Stem cells malignant gliomas immunotherapy adoptive. Medical search. Frequent questions

While GB tumors are frequently infiltrated by natural killer (NK) cells, these are actively suppressed by the GB cells and the GB tumor microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast to other cancers such as adenocarcinomas of the lung or melanoma, primary brain tumors like GB and low grade gliomas (LGG) are known as rather immunologically "cold" tumors, typically with low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) ( 4 ), and the mere amount of TILs is not associated with patient survival ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme, is the most aggressive among infiltrative gliomas, a group of primary tumors arising from the central nervous system (CNS). (cancernetwork.com)
1] 'Multiforme,' which refers to a heterogenous histologic appearance and proliferation of multiple cell types, was abandoned from the revised nomenclature in the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, and is now simply called 'glioblastoma. (cancernetwork.com)
Research from this theme explores the causes of malignant tumors by looking into the mechanisms of embryonic stem cell biology (cell development) and interactivity of multiple tissue-specific stem cells during the formation of complex organs (cell differentiation). (bcm.edu)
In particular, it has failed to demonstrate therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of solid tumors, possibly due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which reduces NK cell immunotherapy's efficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we generate dromedary camel nanobodies targeting B7-H3 and demonstrate that CAR-T cells, based on the nanobodies recognizing the IgC but not IgV domain, had potent antitumour activity against large tumors in female mice. (nature.com)
However, the successful application of these emerging cell-based therapies in solid tumors remains limited. (nature.com)
Some tumors are able to send signals that prevent immune cells from recognizing and attacking the tumor. (technologynetworks.com)
In her paper, Flores and her team show that in a rodent model, "hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells" isolated from bone marrow could be used to reprogram glioblastoma tumors to make them sensitive to immunotherapy treatment. (technologynetworks.com)
These findings may really open the door to successful immunotherapy treatment of malignant brain tumors," said Mitchell, co-leader of the Cancer Therapeutics and Host Response research program at the UF Health Cancer Center and a member of the Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute of the University of Florida. (technologynetworks.com)
Standard treatments for brain tumors are both highly toxic and nonspecific, and after treatment for brain tumors, patients can still suffer from the damage caused by these very aggressive therapies," said Flores, the principal investigator of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory within the UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program. (technologynetworks.com)
Babatz J, Röllig C, Löbel B, Folprecht G, Haack M, Günther H, Köhne CH, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bornhäuser M. Induction of cellular immune responses against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic tumors after vaccination with altered peptide ligand-loaded dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
Despite the progresses made in treating hematological malignancies, challenges still remain for use of CAR-T cell therapy to treat solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
In this landscape, most studies have primarily focused on improving CAR-T cells and overcoming the unfavorable effects of tumor microenvironment on solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
To further understand the current status and trend for developing CAR-T cell based therapies for various solid tumors, this review emphasizes on CAR-T techniques, current obstacles, and strategies for application, as well as necessary companion diagnostics for treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
However, due to intricacies of solid tumors and their locations in the human body, treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells is facing multiple obstacles, such as the hostile tumor microenvironment, on-tumor/off-tumor toxicities, and undesired antigen specificity [ 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
Encouragingly and optimistically, in this landscape, more than forty clinical trials in treatment of solid tumors by CAR-T cells have been registered in China alone (Table 1 ) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
Therefore, in this review, we focus on current CAR-T techniques , obstacles, strategies for overcoming these obstacles, as well as necessary companion diagnostics in treatment of solid tumors with CAR-T cells. (ijbs.com)
Immune-inflamed tumors are called hot tumors, while the latter two are collectively referred to as cold tumors, and they respond poorly to immunotherapy. (nature.com)
Dr. Lim's clinical interests include the treatment of benign and malignant brain tumors, with special interest in gliomas, meningiomas, metastatic tumors, and skull base tumors. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
He has successfully translated his findings from the laboratory to the clinics and has conducted and led several large national immunotherapy clinical trials for brain tumors. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
Dr. Lim is a world leader in immunotherapy for brain tumors. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
In addition to being invited world-wide to give lectures and seminars, he has given platform presentations on the topics of immunotherapy for brain tumors, neurosurgical techniques and management of brain tumors at the American Society of Clinical Oncologists, American Academy of Neurological Surgeons, Radiological Society of North America, Annual Symposium on Brain and Spine Metastases, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and other meetings. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
Recently, the lab of Dr. P. Agostinis documented that immunogenic cell death mediated by ER stress can be harnessed to develop novel and clinically relevant, next-generation dendritic cell-based immunotherapies for brain tumors. (euroacadti.eu)
They currently study angiogenesis and lymphatic vessels particularly in malignant tumors, focusing on the growth factor-receptor signaling and growth factor-mediated endothelial cell reprogramming. (euroacadti.eu)
Immunotherapy is currently considered as a promising next-generation therapeutic strategy for various cancers thanks to its ability to modulate cell-specific immune responses toward tumors [ 1 ], which has gradually remodeled the landscape of clinical anticancer modality [ 2 ]. (thno.org)

Rational design of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells based on the recognition of antigenic epitopes capable of evoking the most potent CAR activation is an important objective in optimizing immune therapy. (nature.com)
Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. (springer.com)
1,2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells (CAR-Ts) fail clinical trials because multiple antigens will be required to eliminate all GBM subpopulations. (bmj.com)
Cancer immunotherapy by chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells has shown exhilarative clinical efficacy for hematological malignancies. (ijbs.com)
There is an unmet need to develop novel therapies for refractory/relapsed MM. In the past few years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy for MM has shown promising efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a novel immunotherapy which modifies T cells with CAR, an artificial fusion protein that incorporates an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain including costimulation and signaling components [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
IL-2 and IFN-γ), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy (e.g., anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies), and adoptive T-cell transfer (e.g., chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy) [ 3 - 5 ]. (thno.org)

We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequent malignant primary brain tumor in adults, without any curative treatment options available at present. (frontiersin.org)
2] Glioblastoma is histologically defined by neoplastic cells with astrocytic characteristics and the presence of either endothelial proliferation-often in a glomeruloid morphology-and/or necrosis, which may resemble a pseudopalisading pattern (a false fence of neoplastic cells surrounding an area of necrotic tissue). (cancernetwork.com)
In addition, a subgroup of lower-grade gliomas may carry molecular features and signatures similar to glioblastoma, with a similarly aggressive natural course,[4] for which an intensive treatment strategy is advocated. (cancernetwork.com)
For years, Catherine Flores, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the UF College of Medicine's Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, has been studying mechanisms of resistance to a type of immunotherapy called "PD-1 checkpoint blockade" in rodent models of glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. (technologynetworks.com)
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. (bmj.com)
Dr. Lim's bibliography contains well over 200 articles on topics such as immunotherapy for glioblastoma, long-term survival of glioma patients treated with stereotactic radiation, and treatment of neuropathic pain. (stanfordhealthcare.org)

Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Many strategies and approaches have been tried to overcome these obstacles, including arming CAR-T cells with knock-out of PD-1 expression or secretion of cytokines/chemokines and using CAR-T cells in combination with other treatments [ 3 - 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Dysfunctional NK cells are defined by a limited release of effector cytokines and a decreased ability to kill malignant cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Cancer immunotherapies can be divided into four major categories: - Cytokines/immunomodulation agents - Monoclonal antibodies - Cell‑based therapies - Oncolytic viruses Though monoclonal antibodies currently represent the largest class of commercialized cancer immunotherapies, cell‑based therapies are rapidly making headway. (technologynetworks.com)
These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)
Of note, the TME is rich in immunosuppressive cells (e.g., tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), immature dendritic cells (iDCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)), that can suppress antitumor immunity as a result of secretion of various cytokines and chemokines, which enables tumor escape from immune surveillance [ 8 ]. (thno.org)
Moreover, TAMs usually display M2-like phenotypes that exert tumor-promoting role in TME, and promote production of related immunosuppressive factors that trigger immunotherapy resistance, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and soluble signaling mediators [ 12 ]. (thno.org)

The first-in-human testing of scFv-based B7-H3 CAR-T cells has shown antitumor response against anaplastic meningioma and childhood diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma without severe side effects 16 , 17 . (nature.com)

NK cell adoptive immunotherapy in humans has shown modest efficacy. (bvsalud.org)
We therefore plan to administer both CAR-T cells to provide better cytotoxic coverage and increase efficacy. (bmj.com)
Beside the focuses on the aspects of treatment, companion diagnostics are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in patient screening, treatment regimen, efficacy evaluation, and real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell therapies. (ijbs.com)
However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell-based therapies. (encyclopedia.pub)
The concept of NK cells as a tool for cancer therapy was formally proved when the infusion of NK cells was first employed in the treatment of leukemia patients, with promising efficacy [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Researchers must ensure reproducibility, efficacy and potency of cancer immunotherapy treatments before these reach the clinic. (technologynetworks.com)
While different methods exist to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy products, more efficient and robust in vitro assays are still required to ensure their safety and consistency. (technologynetworks.com)
The need for a novel cancer immunotherapy assay The most significant challenge faced by cancer immunotherapy researchers is the inability to predict treatment efficacy and response. (technologynetworks.com)
While many methods have been developed to screen and evaluate the efficacy of immune cell‑mediated killing, there is a need for a more robust in vitro assay to accurately predict the in vivo behavior of therapies. (technologynetworks.com)
While the data provided by these assays help piece together an understanding of different facets of immune cell‑mediated killing, it is important to note that the parameters being reported often do not correlate with target cell killing efficacy in vivo. (technologynetworks.com)
With increasingly high therapeutic efficacy being achieved recent years and owing to the unique features such as specific tumor tropism, low cytotoxicity against normal cells, OVT has been inviting a great attention as an ideal weapon against cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)
Combination with other immunotherapy regimens improve overall therapeutic efficacy. (biomedcentral.com)

Among most immunosuppressive cells, TAMs, as crucial drivers of immunosuppressive TME, account for the largest proportion of immune cells in the TME (approximately 50% of tumor mass) [ 9 , 10 ], which possess highly heterogeneity and play a complex regulatory role in tumor immunity and immunotherapy due to helping tumor evade immune surveillance [ 11 ]. (thno.org)

2004, Autologous natural killer cell therapy for human recurrent malignant glioma. (penpublishing.net)
Whole cell proteomics was performed on 43 matched primary/recurrent GBM samples. (bmj.com)

The SARS-CoV-2 gain access to the cells on the airway mucosa by concentrating on the ACE2 receptor. (enmd-2076.com)
It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CD56 bright NK cells are known to express CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR3, while CD56 dim NK cells specifically express CXCR1, CXCR2, CX3CR1, S1P 5 , and Chemerin Receptor 23 (ChemR23) [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
ARV-471 is believed to work by targeting and degrading the estrogen receptor that is found in breast cancer cells. (facingourrisk.org)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Here, the peptide neoantigen on the DCs' MHC is presented to the awaiting CD4 + or CD8 + T cell receptor (TCR) complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Moreover, HSV engineered in gH of a scFv targeting the cancer-specific HER2 receptor, scFv-HER2-gH chimera, can enter, replicate and kill cancer cells efficiently [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen presentation by the professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are normally recognized by immune cells via a surface T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to the induction of naive CD8 + T-cell clonal expansion and differentiation and finally resulting in the cell death of APCs. (oaepublish.com)
γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)

Maturation and trafficking of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in monkeys: implications for dendritic cell-based vaccines. (nwbio.com)

Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)

The similarities between these processes in both normal and malignant stem or progenitor cells is becoming increasingly evident, as is the contribution to tumor growth by normal cellular elements that develop from normal progenitor cells in the tumor bed. (bcm.edu)
Results: No difference in antigen expression between normal and malignant endothelial cells (ECs) was found for CD54, CD109, CD137, CD141, CD144 and CXCR7. (researchgate.net)

The majority of glioblastomas are IDH wild-type and correspond to the longstanding clinical description of primary glioblastomas, which arise rapidly from non-neoplastic brain cells and progress quickly. (cancernetwork.com)
Under the aegis of these institutions, the center thrives in its mission to conduct basic and translational research that will lead to evidence-based clinical treatments and to share our core scientific expertise in cell and gene therapies with other programs. (bcm.edu)
The CCGT program has 26 research members and 15 clinical members from several departments including Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Human Genetics. (bcm.edu)
Emerging single-cell sequencing technologies will undoubtedly enhance our understanding of the complex biology of pancreatic cancer and pave the way for new directions in its clinical diagnosis and treatment. (frontiersin.org)
Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. (nwbio.com)
Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M, Connolly J, Finholt JP, Klechevsky E, Blanck JP, Johnston DA, Palucka AK, Fay J. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. (nwbio.com)
Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is under clinical investigation. (encyclopedia.pub)
Further growth of cancer cells selected during the Equilibrium phase may then lead to the acquisition of aggressive phenotypes and resistance to immune system elimination inducing clinical lesions. (oaepublish.com)
However, the clinical application of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells has certain limitations. (explorationpub.com)
Finally, it retrospectively analyze the activation strategies and clinical relevance of existing γδ T cell adoptive immunotherapies. (explorationpub.com)
T-cell responses correlate directly with clinical symptoms, and were better predictors of HHV-6 disease than viral load or total CD3+ counts. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Clinical cancer immunotherapies are usually impeded by tumor immunosuppression driven by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). (thno.org)
Thus, TAMs can be considered as a promising therapeutic target for improved immunotherapy, and TAMs-focused molecular targeting agents have made ideal progress in clinical practice. (thno.org)
Lastly, some severe challenges related to functional nanomedicines for TAMs-focused cancer immunotherapy are proposed, and some feasible perspectives on clinical translation of TAMs-associated anticancer immunonanomedicines are provided. (thno.org)
It is hoped that, with rapid development of nanomedicine in cancer immunotherapy, TAMs-focused therapeutic strategies may be anticipated to become an emerging immunotherapeutic modality for future clinical cancer treatment. (thno.org)
In clinical practice, cancer immunotherapies have been well developed in recent years, mainly including cytokine therapy (e.g. (thno.org)
However, increasing data has indicated that the clinical potential of most immunotherapies is usually hampered by immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) [ 7 ]. (thno.org)

Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Mechanisms of Dysfunction" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45851 (accessed November 29, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)

NK cells contribute to cancer immune surveillance not only by their direct natural cytotoxicity which is triggered rapidly upon stimulation through germline-encoded cell surface receptors, but also by modulating T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses through maintaining the quality of dendritic cells and enhancing the presentation of tumor antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Childs R, Carlsten M, 2015, Therapeutic approaches to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity against cancer: the force awakens. (penpublishing.net)
Nowadays, we are conscious that NK cells are key in anti-tumor immunity, given their potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
In cell coculture assays, ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE-mediated oncolysis resulted in robust T-cell activation, proliferation, and bystander cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (aacrjournals.org)

It unlocks novel dimensions by uncovering elusive cell populations and tumor heterogeneities for early detection, unraveling mechanisms of treatment resistance, tailoring therapies to individuals, and illuminating metastasis and cachexia pathways, thereby opening fresh avenues for preventive strategies. (frontiersin.org)
This class of personalized therapies involves collecting immune cells from an individual, engineering them to recognize and kill cancer cells, before culturing, and reintroducing them into the same individual. (technologynetworks.com)

Of all patients with malignancies, 58% had CD276+ CEC counts above the ULN (8 cell per 4 ml). (researchgate.net)
Vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-cells in patients with malignant glioma. (nwbio.com)
Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. (nwbio.com)
Dendritic cell immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: University of Tokyo experience. (nwbio.com)
Vaccination of prostatectomized prostate cancer patients in biochemical relapse, with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant human PSA. (nwbio.com)
Bleumer I, Tiemessen DM, Oosterwijk-Wakka JC, Völler MC, De Weijer K, Mulders PF, Oosterwijk E. Preliminary analysis of patients with progressive renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with CA9-peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
However, although these new therapeutic strategies, which are designed to limit immune escape of cancer cells, have been used or tested successfully in many different cancers, a large proportion of patients have been described to resist and not respond to these new treatments. (oaepublish.com)

A new class of immunotherapy drug, called immune checkpoint inhibitors, blocks these inhibitory signals, allowing immune cells to be more effective in fighting the tumor. (technologynetworks.com)
An additional inhibitory mechanism exploited by the tumor microenvironment is represented by the imbalance in immune checkpoint molecules, responsible for NK cell exhausted status. (encyclopedia.pub)
In 2018, the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their work on the description of immune checkpoint inhibitors which contributed to the development of new anti-cancer immunotherapies. (oaepublish.com)
Indeed, both DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications have been described to regulate immune checkpoint inhibitor expression, tumor-associated antigen presentation or cancer cell editing by the immune system and therefore establishing epigenetic drugs as a potential complement to immunotherapies to improve their efficiency. (oaepublish.com)

It is known that immune checkpoints play a prominent role in creating an immunosuppressive TME, leading to NK cell exhaustion and tumor immune escape. (bvsalud.org)
However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)
This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Despite the existence of a highly immunosuppressive tumor environment, adenovirus-infected cells can nonetheless be efficiently cleared by infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) without compromising tumor burden. (aacrjournals.org)
Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. (biomedcentral.com)

PDF) Kraan J, van den Broek P, Verhoef C, Grunhagen DJ, Taal W, Gratama JW, Sleijfer SEndothelial CD276 (B7-H3) expression is increased in human malignancies and distinguishes between normal and tumour-derived circulating endothelial cells. (researchgate.net)
Background: Mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are surrogate markers of endothelial damage. (researchgate.net)
Mature circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are surrogate markers of endothelial damage. (researchgate.net)
They kill infected cancer and associated endothelial cells via direct oncolysis, and uninfected cells via tumor vasculature targeting and bystander effect. (biomedcentral.com)

Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. (springer.com)

Regardless of the therapeutic approach, the heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer cells and the complexity of its tumor microenvironment contribute to the emergence of drug resistance. (frontiersin.org)
This discovery gives us profound insights into the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy drugs, and it may offer a roadmap to use immunotherapy to effectively treat many forms of cancer. (technologynetworks.com)
Where resistance had been a barrier, an intravenous infusion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells led to a robust response to immunotherapy treatment in aggressive brain tumor models, the investigators found. (technologynetworks.com)
So, immune escape has now been included as one of the new hallmarks of cancer development described in the revised version of Hanahan and Weinberg [ 5 ] in 2011, together with resistance to cell death, replicative immortality or induced angiogenesis, for example. (oaepublish.com)

Recently two CAR-T cell based therapeutics, Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel) and Yescarta (Axicabtagene ciloleucel) approved by US FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) are now used for treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) respectively in the US. (ijbs.com)
Two CD19-targeting CAR-T cell products, Kymriah from the Novartis (East Hanover, NJ USA) and Yescarta from the Kite Pharma (Santa Monica, CA USA), have been approved by the US FDA for treating B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)

Therapeutic approaches that take advantage of the anti-tumor activities of NK cells, such as the adoptive transfer of genetically modified NK cells and the modulation of checkpoint molecules, turned out to be promising immunotherapeutic strategies to eliminate cancer. (encyclopedia.pub)
Patient's own immune cells are isolated, genetically modified to improve responses against cancer cells, expanded, and subsequently reintroduced into the individual. (encyclopedia.pub)

By targeting GPNMB along with CD133, combinatorial therapeutic regimens could target the cancer stem cell hierarchy and its supportive niche. (bmj.com)
In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)

As one of the four major means of cancer treatment including surgery, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, immunotherapy, RT can be applied to various cancers as both a radical cancer treatment and an adjuvant treatment before or after surgery. (nature.com)
With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). (biomedcentral.com)
Amazing combination of therapeutic strategies of OVs and immune cells confers immense potential for managing cancers. (biomedcentral.com)

This study is looking at the effectiveness of combining a PARP inhibitor called niraparib and an immunotherapy called dostarlimab for treating people with an inherited BRCA mutation (found with genetic testing) or a tumor mutation (found through tumor testing) who have breast, pancreatic, ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer that is metastatic or advanced and cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable). (facingourrisk.org)

The antitumor immunity helps eliminate the uninfected cancer cells in primary and metastatic nodules, and enforce micrometastases in dormant state. (biomedcentral.com)

Mechanisms of Natural Killer (NK) cell dysfunction within the tumor microenvironment. (encyclopedia.pub)
RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
His laboratory focuses on understanding mechanisms of immune evasion by cancer cells. (stanfordhealthcare.org)
Researchers at the NIH used RNA-Seq cells from skin and blood to study the underlying mechanisms in DIHS/DRESS and identified both HHV-6 and JAK-STAT pathways as potential targets. (hhv-6foundation.org)
PA started her own research group in 1996 with a focus on mechanisms of cancer cell death induced by irradiation. (euroacadti.eu)

Recent advances in our biological understanding of gliomas have led to important and substantive changes in their classification, in the identification of prognostic and predictive molecular markers, and in the therapeutic management of newly diagnosed glioma. (cancernetwork.com)
Research focuses on biological questions in stem cell biology, hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the active and adoptive immunotherapy of malignancy. (bcm.edu)
HHV-6, like some other herpesviruses, dysregulates autophagy in multiple cell types, with important biological consequences. (hhv-6foundation.org)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of transformed monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The most potent nanobody-based CAR-T cells show inhibition of large tumor xenografts in mice with rigorous T-cell signaling and significant T-cell infiltration into the tumor. (nature.com)
Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)

Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. (springer.com)
Wei X, Wang J, Liang M, Song M. Development of functional nanomedicines for tumor associated macrophages-focused cancer immunotherapy. (thno.org)

Catherine Flores, Ph.D., principal investigator of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory in the UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program. (technologynetworks.com)
2002, Effectiveness of donor natural killer cell alloreactivity in mismatched hematopoietic transplants. (penpublishing.net)
BCMA is not present in other hematological cells like hematopoietic stem cells or other tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Next, we globally assessed normal hematopoiesis in dogs using single cell transcriptomics to generate a hematopoietic tree for defining the cellular composition of cAML. (mountainscholar.org)

Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
PA group is currently developing new anticancer vaccines based on the concept of immunogenic cell death and exploring the crosstalk between angiogenesis and antitumor immunity in melanoma. (euroacadti.eu)

Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Most of them generally follow the same pathway to make immune-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) abundantly infiltrate into tumor tissues and destroy tumor cells [ 6 ]. (thno.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

Feng X, Zhang L, Ke S, Liu T, Hao L, Zhao P, Tu W, & Cang S. High expression of GPNMB indicates an unfavorable prognosis in glioma: Combination of data from the GEO and CGGA databases and validation in tissue microarray. (bmj.com)

Natural killer cells (NK) are innate lymphocytes endowed with the ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. (encyclopedia.pub)

Soluble factors released by immune, tumor, and stromal cells, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, adenosine, and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), not only inhibit NK cell functionality, but they additionally determine their conversion toward a non-cytolytic phenotype. (encyclopedia.pub)
Cancer cells also recruit and alter nearby stromal cells to aid the tumour cells in avoiding immune detection and destruction [ 16 ] [ 17 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Recently, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) as a lncRNA has been shown to mediate cell proliferation, migration, and EMT in tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)
Eliminating GPNMB in cell lines decreased proliferation (P≤0.001) and prolonged survival times in all mouse models (P≤0.01) indicating its functional relevance. (bmj.com)
The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)

RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
Immunotherapy was shown to significantly increase the rate of the abscopal effect and prolong patient survival. (nature.com)
One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)

Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)

In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)

2006, Human NK cell education by inhibitory receptors for MHC class. (penpublishing.net)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that tumor-infiltrating T cells could be more effectively activated and redirected by oncolytic adenoviruses that were armed with bispecific T-cell-engager (BiTE) antibodies. (aacrjournals.org)

Immunotherapy utilizing T cell immunity has become a new treatment to eliminate cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Natural killer cells were first described in the late 1960s as cells capable of killing cancer cells without restriction by HLA molecules [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
This prevents estrogen from connecting to the cancer cells, which may block estrogen's effect on cancer cell growth. (facingourrisk.org)
Specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressed by cancer cells can be identified by the immune system and results in the activation of immune system effectors and the consequent elimination of the cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
During the Elimination phase, some newly transformed cells can be quickly eliminated by immune effector cells, such as natural killers (NKs), but this phase can also favor the development of heterogeneous tumor cancer cells resulting in the selection of new variants resistant to immune edition. (oaepublish.com)
Examples of direct implication of epigenetic modifications in immune recognition of cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
Immunotherapy protocols are designed to annihilate immune escape in cancer cells and restore elimination of cancer cells. (oaepublish.com)
The first is the direct oncolysis of cancer cells by the virus, which is, in most cases a mixture of apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death, often with one as predominant for a particular OV. (biomedcentral.com)
Dr. Allison is a leader in the field of immunology, particularly in developing ways to help the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. (euroacadti.eu)

Several antigens have been used as targets for CAR-T cell therapy against MM, including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD138, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 7 (SLAM7), and immunoglobulin light chains. (biomedcentral.com)

Endogenous biomolecules (such as lactate dehydrogenase) or previously added exogenous labels (such as the radioisotope 51Cr) that leak into the media are then measured as an indirect readout of the damage caused by effector cells. (technologynetworks.com)
γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)

GCSCs are a small population in the brain that presents an essential role in the metastasis of glioma cells to other organs. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy40

Organisms12

Diseases30

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment69

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care5

Tumors27

Chimeric antigen receptor7

Glioblastoma7

Cytokines7

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma1

Efficacy13

Immunity and Immunotherapy1

Recurrent2

Receptor13

Dendritic cell-based1

Programmed cell death l1

Normal and malignant2

Clinical17

20231

Cytotoxicity4

Therapies2

Patients8

Immune checkpoint4

Immunosuppressive5

Endothelial cells4

Role in tumor1

Resistance4

Acute Lymphobl2

Genetically Modified2

Regimens2

Cancers3

Inhibitor1

Metastatic1

Mechanisms6

Biological3

Malignancy1

Potent2

Macrophages2

Hematopoietic4

Antitumor2

Tissues5

Combination1

Recognize and kill cancer cells1

Stromal cells2

Proliferation3

Survival3

Specificity1

Chemotherapeutic1

Inhibitory2

Antibodies1

Cancer cells10

Targets1

Effector cells2

Metastasis1