of ocean urchin AGS in to the ocean superstar embryo induces asymmetric cell divisions, recommending the fact that molecular advancement of AGS proteins is type in the changeover of echinoderms to micromere development and the existing developmental design of ocean urchins not observed in various other echinoderms. (biopaqc.com)
In the chick and mouse, the neuroepithelium proliferates during neurogenesis by symmetric cell divisions, but transitions to asymmetric cell divisions to create self-renewing stem cells and neural precursor cells3,4. (biopaqc.com)
Launch of asymmetric cell divisions in to the developmental plan sometimes appears throughout phylogeny hence, and has important jobs to significantly modification the developmental plan frequently, which general leads to useful and morphological diversification. (biopaqc.com)
It really is unclear, nevertheless, how these asymmetric cell divisions arose in the developmental plan during advancement originally, and added to diversification. (biopaqc.com)
Remarkably, ~80% of these?embryos underwent random asymmetric cell divisions from the 2C16 cell stages. (biopaqc.com)
These results suggest that sea urchin AGS indeed has an ability to induce asymmetric cell divisions and potentially a polarity-inducing activity even in the sea star embryos, a distantly related echinoderm. (biopaqc.com)
Open in a separate windows Fig. 7 Sea urchin AGS induces asymmetric cell divisions during early embryogenesis and extra invaginations after blastulation in sea star embryos. (biopaqc.com)
During human forebrain development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the ventricular zone (VZ) undergo asymmetric cell divisions to produce a self-renewed progenitor cell, maintaining the potential to go through additional rounds of cell divisions, and differentiating daughter cells, populating the developing cortex. (elifesciences.org)
Using a novel, recombination-induced tag exchange-based genetic tool to birthdate and track the segregation of centrosomes over multiple cell divisions in human embryonic stem cell-derived regionalised forebrain organoids, we show the preferential inheritance of the older mother centrosome towards self-renewed NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
Asymmetric divisions result in two daughter cells with different fates and cellular behaviour: one daughter remains in the VZ and retains the ability to self-renew, comparable to the mother cell. (elifesciences.org)
Retention of labeled DNA strands may be attributed to the ability of stem cells to retain the parental DNA strand during asymmetric cell division ( Cairns, 1975 ) or to quiescence of the stem cell population such that the DNA label is not diluted by frequent cell divisions ( Klein and Simons, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
At each of several precursor cell divisions in this lineage, the two daughter cells signal to each other via the Notch pathway. (silverchair.com)
These cell divisions are characterized by generation of an asymmetric chromatin configuration, leading to the uneven segregation of organelles, such as PML bodies and lysosomes, to daughter cells. (ous-research.no)
In each hemi-segment, a set of neuroblasts produces neural cells by repeated asymmetrical and interiorly directed divisions. (biomedcentral.com)

Committed OPCs divide either symmetrically to produce a pair of cycling OPCs or asymmetrically to give rise to one proliferated OPC and one differentiated OL. (uni-goettingen.de)
This suggested that leading edge Melanocyte Stem Cells (MSCs) divide both asymmetrically to generate new melanocytes, and symmetrically to expand the MSCs and leave quiescent MSCs in their wake. (wustl.edu)
We found that although cell cytoplasm is divided symmetrically, mitochondria and membrane lipids are asymmetrically distributed between the two daughter cells and present a stable positive correlation with cytoplasm apportioning, which is incompatible with an independent division mechanism. (biorxiv.org)
At 56h APF, stem cells and endocrine cells each divide symmetrically. (guozhenglab.net)

We hypothesize that temporal and spatial regulation of abscission helps expand the early stem cell pool, and influences daughter cell fates. (virginia.edu)
Building on these exciting discoveries, we propose to elucidate the in vivo roles of abscission regulation in neural stem cell fates and proper corticogenesis. (virginia.edu)
Using cell biological, genetic, and genomic approaches, we will rigorously dissect the primary effects of abscission dysregulation on cell polarity and fates, as well as the molecular pathways activated. (virginia.edu)
Asymmetric MP daughter cell fates also depend on Notch signaling. (biologists.com)
Moreover, in multicellular organisms, symmetry breaking allows the generation of cells with different fates and underpins the complex arrangement of tissues and organs achieved during embryogenesis. (cshlpress.com)
This mechanism of specifying glial cell fates within the CNS is novel and provides further insight into regulatory interactions leading to glial cell fate determination. (biologists.com)
Spana and Doe, 1996 ) (mediated by Notch and Delta and cell-cell interaction), are involved in the specification of daughter cell fates. (biologists.com)
In this lineage, the fates of two of the precursor cells (pIIa and pIIIb) are specified by Notch signaling ( Fig. 1 , blue arrowheads). (silverchair.com)

Notch signaling also promoted midline glial and median neuroblast cell fate. (biologists.com)
By contrast,the other daughter cell asymmetrically acquired Numb, which inhibited Notch signaling, leading to a different fate choice. (biologists.com)
Her postdoctoral studies on neural stem cells and asymmetric cell division in the Lab of Dr. Yuh Nung Jan at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of San Francisco, California implied for the first time a minus-end directed myosin in the process of cell fate determination. (stanford.edu)
During two years as an instructor and head of a research group in Munich, Germany, Dr. Petritsch and her team showed that cell fate determinants use a bimodal mechanism (diffusion and active capturing) for proper intracellular location. (stanford.edu)
The mechanisms for cell fate decisions in the human brain are largely unknown. (stanford.edu)
By using patient-derived cells from brain surgeries, we investigate cell fate decision mechanisms in the normal brain and in brain malignancies. (stanford.edu)
We think that defective cell fate decisions fuel the intra-humoral heterogeneity and plasticity that makes treatment of human brain tumors so challenging. (stanford.edu)
We therefore work to gain an understanding of how brain cells control the fate of their progeny, whereby we unravel novel points of vulnerabilities in brain tumor cells, that could be exploited therapeutically. (stanford.edu)
The first step was for the team to follow the fate of these cells for six weeks following transplantation. (elifesciences.org)
Many of the 131 cells that are "programmed" to die during C. elegans development are the smaller daughter of a neuroblast that divides asymmetrically by size and fate. (ucl.ac.uk)
Based on these findings, we propose that CED-3 caspase plays a critical role in the asymmetric division by size and fate of neuroblasts, and that this contributes to the reproducibility and robustness with which the smaller daughter cell is produced and adopts the apoptotic fate. (ucl.ac.uk)
zygote iteratively divides you start with a big anterior and a smaller sized posterior blastomere asymmetrically, both with specific cell fate determinants1. (biopaqc.com)
Raynor J, Liu C, Dhungana Y, Guy C, Chapman N, Shi H, Neale G, Sesaki H , Chi H. Hippo/Mst signaling coordinates cellular quiescence with terminal maturation in iNKT cell development and fate decisions. (jhmi.edu)
Since stem cells no longer express Sc, they become intestinal stem cells that produce EC, and their fate continues to circulate between ① and ②. (guozhenglab.net)
4) The apical polar protein and the basal cell fate determining factors are distributed asymmetrically in the two daughter cells. (guozhenglab.net)
The Notch cell-cell signaling pathway is used extensively in cell fate specification during metazoan development. (silverchair.com)
This ensures that one daughter adopts a Notch-independent, and the other a Notch-dependent, cell fate. (silverchair.com)
and conditional, in which fate is determined by external factors, particularly cell-cell signaling. (silverchair.com)
This renders the second daughter immune to the reciprocal Notch signal, ensuring that it adopts the alternative, Notch-independent, cell fate. (silverchair.com)
The fly sensory organ lineage thus embodies a universal strategy for generating cell fate asymmetry during development. (silverchair.com)

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. (wikipedia.org)
These results suggest a role for DNA replication in patterning epigenetic information in asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms. (sdbonline.org)

The unique educational content found on this site was developed collaboratively with award-winning high school educators, international stem cell organizations, and professional medical animators-creating dynamic and engaging educational resources that teach pertinent cellular biology topics through the lens of stem cells and cellular reprogramming. (ca.gov)
It contains stem cell biology, ethics, and policy information and teaching resources. (ca.gov)
He is Professional Membership of the International Society for Stem Cell Research, American Society for Cell Biology and American Academy of Arts and Sciences, etc. (idival.org)
Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 72. (unibas.ch)
I don't see many people who so seamlessly go back and forth between understanding of genetics and cell biology and developmental biology," says Yukiko Yamashita, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at MIT and former postdoc in Fuller's lab. (genestogenomes.org)
Jazwinski's own research centers around the genetics of aging and the molecular and cell biology of getting older. (tulane.edu)
Insights into the biology of stem cells will be gained by confirmation and characterization of candidate MaSC markers identified in this study. (frontiersin.org)

Later, the stem cells divide asymmetrically, eventually generating billions of neurons and glia. (virginia.edu)
They must also produce daughter cells in the right order: first more stem cells, then neurons, and finally glia. (virginia.edu)
The study of how transcriptional control and cell signaling influence neurons and glia to acquire their differentiated properties is fundamental to understanding CNS development and function. (biologists.com)
Recent findings suggest that B1 cells are derived from RG during mid fetal development and then remain quiescent until re-activated to produce neurons in postnatal life. (idival.org)
Neural stem cells generate new neurons throughout life in the mammalian brain. (uzh.ch)
embryonic neuroblasts divide to both self-renew Rabbit Polyclonal to ADRB1 also to asymmetrically?generate the neurons from the larval anxious program2. (biopaqc.com)

The foundation of spermatogenesis and lifelong fertility is provided by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). (bvsalud.org)
This involves spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) dividing to form undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPGs), which then progress through the meiotic and haploid phases of spermatogenesis to form mature sperm ( de Rooij, 1998 ). (elifesciences.org)

By studying the brain phenotypes and the cellular roles of the encoded proteins, with both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we hope to understand how small changes at the single-cell level can cause dramatic changes in overall brain structure. (virginia.edu)
Our novel gene discoveries have led to cellular and molecular studies on topics such as cell division, cytokinesis, neuron polarization, and axon guidance. (virginia.edu)
The cellular products of embryonic stem cells routinely come under global influences and give rise to the cells of germ layers and organ rudiments. (iospress.com)
It was known that with every division cellular aging factors are asymmetrically distributed between the mother and the daughter cell, allowing for rejuvenation and full life span of the daughter independent of the age of the mother cell. (uzh.ch)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Because of their innate ability to impact cellular behavior, and additional potential to be "loaded" with drugs or genetic "snippets" that can be smuggled into diseased or malignant cells, they hold great promise as a potent treatment modality. (barefacedtruth.com)
Here, we present a method that allows the measurement of asymmetric organelle partitioning, and we use it to simultaneously measure the partitioning of three kinds of cellular elements, i.e. cytoplasm, membrane, and mitochondria in a proliferating population of human Jurkat T-cells. (biorxiv.org)
For this porpoise, we use multiple live cell markers which permit us both to follow the partitioning process for multiple generations and to investigate the correlations between the partitioning of different cellular constituents. (biorxiv.org)
By studying male germ cells within the context of their cellular neighborhood, Fuller showed that signals coming from surrounding cells coordinate with behavior of cytoskeleton components to induce the stem cells to divide asymmetrically. (genestogenomes.org)
How does the developmental program add layers of regulation on fundamental cellular processes like cell division, transcription and mRNA processing to specify specialized cell types. (genestogenomes.org)

In vivo, they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them pluripotent). (wikipedia.org)
They exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types and are multipotent or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell. (wikipedia.org)
they are vastly outnumbered by the progenitor cells and terminally differentiated cells that they differentiate into. (wikipedia.org)
Since 1998 however, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in stem-cell lines). (wikipedia.org)
and the RBI cells are derived from the lateral mesoderm of the zebrafish head and differentiate into macrophages ( 4 - 8 ). (amegroups.org)
At this time, the stem cells strongly activate the Notch signal in EB and promote EB to differentiate into epithelial cells(EC). (guozhenglab.net)
③ When the Notch signal is additionally activated in stem cells and progeny cells, the stem cells differentiate into EC cells. (guozhenglab.net)
The daughter cells at the basal differentiate into ganglion blasts (GMC) and then undergo a symmetrical division to produce a pair of nerves. (guozhenglab.net)
Prospero protein enters the nucleus of the progeny cells originally located at the basal, allowing the progeny cells to differentiate into endocrine cells. (guozhenglab.net)
6. Transcription factors - proteins that regulate which genes are transcribed in a cell - appear to be essential to determining the pathway particular stem cells take as they differentiate. (catsboard.com)

Figure 1 VCAM-1 + macrophages guide hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell to sites of definitive hematopoiesis. (amegroups.org)
Previous work in the embryonic rodent brain suggested that the preferential inheritance of the pre-existing (older) centrosome to the self-renewed progenitor cell is required to maintain stem cell properties, ensuring proper neurogenesis. (elifesciences.org)

Although Igf2 availability decreased in adult CSF (Figures 3C and S3B), Igf2 continued to be expressed in adult choroid plexus (data not shown) and maintained adult neurospheres ( Figure 4I), suggesting that low levels of CSF Igf2 contribute to the maintenance of adult neural stem cells. (inhibitorkits.com)

Including discussions of the molecular basis of polarization mechanisms, asymmetric division of stem cells during development, the generation of left-right asymmetry of the body axis in mammals, and theoretical approaches to symmetry breaking, the volume is a vital reference for molecular, cell, and developmental biologists, as well as physical scientists interested in how and why symmetry breaking occurs in living systems. (cshlpress.com)
Dr. Alvarez-Buylla has an international reputation for his work in developmental neuroscience and stem-cell neurobiology research. (idival.org)
The findings will be of interest to developmental neurobiologists, but also more broadly to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)

Students begin by studying planaria as a model organism using a lab protocol incorporated in the CIRM-developed Unit 2: Adult Stem Cells, Homeostasis, and Regenerative Medicine. (ca.gov)

We have previously shown that CED-3 caspase is activated in such neuroblasts, and that before neuroblast division, a gradient of CED-3 caspase activity is formed in a ced-1 MEGF10 (multiple EGF-like domains 10)-dependent manner. (ucl.ac.uk)
We now show that CED-3 caspase is necessary for the ability of neuroblasts to divide asymmetrically by size. (ucl.ac.uk)
With the currently available data, a common origin of pycnogonid neural stem cells and tetraconate neuroblasts remains unresolved. (biomedcentral.com)

Likewise, strategies for the containment of cancer might be based on promoting normal pathways of cell loss, the basal mode for handling excess cells. (iospress.com)

Consequently, neurogenesis in the juvenile and adult V-SVZ results in a progressive depletion of the population of B1 cells over time. (idival.org)
Thus, adult neurogenesis represents another means, apart from molecular, synaptic, or morphological changes of an individual cell, to alter the functional circuitry depending on the demand. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the data described here use a novel genetic approach to birthdate centrosomes in human cells and identify asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes as a mechanism to maintain self-renewal properties and to ensure proper neurogenesis in human NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
In Hexapoda and crustaceans, neurogenesis involves the neuroblast, a type of neural stem cell. (biomedcentral.com)
In Euchelicerata and Myriapoda, neurogenesis lacks neural stem cells, featuring instead direct immigration of neural cell groups from fixed sites in the neuroectoderm. (biomedcentral.com)
In Hexapoda and at least some crustaceans (malacostracans and branchiopods), neurogenesis is coupled to a type of neural stem cell (NSC), the neuroblast (NB) [ 24 - 37 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

After the mitotic cytoplasm is separated, the progeny cells originally located at the apical of the metaphase return to the basal membrane and become stem cells that continue to renew themselves. (guozhenglab.net)
The latter grow in size, show high mitotic activity and an asymmetrical division mode. (biomedcentral.com)

Working with mutants that effect spermatogenesis, Fuller realized that here was a perfect system to apply forward genetic strategies to investigate the questions that had caught her interest as an undergraduate and postdoc: How do cells change shape? (genestogenomes.org)
When she set up her own lab, Fuller shifted to studying spermatogenesis, the process by which stem cells give rise to specialized sperm cells, in its own right. (genestogenomes.org)

B1 cells have astroglial properties and generate, in addition to a small number of oligodendroglia, at least ten different subtypes of inhibitory interneurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb. (idival.org)
Studying how stem cells replicate and retain their ability to generate specialized cells could have important implications in cancer research as well as regenerative medicine. (genestogenomes.org)

When this asymmetric segregation is disrupted, the stem cells lose their stemness properties, leading to stem cell exhaustion and eventual loss of tissue function. (tulane.edu)
At this time, EMC expresses Notch signaling pathway ligand, weakly activates Notch signaling pathway in stem cells, inhibits the expression of Sc, maintains stem cell stemness, and then divides into a pair of endocrine cells. (guozhenglab.net)

As of 2016[update], the only established medical therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, first performed in 1958 by French oncologist Georges Mathé. (wikipedia.org)
They discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. (wikipedia.org)

Cnot3 is highly expressed in undifferentiated spermatogonia, and its deletion in spermatogonia resulted in germ cell loss and infertility. (bvsalud.org)
transplanted a population of uSPGs enriched in these cells into the testes of mice treated with busulfan, a toxic compound that kills endogenous germ cells. (elifesciences.org)

In the embryo, the cortex begins as an epithelial sheet of neural stem cells. (virginia.edu)
The stem cells must make a faithful copy of their genome, and then split in half while maintaining their polarity and attachments within the epithelial sheet. (virginia.edu)
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central mechanism for diversifying the cells found in complex tissues. (bioseek.eu)
EMT is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and gain invasive properties, which leads to the acquisition of mesenchymal stem cell characteristics [ 17 , 18 ]. (oncotarget.com)
We isolated four categories of cells from mammary epithelium of female calves: bromodeoxyuridine label retaining epithelial cells (LREC) from basal (LRECb) and embedded layers (LRECe), and epithelial control cells from basal and embedded layers. (frontiersin.org)
We have shown that epithelial cells divide asymmetrically along the axes of cell sheet displacement. (ous-research.no)
Our research has unveiled and comprehensively analyzed a novel mechanism governing the movement of epithelial cell sheets after exit from quiescence. (ous-research.no)

Profoundly different patterns of potency and division are exhibited by mammalian embryonic and adult stem cells. (iospress.com)

Strategies for regenerative therapies in adult mammals, therefore, might be based on stimulating growth of adult stem cells or their surrogates in specific tissues rather than on introducing embryonic stem cells into adults. (iospress.com)
Discovered 30 years ago and initially thought to be the means by which cells "eject" waste products and debris, they are now recognized as playing an essential role in intercellular communication and bio-signal transport in nearly all tissues. (barefacedtruth.com)
Later, adult stem cells dedicated to specific tissues maintain and repair many organs in the body throughout life. (genestogenomes.org)
This joint symposium entitled "Advancing Biotechnology through Multidisciplinary Approaches" brings together experts in various fields of biotechnology to discuss the latest developments and emerging trends in the integration of bioinformatics, genetics, imaging, and protein engineering to understand single cells and complex tissues. (oist.jp)

Dr. Petritsch is an expert in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and cancer stem cells, and her team's emphasis is on intra-tumoral heterogeneity, in vitro and in vivo cancer model development, and tumor-immune interactions. (stanford.edu)
It is known that brain tumor cells, on the other hand, defy many general principles of neurobiology. (stanford.edu)
Tumor cell hierarchies are poorly understood, providing no explanation for why tumor cells with stem-like, progenitor-like, and differentiated features co-exist and interact with normal brain cells and immune-infiltrating cells within a single tumor entity, and how this heterogeneity relates to the lack of active immune infiltration. (stanford.edu)
In the CSC hypothesis the conditions initiation and propagation are accustomed to assign a function to cell types discovered inside set up tumors but these conditions do not always make reference to the cells that the tumor originates. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In perspective, this could be particularly relevant in the case of tumor micro-environment diversity, where comprehension of the non-genetic cell heterogeneity could pave the way to novel and more targeted therapies. (biorxiv.org)
We studied tumor cell signaling in the cell subsets to understand the tumor-inhibitory potentials of EBF2. (amegroups.org)
In contrast, Akt-phosphorylation, β-catenin, and c-Myc are repressed in the cells, presumably inhibiting tumor growth. (amegroups.org)
The tumor-promoting signals such as Akt-phosphorylation, β-catenin, and c-Myc were upregulated in the cells compared to the controls. (amegroups.org)
Infection of cells with oncolytic adenovirus CN305 SOCS3 and AdCN305 cell penetrating peptides SOCS3 resulted in buy Volasertib dramatic cytotoxicity of liver tumor cells. (micrornaarray.com)
Infection of liver tumor cells with AdCN305 SOCS3 and AdCN305 cpp SOCS3 resulted in almost complete inhibi tion of STAT3 phosphorylation and downregulation of cyclin D1 and Bcl xL. (micrornaarray.com)
35,110,111 We have shown that adoptive transfer of SOCS1 deficient T cells strongly regressed transplanted tumor cells. (micrornaarray.com)
Phospho STAT3 was confirmed for being lowered in tumor cells with the automobile taken care of mice, but not in stromal cells, even though tumor and stromal phospho STAT3 had been substantially reduced in AZD1480 handled mice. (micrornaarray.com)
Oncolytic viruses have an inherent or acquired selectivity to replicate exclusively in tumor cells, ultimately destroying them. (helsinki.fi)

Under the action of Mira, Pros is collected on the cell membrane on the basal side of stem cells. (guozhenglab.net)
The division axis is perpendicular to the 'Apical-basal' axis, producing two progeny cells, one large and one small. (guozhenglab.net)
C: In the metaphase of asymmetric division of intestinal stem cells, the Par protein complex is located on the apical of the cell membrane, and Miranda and Prospero are located on the basal of the cell membrane, forming a spindle axis perpendicular to the basement membrane. (guozhenglab.net)
With the progress of mitosis, the spindle axis continuously deflects from the state perpendicular to the basement membrane until it is parallel to the basal membrane at the end of division. (guozhenglab.net)
Directly basal to the neural stem cells, an additional type of intermediate neural precursor is found. (biomedcentral.com)

They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. (wikipedia.org)
In the first part of my thesis, I focused on one specific type of cells, the pigmented cells in the fin, to address questions concerning their establishment and maintenance, with a variety of clonal and lineage analyses. (wustl.edu)
Early embryonic labeling with lineage-marker bearing transposons showed that all classes of fin melanocytes (ontogenetic, regeneration and kit-independent melanocytes) and xanthophores arise from the same melanocyte-producing founding stem cells (mFSCs), while iridophores arise from distinct precursors. (wustl.edu)
More specifically, the lineage-tracing experiments showed that FOXC2-producing uSPGs could produce paired uSPGs that would then either divide to form two single uSPGs (including some that retained Foxc2 expression), or form chains of aligned uSPGs containing at most one FOXC2-producing cell ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
We show that this region contains a Notch-responsive cis-regulatory module that directs numb transcription in the pIIa and pIIIb cells of the bristle lineage. (silverchair.com)

Here, we report that Caenorhabditis elegans CED-3 caspase regulates asymmetric cell division. (ucl.ac.uk)
A diffusion barrier regulates the sorting of damaged proteins during cell division. (uzh.ch)
Furthermore, we show that Notch signalling positively regulates glial cells missing ( gcm ) expression in the context of SPG development. (biologists.com)

These are the two precursor cells that do not inherit Numb, yet must make Numb to segregate to one daughter during their own division. (silverchair.com)
The other daughter inherits the Notch pathway antagonist Numb, asymmetrically segregated from the precursor cell. (silverchair.com)

The third position is that of those who consider that the single-cell, polarised, asymmetrical human embryo, the zygote, obtained naturally or artificially, is a living being of our species, bearer therefore of the dignity that all human beings intrinsically possess, and consequently worthy of being treated in accordance with that dignity. (bioethicsobservatory.org)

Cancer stem cells, instrumental in metastasis, would seem to ignore mechanisms normally functioning in the removal of excess cells. (iospress.com)
This could be one of the mechanisms responsible for the reduced regeneration capacity in the aged brain as stem cells that retain larger amounts of damaged proteins require longer for the next cell division. (uzh.ch)
Therefore, our findings show that asymmetric segregation mechanisms can also arise in cancer cell populations, and that, in this case, membrane lipids and mitochondria do not respectively segregate independently from the cytoplasm. (biorxiv.org)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells in stem cell therapy. (wikipedia.org)
One key question to be answered is whether the barrier is established in all somatic stem cells of the body. (uzh.ch)
The second position is that of those who believe that the human zygote obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning) is a different biological entity to the zygote obtained naturally (see our ethical assessment HERE ). (bioethicsobservatory.org)

Many stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. (sdbonline.org)

Recent studies have suggested that SP cells in human pancreatic cancer are characteristically chemoresistant [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)

This leads to reduced asymmetry of damaged protein segregation with increasing age of the stem cell. (uzh.ch)
A mechanism for the segregation of age in mammalian neural stem cells. (uzh.ch)

In mammals, roughly 50-150 cells make up the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, around days 5-14. (wikipedia.org)
In many adult mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the walls of the lateral ventricle in a germinal niche that preserves key features of the embryonic ventricular zone and a subventricular zone. (idival.org)
Despite these apparent differences in definitive hematopoiesis between fish and mammals, the definitive HSC niche functions to actively recruit stem cells and maintain their plasticity throughout adulthood ( 2 , 4 , 5 ). (amegroups.org)
Families of miRNAs are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals. (barefacedtruth.com)

Among the top ten genes preferentially enriched in these cells, Foxc2 was the only one to code for a protein exclusively present in the nucleus of uSPGs that also expressed ZBTB16, a protein important for SSCs to self-renew. (elifesciences.org)
However, FOXC2-producing uSPGs were also capable of self-renewal, forming cells which feature genetic markers associated with SSCs. (elifesciences.org)

We show that the genesis of a subset of glial cells, the subperineurial glia (SPGs), involves a new mechanism and requires Notch. (biologists.com)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by their capacity for indefinite self-renew and by their relative quiescence [ 2 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and poorly differentiated progenitor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exacerbate hierarchical tissue organization contributing to cell hyperproliferation and therapy resistance. (amegroups.org)
We isolated CSCs from low passage PDAC cell lines derived from human tumors and commercially available cell lines. (amegroups.org)

Germline stem cell (GSC) divides asymmetrically producing a gonioblast (GB). (biomedcentral.com)
Gray bars indicate the germline cell types that are presented in the testes of bam or meiosis arrest mutants and contribute to the DamID and expression profiling experiments in this study. (biomedcentral.com)

New evidence in mice suggests that cells expressing the transcription factor FOXC2 may form a reservoir of quiescent stem cells that contributes to sperm formation. (elifesciences.org)
The micromeres accumulate a number of transcription- selectively, translation-, and signaling elements (e.g. cell department on the 8C16 cell stage (Fig.?7a). (biopaqc.com)

But they are also a good model for neural stem cells in the mammalian brain. (uzh.ch)

One member of each pair of MP3-6 daughter cells was responsive to Notch signaling. (biologists.com)
When a single uSPG divides, it can sometimes produce paired daughter cells that remain connected after mitosis. (elifesciences.org)
A group of scientists led by Sebastian Jessberger of the Brain Research Institute showed now that also the stem cells of the adult mouse brain asymmetrically segregate aging factors between the mother and the daughter cells. (uzh.ch)
The barrier prevents retention of damaged proteins in the stem cell daughter cell keeping the stem cells relatively clean. (uzh.ch)
In addition, less functional mitochondria are segregated asymmetrically between daughter cells during cell division, allowing one of them to remain young. (tulane.edu)
The fundamental work that shows the preferential inheritance of the older centrosomes by the self-renewing daughter cells in human is supported by strong evidence. (elifesciences.org)

The asymmetrically segregating lncRNA cherub is required for transforming stem cells into malignant cells. (unibas.ch)
Keywords: cancers chromosomal instability SC Launch The intricacy of malignant neoplasias could be appreciated using the latest identification of the intra-tumoral hierarchy and cancers stem cells (CSC) in various types of cancers. (colinsbraincancer.com)

Using BrdU pulse-and-chase experiment to label proliferating cells and their progeny in vivo, we quantified labeled newborn cells and fit the model on the experimental data. (biomedcentral.com)
These approaches result in the loss of all histological information pertaining to the in vivo locale of MaSC and progenitor cells. (frontiersin.org)
9 SOCS1 overexpression inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of human melanoma cells, and SOCS1 associates especially with Cdh1, triggering its deg radation through the proteasome. (micrornaarray.com)
In vivo growth was assessed by injecting the shSTAT3 cells subcutaneously and, upon reaching,0. (micrornaarray.com)

NBs divide in an asymmetric manner to bud off a set of ganglion mother cells (GMC), which in turn divide once to produce two postmitotic daughters. (biologists.com)

However, when they are isolated and cultured in vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (wikipedia.org)
Previous molecular characterizations of mammary stem cells (MaSC) have utilized fluorescence-activated cell sorting or in vitro cultivation of cells from enzymatically dissociated tissue to enrich for MaSC. (frontiersin.org)
Cells had been taken care of with AZD1480 for 4 consecutive days and in vitro cell growth was monitored, revealing considerable development inhibition of the TPC 1 shSTAT3 cells. (micrornaarray.com)

Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Canadian biologists Ernest McCulloch, James Till and Andrew J. Becker at the University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by Ernest McCulloch and James Till at the University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the early 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
The scientists focussed on a microRNA - a class of naturally occurring, small non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules - called miR-34a that gives cancer stem cells the odd ability to divide asymmetrically. (lifeboat.com)
The discovery of the stem cell population in individual neoplasias has given a fresh impulse to the analysis from the origins of cancer. (colinsbraincancer.com)
In several types of cancer, side populations (SPs) have been shown to be enriched for cells with CSC-like activity and a CSC phenotype [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Whether the same processes take place in the context of cancer cell lines is still poorly investigated. (biorxiv.org)
This helps us understand the high phenotypic variability reported in these cancer cell lines. (biorxiv.org)
104 SOCS3 overexpression also inhibits development of non compact lung cancer cells. (micrornaarray.com)
105 SOCS3 overexpression by adenoviral transfer enhanced the radio sensitivity of taken care of non small lung cancer cells. (micrornaarray.com)
Cells possess the ability to both divide and migrate concurrently during instances of wound healing, development, and cancer progression. (ous-research.no)

the neuroblast stage has the highest temporal variance within the cell types of the neurogenic cascade, while the apoptotic stage is short. (biomedcentral.com)
No important variations have been detected while in the quantity of apoptotic cells, whose percentage was lower through the entire tumors. (micrornaarray.com)

④When the Notch signaling pathway is mutated in stem cells and progeny cells, ISC-like or ee-like intestinal tumors are formed. (guozhenglab.net)
The large progeny cells at the apical continue to occupy the apical position of the neural stem cells in the outermost ectoderm, maintaining the self-renewal of the stem cells. (guozhenglab.net)

Anatomy55

Organisms19

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment56

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Differentiation28

Proliferation14

Drosophila13

Lineages12

Progenitors10

Divisions17

Symmetrically4

Fates8

Fate20

Multicellular organisms2

Biology7

Neurons6

Spermatogonial stem cells2

Cellular10

Differentiate10

Progenitor cell2

Adult Neural Stem1

Developmental3

Homeostasis1

Neuroblasts3

Pathways1

Neurogenesis6

Mitotic2

Spermatogenesis2

Generate2

Stemness2

Hematopoietic stem2

Germ2

Epithelial7

Embryonic and adult1

Tissues4

Tumor13

Basal5

Lineage5

Regulates3

Numb2

Asymmetrical1

Mechanisms3

Somatic3

Undergo asymmetric1

Pancreatic cancer1

Segregation2

Mammals4

SSCs2

Glial1

CSCs3

Germline2

Transcription2

Mammalian brain1

Daughter6

Malignant2

Vivo4

Ganglion mother1

Vitro3

Cancer10

Apoptotic2

Progeny cells2