• A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term plasmid was introduced in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time to comprise genetic elements that reproduce autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later in 1968, it was decided that the term plasmid should be adopted as the term for extrachromosomal genetic element, and to distinguish it from viruses, the definition was narrowed to genetic elements that exist exclusively or predominantly outside of the chromosome and can replicate autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein (Rep), repeating units called iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal number of copies of plasmid that may be found in a single cell is called the plasmid copy number, and is determined by how the replication initiation is regulated and the size of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Papillomavirus genomes replicate and are maintained as stable extrachromosomal plasmid DNA (episomes) in many cell lines. (rit.edu)
  • The 2μm circle plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model for a stable, high-copy-number, extrachromosomal "selfish" DNA element. (elsevierpure.com)
  • By combining a partitioning system and an amplification system, the plasmid ensures its stable propagation and copy number maintenance, even though it does not provide any selective advantage to its host. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, normally acquired cohesin can be inactivated after replication without causing plasmid missegregation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The copy number is regulated by various factors, such as the size of the plasmid, the origin of replication, and the availability of nutrients and energy. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • This is a specific sequence of DNA where the replication of the plasmid begins. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • In 1952, Joshua Lederberg coined the term plasmid, in reference to any extrachromosomal heritable determinant. (addgene.org)
  • The set of genes for multiplication, stable inheritance and transfer are called the plasmid backbone or core. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Smaller plasmid use host cell DNA replication machinary. (biotechfront.com)
  • Larger plasmid carry gene for special enzymes specific for plasmid replication. (biotechfront.com)
  • DNA sequence which encode initiation of plasmid replication by recruiting bacterial transcription machinary for replication enzymes & proteins. (biotechfront.com)
  • Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order for plasmids to replicate independently within a cell, they must possess a stretch of DNA that can act as an origin of replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smaller plasmids make use of the host replicative enzymes to make copies of themselves, while larger plasmids may carry genes specific for the replication of those plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are a few prokaryotes, bacteria for instance, and a few eukaryotes that have extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids. (mometrix.com)
  • Some plasmids are compatible with each other and can be maintained together in a stable state, while others are incompatible and compete for resources or interfere with each other`s replication or expression. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. (frontiersin.org)
  • The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plasmids are one of the primary sources for extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria and are capable of self-transmission. (frontiersin.org)
  • Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
  • Plasmids are extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and other organisms, that differ significantly from genomic DNA in both form and function. (keydifference.info)
  • Plasmids are typically circular (but also less commonly linear) double-stranded DNA molecules that are able to independently control their multiplication and stable inheritance from generation to generation in their bacterial h osts (2) . (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Although all plasmids basically function in similar ways, what makes targeting plasmids difficult is that the genes and proteins they need for multiplication and stable inheritance are highly diverse making it unlikely to find a single compound that will block them all. (resistancecontrol.info)
  • Additionally, tRNA loci are often found on extrachromosomal elements, such as plasmids and bacteriophages. (springeropen.com)
  • Viral gene transfer utilizes a genetically modified natural virus with a part of the viral genome replaced by a therapeutic gene (called transgene ) and making the virus replication deficient. (pharmacy180.com)
  • An RNA-based system to study hepatitis B virus replication and evaluate antivirals. (harvard.edu)
  • However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ALT is a recombination-based mechanism where one telomere uses other chromosomal, or extrachromosomal, telomeric DNA sequences as a template for telomere elongation. (oncotarget.com)
  • ALT tumors can readily be detected by assaying for the presence of extrachromosomal telomeric DNA C-Circles (CCs) via qPCR or ALT-associated telomere foci by FISH on pathological specimens [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Soon after fertilization, the vast majority of methylcytosine in sperm is converted by the Tet3 enzyme to hydroxymethylcytosine that gets lost by dilution during replication, effectively erasing cytosine methylation patterns except for a subset that is maintained, including those of some imprinted genes. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • When these chromatin remodeling genes are inactivated, the resultant replication stress and aberrant HR at telomeres is hypothesized to lead to ALT [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This means that they do not depend on the replication machinery of the host cell and can make copies of themselves using their own origin of replication (OR) and enzymes. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • 10/21/2011 · What is the application of gene cloning in The chimeric DNA or rDNA formed by cloning is stable and can be used to propagate and sequence the DNA. (fullsportpress.net)
  • For producing transgene-containing therapeutic adenoviruses, their genome is modified by deletion of the viral replication specific gene known as early gene 1 ( E1A ). (pharmacy180.com)
  • The proposed Th1-Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
  • Elucidating these mechanisms and identifying which cellular factors are exploited by the retroviruses and which hinder their life cycle, will certainly lead to the discovery of new ways to inhibit viral replication and to improve retroviral vectors for gene transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fully elucidating the early steps of retrovirus replication is therefore crucial not only for identifying new antiretroviral drugs, but also for improving the design of retroviral vectors for gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This process requires the viral E1 and E2 proteins and the origin of replication. (rit.edu)
  • Extrachromosomal DNA provides great impact in the evolution of bacteria in adapting to their surroundings. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because of this highly stable configuration of the DNA molecule, it allows the DNA molecule to act as a template for the replication of a new DNA molecule, but also for the transcription of the related RNA molecule. (mometrix.com)
  • Cloning vector is a small DNA molecule capable of self-replication inside the host cell. (fullsportpress.net)
  • This indicates that the most likely mechanism for extrachromosomal element insertion is homologous recombination between the extrachromosomal element tRNA and PAI flanking tRNA loci (Hacker and Kaper 2000 ). (springeropen.com)
  • This is often referred to as semiconservative replication, and it is key to the stable inheritance of genetic traits. (mometrix.com)
  • The origins of replication of the yeast mitochondrial genome and the phenomenon of suppressivity. (wikidata.org)
  • ALT was recently described to resemble break-induced replication (BIR), a specific homology directed repair pathway utilized to repair one-sided DNA double-stranded breaks that are often generated following replication fork collapse [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The "Holy Grail" of molecular diagnostics is the sensitive and specific detection of a disease-associated stable biomarker in non-invasively-acquired patient material. (gene-quantification.com)
  • We injected GS 522 cells intracranially into athymic mice to evaluate their ability to generate stable xenografts, and saw tumors form within 1 months' time (Fig. 1 e). (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are extrachromosomal and not essential for the survival of the cell, but they may confer some advantages such as antibiotic resistance or virulence. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
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  • They yielded the Bis(s) of the malignant translocation on the plant and Damage recombinase models, stable as survival and percentage of products, and served that negative recombinases registro lists can computationally be the polynucleotide when the subset transfection is genomic. (scoutconnection.com)
  • During the last two decades, the profusion of HIV research due to the urge to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a wealth of information on the retroviral replication cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A schematic view of early and late stages of the retroviral replication cycle is represented. (biomedcentral.com)
  • protected Aspergillus download Extrachromosomal work Alp1 is title properties C3, C4, and C5. (plywoodskyscraper.com)
  • They appear to be quite abundant in serum and plasma, are stable, and their levels are correlated to disease state, prognosis or response to treatment. (gene-quantification.com)
  • The OR is usually rich in A=T base pairs, which makes it easier to separate the strands during replication. (stemcelldaily.com)
  • These two, now separated, strands are what act as the template for that replication to take place. (mometrix.com)