HumerusTransverseShaftObliqueFixationBicolumn fracturesSupracondylarGreater tuberosity fractureTibialDistal fractureStress fractureMedialFemurLateralClassificationTraumaFragmentsComplicationsPathologicPatternsElbowComputed tomographyTypicallyInvolvesReductionAnteroposteriorDebridementMotor vehicle aCommonlyOpenSegmentsPredisposeSkullBone mineralWristAngulationOccursSignificantly
Humerus25
- This article focuses on midshaft humerus fractures. (medscape.com)
- The humeral shaft is defined as the portion of the humerus distal to the surgical neck and proximal to the epicondyles. (medscape.com)
- A humerus fracture is a break of the humerus bone in the upper arm. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of a humerus fracture is usually physical trauma such as a fall. (wikipedia.org)
- Many humerus shaft fractures may be treated with a brace rather than surgery. (wikipedia.org)
- After a humerus fracture, pain is immediate, enduring, and exacerbated with the slightest movements. (wikipedia.org)
- A crackling or rattling sound may also be present, caused by the fractured humerus pressing against itself. (wikipedia.org)
- Displaced fractures of the humerus shaft will often cause deformity and a shortening of the length of the upper arm. (wikipedia.org)
- Humerus fractures usually occur after physical trauma, falls, excess physical stress, or pathological conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- Falls that produce humerus fractures among the elderly are usually accompanied by a preexisting risk factor for bone fracture, such as osteoporosis, a low bone density, or vitamin B deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
- Proximal humerus fractures most often occur among elderly people with osteoporosis who fall on an outstretched arm. (wikipedia.org)
- Physical trauma to the humerus shaft tends to produce transverse fractures whereas falls tend to produce spiral fractures. (wikipedia.org)
- Metastatic breast cancer may also cause fractures in the humerus shaft. (wikipedia.org)
- Distal humerus fractures usually occur as a result of physical trauma to the elbow region. (wikipedia.org)
- Definitive diagnosis of humerus fractures is typically made through radiographic imaging. (wikipedia.org)
- Fractures of the humerus shaft are usually correctly identified with radiographic images taken from the AP and lateral viewpoints. (wikipedia.org)
- Longer plates are normally twisted to form a helix, so that the proximal end is applied to the lateral humerus while the distal end lies on the anterior surface. (aofoundation.org)
- A little shortening of 1 or 2 cm can be accepted in the humerus, and in complex multifragmentary fractures may improve bone contact. (aofoundation.org)
- Distal humerus fractures in adults are relatively uncommon injuries, representing only about 3% of all fractures in adults. (medscape.com)
- In a study of 4536 consecutive fractures in adults seen in the Massachusetts General Hospital emergency department, only 0.31% were supracondylar (bicolumn) fractures of the distal humerus. (medscape.com)
- In young adults, most distal humerus fractures occur from high-energy trauma, sideswipe injuries, motor vehicle accidents, falls from heights, and gunshot wounds. (medscape.com)
- The clinical presentation of a supracondylar humerus fracture (SCHF) is that of a painful swollen elbow that the patient is hesitant to move. (medscape.com)
- In the early 1980s, the AO-ASIF group reported good and excellent results in 27 of 39 patients with comminuted fractures of the distal humerus. (medscape.com)
- Because of these limitations, this author believes that the classification of bicolumn fractures of the distal humerus introduced by Mehne and Matta proves useful in planning bicolumn surgical fixation. (medscape.com)
- Single-column fractures are relatively rare and account for only 3-5% of distal humerus fractures. (medscape.com)
Transverse1
- METHODS: Seventeen male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a metaphyseal transverse osteotomy of the proximal tibia, simulating a fracture-like injury. (bvsalud.org)
Shaft20
- Fractures of the humeral shaft account for approximately 3% of all fractures. (medscape.com)
- No classification scheme for humeral shaft fractures has gained universal acceptance, though the system developed by the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) is often employed (see Classification ). (medscape.com)
- Although most fractures of the humeral shaft are inherently unstable, nonoperative treatment remains the standard. (medscape.com)
- Heineman et al conducted a meta-analysis of four trials comparing treatment of humeral shaft fractures with different implants (plates and nails). (medscape.com)
- In a retrospective study, Pretell et al reported that 17 of 19 patients with fractures of the humeral shaft treated with anterograde locked intramedullary nailing were satisfied with the results. (medscape.com)
- Types include proximal humeral fractures, humeral shaft fractures, and distal humeral fractures. (wikipedia.org)
- Proximal and shaft fractures generally have a good outcome while outcomes with distal fractures can be less good. (wikipedia.org)
- A stress fracture of the proximal and shaft regions can occur after an excessive amount of throwing, such as pitching in baseball. (wikipedia.org)
- Long spiral fractures of the shaft that are present in children may indicate physical abuse. (wikipedia.org)
- Damage to the radial nerve from a shaft fracture can be identified by an inability to bend the hand backwards or by decreased sensation in the back of the hand. (wikipedia.org)
- Medial approach to treat humeral mid-shaft fractures: a retrospective study. (wheelessonline.com)
- Read more about the treatment of open fractures in the humeral shaft . (aofoundation.org)
- An anterior plate may be less well suited for the very distal humeral shaft. (aofoundation.org)
- Trochlea rests in 6-8º valgus in relation to humeral shaft. (medscape.com)
- Femoral shaft fractures are high energy injuries to the femur that are associated with life-threatening injuries (pulmonary, cerebral) and ipsilateral femoral neck fractures. (orthobullets.com)
- The femoral shaft fractures constitute 1.6% of the pediatric fractures. (ijrsms.com)
- The aim of this study is to report the outcome of an adolescent femur shaft fracture treated with a rigid intramedullary interlocking nail in North Indian patients. (ijrsms.com)
- The rigid intramedullary interlocking nail is a valuable option for the fixation of femoral shaft fractures in an adolescent age group with a good union rate and minimal complications. (ijrsms.com)
- Femur shaft fractures constitute 1.6% of overall fractures in children. (ijrsms.com)
- [ 2 - 4 ] The management of shaft femur fractures is age dependent. (ijrsms.com)
Oblique1
- Comminuted fractures are typically generated from compression and tension forces on bone which result in oblique and spiral fractures simultaneously with fragmentation. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Fixation4
- Connolly et al assessed the outcome of immediate open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 46 patients with open humeral diaphyseal fractures. (medscape.com)
- 5] As surgeons became more adept at surgical reduction and internal fixation, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen-Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO-ASIF) group described a classification based on fracture pattern and degree of comminution (see Classification). (medscape.com)
- The "bag of bones" treatment was used when bone quality or fracture pattern was not sufficient to gain stable fixation. (medscape.com)
- Although the medial and lateral lambda fractures are not technically bicolumn fractures, they are included in this classification because they require similar operative fixation techniques (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Bicolumn fractures2
- With comminuted bicolumn fractures, repeat films following initial reduction or with longitudinal traction maintained often prove helpful. (medscape.com)
- The classification of Mehne and Matta describes the specific characteristics of bicolumn fractures and allows for better preoperative planning. (medscape.com)
Supracondylar3
- Numerous classification schemes have been devised to categorize and discuss supracondylar fractures. (medscape.com)
- Surgical treatment of supracondylar fractures has evolved significantly over the past few decades. (medscape.com)
- In 1936, Reich originally classified supracondylar fractures into T and Y variations. (medscape.com)
Greater tuberosity fracture1
- Check for glenohumeral joint dislocation - Dislocations with associated isolated greater tuberosity fracture can be reduced under conscious sedation. (orthojournalhms.org)
Tibial1
- Young horses (2-year-olds) and older horses returning from a layup (over 3 years of age) are at higher risk for tibial fractures due to the potential insufficient adaption of their skeletons to the expected performance. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Distal fracture2
- If a severe distal fracture is suspected, then a computed tomography (CT) scan can provide greater detail of the fracture. (wikipedia.org)
- A hematoma forms at the fracture site, and a small amount of bone in the distal fracture fragments is resorbed. (msdmanuals.com)
Stress fracture1
- The catastrophic fracture of the MC3…occurs most commonly in young animals and due to external trauma, e.g. kicks or falls, but is also associated with repetitive bone microdamage and repair 'stress fracture' resulting in dorsal metacarpal disease (bucked shins) with loss of bone density and predisposing to complete fracture. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Medial2
- Approximately 80% of all forelimb proximal sesamoid fractures are biaxial (both the lateral and medial sesamoid bones are fractured). (horseracingwrongs.org)
- This classification remains somewhat deficient in describing the mechanically important concept of the medial and lateral columns and their fracture involvement. (medscape.com)
Femur1
- Diagnosis is made radiographically with radiographs of the femur as well as the hip to rule out ipsilateral femoral neck fractures. (orthobullets.com)
Lateral2
- Lateral condylar fractures occur as a result of high compressive loads (microdamage), asynchronous longitudinal rotation of the cannon bone, and/or exercise on uneven surfaces. (horseracingwrongs.org)
- A fracture to the left lateral forelimb is most common in racehorses as they turn the track on a weakened bone and increased loading on the lateral condyle. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Classification3
- The Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification together with the Neer classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying proximal humeral fractures . (radiopaedia.org)
- 2. Marongiu G, Leinardi L, Congia S, Frigau L, Mola F, Capone A. Reliability and Reproducibility of the New AO/OTA 2018 Classification System for Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Comparison of Three Different Classification Systems. (radiopaedia.org)
- 3. Brorson S, Eckardt H, Audigé L, Rolauffs B, Bahrs C. Translation Between the Neer- and the AO/OTA-Classification for Proximal Humeral Fractures: Do We Need to Be Bilingual to Interpret the Scientific Literature? (radiopaedia.org)
Trauma2
- Middle fractures are usually caused by either physical trauma or falls. (wikipedia.org)
- If the elbow is bent during the trauma, then the olecranon is driven upward, producing a T- or Y-shaped fracture or displacing one of the condyles. (wikipedia.org)
Fragments1
- Bridge plating uses the plate as an extramedullary splint, fixed to the two main fragments, while the intermediate fracture zone is left untouched. (aofoundation.org)
Complications3
- Serious complications of fractures are unusual but may threaten life or limb viability or cause permanent limb dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
- Risk of complications is high with open fractures (which predispose to infection) and with fractures that disrupt blood vessels, tissue perfusion, and/or nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
- Closed fractures that do not involve blood vessels or nerves, particularly those that are quickly reduced, are least likely to result in serious complications. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathologic1
- Pathologic fractures occur when mild or minimal force fractures an area of bone weakened by a disorder (eg, osteoporosis, cancer, infection, bone cyst). (msdmanuals.com)
Patterns2
- Surgical options may be considered for specific fracture patterns in younger patients. (orthojournalhms.org)
- This article will focus on the general terminology of fractures and delegate discussion of particular fracture patterns to separate articles (e.g. base of skull fractures ). (radiopaedia.org)
Elbow1
- Distal fractures may also cause deformity, and they typically limit the ability to flex the elbow. (wikipedia.org)
Computed tomography1
- For complicated fractures, computed tomography (CT) also can be helpful with regard to surgical planning. (medscape.com)
Typically3
- The fracture is typically accompanied by a discoloration of the skin at the site of the fracture. (wikipedia.org)
- Thoroughbreds racing at high speeds typically causes catastrophic biaxial fractures. (horseracingwrongs.org)
- If a fracture line is not evident initially (eg, in some nondisplaced fractures), one typically becomes evident about 1 week after the injury as this small amount of bone is resorbed. (msdmanuals.com)
Involves2
- If a fracture extends more proximally, particularly if it involves the greater tuberosity, a PHILOS plate may be selected. (aofoundation.org)
- Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus , middle ear or mastoid air cells , then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. (radiopaedia.org)
Reduction1
- In contrast, depressed fractures will often require surgical intervention for cosmesis and reduction in the incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
Anteroposterior1
- [ 6 ] The proximal half is almost cylindrical, whereas distally, the anteroposterior diameter narrows into a prismatic shape. (medscape.com)
Debridement2
- Adequate surgical debridement is the crucial first step in the care of any open fracture. (aofoundation.org)
- Open (compound) fracture will usually require debridement to reduce the risk of subsequent infection 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
Motor vehicle a1
- Less frequently, proximal fractures occur from motor vehicle accidents, gunshots, and violent muscle contractions from an electric shock or seizure. (wikipedia.org)
Commonly1
- The sesamoid bones are commonly fractured in racehorses, as this joint can hyperextend and the sesamoids hit the ground with a high impact force. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Open2
- An open femoral fracture was created in all rats. (bvsalud.org)
- Patients with open fractures, polytrauma and neurovascular injuries were excluded. (ijrsms.com)
Segments2
- It should be long enough to allow sufficient hold in the proximal and distal segments, generally a minimum of three bicortical screws in each. (aofoundation.org)
- Like fractures in other bone segments, proximal humeral fractures are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
Predispose1
- It is thought that continuous high intensity exercise causes microfractures in the bones that then predispose them to severe career ending fractures. (horseracingwrongs.org)
Skull5
- Skull fractures are common in the setting of both closed traumatic brain injury and penetrating brain injury . (radiopaedia.org)
- Fractures of the skull, as with fractures of any bone, occur when biomechanical stresses exceed the bone's tolerance. (radiopaedia.org)
- The pattern of fracturing depends on the location, direction and kinetic properties of the impact as well as intrinsic features of the skull 2-4 . (radiopaedia.org)
- Skull fractures are best imaged with CT of the brain. (radiopaedia.org)
- Skull fractures, if closed and undisplaced, rarely need any direct management, with treatment being aimed at any associated injury (e.g. extradural hematoma). (radiopaedia.org)
Bone mineral1
- Other risk factors for proximal fractures include having a low bone mineral density, having impaired vision and balance, and tobacco smoking. (wikipedia.org)
Wrist1
- If the fracture affects the blood supply, then the patient will have a diminished pulse at the wrist. (wikipedia.org)
Angulation1
- [ 9 ] All fractures united primarily in satisfactory angulation of less than 5º in coronal and sagittal planes. (medscape.com)
Occurs2
- Humeral fracture frequently occurs in racing breeds due to accumulated microdamage or stress, or because of kicks, collisions, and/or falls during training or racing. (horseracingwrongs.org)
- It also is somewhat deficient in describing the level through which the fracture occurs in each column and related important surgical considerations. (medscape.com)
Significantly2
- RESULTS: Fracture healing was significantly improved in the Combined group compared to the control one, EGF and HA groups in all parameters at both experimental time points. (bvsalud.org)
- At the fourth and sixth weeks after surgery, fracture healing in the EGF and HA groups was significantly increased at histological evaluation compared to controls. (bvsalud.org)