• Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
  • Plk1, the most thoroughly characterized member among the mammalian Plks, has multiple important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis, such as centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, kinetochore-microtubule dynamics, activation of the anaphase promoting complex, chromosome segregation and execution of cytokinesis [ 3 , 4 , 13 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In both cases, one centrosome is anchored close to a specific cortical region during interphase, thus defining the orientation of the spindle during the ensuing mitosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Kinetochores are proteinaceous structures that assemble at the centromere of each sister chromatid during mitosis and serve as sites of spindle microtubule attachment. (nih.gov)
  • Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
  • Indeed, that such forces exist in C. elegans is evidenced by the maintenance of half-spindle lengths throughout mitosis 5 and in many perturbations experiments. (nature.com)
  • these cells are reserve spermatogonial stem cells that do not usually undergo mitosis. (iiab.me)
  • An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
  • The ultimate goals of our studies are to understand how these proteins enable accurate chromosome segregation and to discover how they are coordinated with each other and with other aspects of cell physiology. (nih.gov)
  • The second division, meiosis II, separates the chromatids of each chromosome. (blogspot.com)
  • 4 The diploid (2n) chromosome number of Drosophila is 8. (blogspot.com)
  • In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts listed are for a single cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G 1 if applicable). (iiab.me)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
  • The establishment of this polarity initiates the polarized distribution of a group of proteins present in the zygote called the PARD proteins (partitioning defective), which are a conserved group of proteins that function in establishing cell polarity during development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The alignment of the spindle is mediated by the PARD proteins, which regulate the positioning of the centrosomes along the A/P axis as well as the movement of the mitotic spindle along the A/P axis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This division is also dependent on the distribution of the PAR proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two proteins play an important role in setting up this cell fate asymmetry in the neuroblast, Prospero and Numb. (wikipedia.org)
  • In metazoans, cell polarity is mediated in part by a conserved set of regulatory proteins, known collectively as the PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. (biologists.com)
  • Apical proteins recruit Inscuteable (Insc), which in turn recruits Pins/LGN and the spindle rotation complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • B) Complementation of the nudE deletion and the nudF7 mutant by extra copies of nudE, the nudE NH2-terminal domain, and nudE chimeras carrying coiled-coil regions from human and frog proteins, respectively. (xenbase.org)
  • Two junction components, proteins called Discs Large and Scribble, were juxtaposed to the spindle, suggesting they might act as cues to orient it. (stowers.org)
  • Gibson reasoned that the reported tumor-suppressive activity of these proteins might be linked to a role in keeping the mitotic spindle in line. (stowers.org)
  • Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant proteins are great tools to analyze cell-regulative processes by temporally affected protein interactions. (rapp-opto.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • During her postdoc at Indiana University, she studied proteins that interact with and regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton in spermatocytes, the cells that give rise to sperm cells. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Here we identified Nup2 in a pool of enriched proteins that co-purify with tagged Ndj1 from meiotic cell extracts. (biorxiv.org)
  • To facilitate screens for small molecule compounds that disrupt the YAP-TEAD interaction, we have developed the first ultra-bright NanoLuc biosensor to quantify YAP/TAZ-TEAD protein-protein interaction (PPI) both in living cells and also in vitro using biosensor fusion proteins purified from bacteria. (omicsdi.org)
  • When cells are about to divide, they make a new set of centrioles by assembling a variety of proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • In order to break the initial "egg shape" of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. (nature.com)
  • The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. (nature.com)
  • In C. elegans, a series of asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo are critical in setting up the anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, and left/right axes of the body plan. (wikipedia.org)
  • The one-cell C. elegans embryo serves as a model for studying the establishment and maintenance of polarity. (biologists.com)
  • Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. (elifesciences.org)
  • This combination allowed the researchers to get spatial & temporal control of cellular processes, namely the cell division of individual cells of a drosophila embryo during cell division (movie1). (rapp-opto.com)
  • Furthermore, since the control via ts-mutants is a reversible process, the authors were not just able to stop division of individual cells within the embryo, but also re-initialize cell division at a later point in time (approx. (rapp-opto.com)
  • From stem cell to embryo without centrioles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 2023) Spatial positioning of preimplantation mouse embryo cells is regulated by mTORC1 and m7G-cap-dependent translation at the 8- to 16-cell transition. (jcu.cz)
  • The group aims to understand the mechanisms of morphogenesis and cell differentiation within an embryo. (royalsociety.org)
  • New findings from his lab published in the July 21 advance online issue of Nature demonstrate that the way the mitotic spindle-the machinery that separates chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division-aligns relative to the surface of the cell layer is essential for the maintenance of epithelial integrity. (stowers.org)
  • As division began, the mitotic spindle (which faithfully distributes chromosomes into each daughter cell) invariably oriented itself parallel to the apical surface of the epithelium. (stowers.org)
  • During interphase, chromosomes are enclosed within nuclei, and exchange of all molecules between this compartment and the rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). (nih.gov)
  • The mitotic spindle ensures the faithful segregation of chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
  • The mitotic spindle is a dynamic microtubule-based apparatus that ensures the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (nature.com)
  • In all spindles, the microtubule cytoskeleton connects to chromosomes via a special class of microtubules called kinetochore microtubules (KMTs). (nature.com)
  • If the role of KMTs is to mediate forces between chromosomes and spindle poles, they need to somehow connect to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
  • The first division, meiosis I , separates the homologous chromosomes, so that each cell now has only one of each pair. (blogspot.com)
  • Meiotic division therefore produces four cells, each with one complete set of chromosomes. (blogspot.com)
  • Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • Surprisingly, the nup2Δ ndj1Δ double mutant failed to segregate chromosomes, even though the meiotic program continued. (biorxiv.org)
  • Each cell in our bodies contains over two meters of DNA, which is divided into 46 packages of information called chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • This means that they also need to copy all of their DNA and then deliver identical sets of chromosomes to each new cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Animal cells use structures called centrioles to help them divide their sets of chromosomes accurately. (elifesciences.org)
  • if too many or too few centrioles are built, cell division errors can occur that lead to the generation of new cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (N) cells that contain half the number of chromosomes. (iiab.me)
  • The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
  • One example is the conserved Drosophila tumor-suppressor protein Lethal giant larvae (Lgl). (biologists.com)
  • We found that disrupting forces through chemical inhibitors, depletion of an adherens junction protein, or blocking mesoderm invagination disrupted Pins planar polarity and spindle orientation. (elifesciences.org)
  • In symmetric epithelial cell divisions, spindle orientation also depends on Pins, which is recruited to the lateral cortex by the lateral domain protein, Discs large (Dlg). (elifesciences.org)
  • The seemingly odd names given to these factors decades ago reflect what biologists saw in fly mutants lacking each protein. (stowers.org)
  • In many cell lineages, the conditional role of Notch signaling is integrated with the autonomous action of the Numb protein, a Notch pathway antagonist. (silverchair.com)
  • Multiple functions of the SNARE protein Snap29 in autophagy, endocytic, and exocytic trafficking during epithelial formation in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Coming from physics, she was fascinated by how cells change shape and how protein-based machines build structures inside the cell. (genestogenomes.org)
  • By performing cell biological and biochemical experiments using human cells, Moyer and Holland show that PLK4 interacts with a protein called STIL that is found in the central part of the centriole. (elifesciences.org)
  • The modification of STIL at a specific location by PLK4 was needed to link it to another protein in the outer wall of the centriole, and was also necessary for the cells to build new centrioles. (elifesciences.org)
  • ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: ß-tubulin is a skeletal protein of sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) that maintains the physiological structure of SANCs and inhibits calcium overload. (bvsalud.org)
  • After treatment with TYHX, the mRNA and protein expression levels of SERCA2a/CaV1.3/NCX and ß-tubulin increased, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of RyR2 decreased and the cell structure was restored. (bvsalud.org)
  • The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. (cancerindex.org)
  • Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
  • Spindle orientation is often achieved by a complex of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins)/LGN, Mushroom Body Defect (Mud)/Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMa), Gαi, and Dynein, which interacts with astral microtubules to rotate the spindle. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo example where mechanical force has been shown to polarize Pins to mediate division orientation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The finding that gastrulation-induced forces are required for asymmetric localization of an important and evolutionarily conserved spindle orientation factor, Pins, will be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
  • Spindle orientation is often achieved by a complex of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins)/LGN, Mushroom Body Defect (Mud)/Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMa), Gαi, and Dynein. (elifesciences.org)
  • In Drosophila neuroblasts, asymmetric division and spindle orientation is dependent on Pins/LGN recruitment to the apical cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • I did not expect that spindle orientation defects could be sufficient to cause loss of epithelial identity," explains Yu-ichiro Nakajima, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the Gibson lab and the study's first author. (stowers.org)
  • We show that the interphase centrosome does not define spindle orientation in female GSCs and that DSas-4 mutant GSCs [7], lacking centrioles and centrosomes, invariably divide asymmetrically to produce cystoblasts that proceed normally through oogenesis-remarkably, oocyte specification, microtubule organization, and mRNA localization are all unperturbed. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In parallel, we have performed RNA-seq analysis between wild-type and BMP mutant intestines to identify novel evolutionarily conserved downstream targets of BMP-signaling and are currently analyzing the results in both fly and mouse tissues. (utsw.edu)
  • Works in various organisms have revealed that the kinase is involved in centrosome separation, duplication and maturation as well as in bipolar spindle assembly and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • The movie shows four individual drosophila embryos at two-cell stage. (rapp-opto.com)
  • The role of Notch signaling was investigated by analyzing 37 midline-expressed genes in Notch pathway mutant and misexpression embryos. (biologists.com)
  • Here we combine the first large-scale serial electron tomography of whole mitotic spindles in early C. elegans embryos with live-cell imaging to reconstruct all microtubules in 3D and identify their plus- and minus-ends. (nature.com)
  • In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • Drosophila CIAPIN1 homologue is required for follicle cell proliferation and survival. (nih.gov)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Conversely, disrupting the interactions of the complex decreases cell proliferation. (omicsdi.org)
  • We have also demonstrated that Celastrol can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, transformation, and cell migration. (omicsdi.org)
  • Enterocytes secrete various ligands to promote the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to injury, ensuring rapid tissue repair. (utsw.edu)
  • Given the similarities between Drosophila and mammalian intestinal homeostasis, identifying the mechanism by which BMP-signaling regulates ISC proliferation in our model system will presumably have broad clinical implications for the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer. (utsw.edu)
  • Mechanistically, EBF2 uniformly activates Pparγ-expression in pancreatic cancer cells and limits cell proliferation, whereas oncogenic drivers are expressed differentially in the progenitor cell subsets. (amegroups.org)
  • The complex PDAC pathobiology is established predominantly through KRAS mutations and the associated cellular signaling that contributes to cell proliferation and dedifferentiation ( 5 , 6 ). (amegroups.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • At the core of AJs, cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion through Ca 2+ -dependent homophilic interactions between their extracellular domains. (rupress.org)
  • p53 represses the promoter of Polo-like kinase 1, whereas Polo-like kinase 1 inhibits p53 and its family members p63 and p73 in cancer cells lacking functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
  • Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
  • Since the discovery of Polo kinase in Drosophila in 1988 [ 1 ], the Polo-like kinase (Plk) family has been attracting enormous attention, both in academia and in pharmaceutical industry. (oncotarget.com)
  • Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). (elifesciences.org)
  • Ectopic kinase overexpression in any culture cell line leads to polyploidy and centrosome amplification. (lookformedical.com)
  • Those transformed cells form tumours when implanted in immunodeficient mice, indicating that the kinase is an oncogene. (lookformedical.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The worm benefits from many of the advantages of yeast as a genetically tractable organism for these kinds of studies while offering the unique opportunity to probe how these pathways have been extended and modified in the context of a multicellular animal undergoing development to produce diverse cell types such as muscles, nerves, and polarized epithelia. (wormbook.org)
  • This review summarizes recent work elucidating endocytic pathways, primarily in the worm germ line and coelomocytes, and also touches on diverse studies of secretion, especially in ectodermal cells of epithelial character. (wormbook.org)
  • Neuroblasts are the progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to give rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Centrosome asymmetry plays a key role in ensuring the asymmetric division of Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts [NBs]) and male germline stem cells (GSCs) [1-3]. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this paper, we set out to identify the cytoskeletal ultrastructure in C. elegans mitotic spindles that underlies this function, and how this ultrastructure is generated, using a combination of large-scale electron tomography, light microscopy and mathematical modelling. (nature.com)
  • Using high resolution fluorescence imaging to look inside dividing cells in developing wing discs, they observed that the two poles of the spindle were always near the septate junctions, specific regions of close molecular contact between neighboring cells. (stowers.org)
  • 1. A cell in the process of meiosis was seen to have a spindle with sister chromatids being drawn towards opposite poles of the cell. (blogspot.com)
  • We found that deletion of NUP2 delayed pairing and synapsis during meiosis, and led to decreased spore viability, similar to the ndj1Δ mutant phenotype. (biorxiv.org)
  • Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The starting point for this work was the lab's 2011 Current Biology paper showing that when columnar cells packed in an epithelium divided, their upper (apical) end briefly ballooned out to allow the cell's nucleus to move into that region. (stowers.org)
  • In other words, if you pointed a tiny camera in your gut toward dividing epithelial cells of its lining, you would "see" the mitotic spindle looking like a symmetrical web, exactly like it did in your high school biology textbook. (stowers.org)
  • I don't see many people who so seamlessly go back and forth between understanding of genetics and cell biology and developmental biology," says Yukiko Yamashita, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at MIT and former postdoc in Fuller's lab. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Ultimately, a better understanding of the biology of the Drosophila intestinal stem cells will help with diagnosis, treatment, and cures of various conditions that affect the human gastrointestinal tract. (utsw.edu)
  • These findings also provide evidence for how co-regulation of antagonistic signals mediates tissue homeostasis and how disconnect between these signals can lead to abnormal tissue homeostasis ( Journal of Cell Biology 201, 945-61, 2013 ). (utsw.edu)
  • Philippa Francis-West is a Professor in Developmental and Cell Biology at the Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London. (royalsociety.org)
  • Journal of Cell Biology, 83 (2 PART). (cshl.edu)
  • Journal of Cell Biology, 95 (2). (cshl.edu)
  • Molecular Biology of the Cell, 19 (7). (cshl.edu)
  • Nature Cell Biology, 9 (5). (cshl.edu)
  • A key issue is how cells pair sister chromatids but preclude the catastrophic pairing of nonsister chromatids. (rupress.org)
  • Enduring and robust, structural cohesins resist poleward-pulling forces produced by the mitotic spindle that act to separate sister chromatids and must often persist for extended periods of time in meiosis. (rupress.org)
  • We classify them as kinetochore (KMTs), spindle (SMTs) or astral microtubules (AMTs) according to their positions, and quantify distinct properties of each class. (nature.com)
  • These structures maintain apical Baz, accumulate apical Crumbs, and organize polarized cytoskeletons, but display abnormal cell morphology and fail to segregate the basolateral cue Discs large from the apical domain. (rupress.org)
  • During Drosophila sensory bristle development, precursor cells segregate Numb asymmetrically to one of their progeny cells, rendering it unresponsive to reciprocal Notch signaling between the two daughters. (silverchair.com)
  • These are the two precursor cells that do not inherit Numb, yet must make Numb to segregate to one daughter during their own division. (silverchair.com)
  • Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. (nature.com)
  • In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polarity is essential for generating cell diversity. (biologists.com)
  • Polarity is critical for axis specification and for generating cell diversity during development. (biologists.com)
  • Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. (elifesciences.org)
  • Adherens junctions (AJs) are thought to be key landmarks for establishing epithelial cell polarity, but the origin of epithelial polarity in Drosophila remains unclear. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, we examined epithelial polarity establishment during early Drosophila development. (rupress.org)
  • In particular, epithelial cell polarity is critical for the development, remodeling, and maintenance of epithelial structure. (rupress.org)
  • Indeed, loss of epithelial cell polarity is associated with tumor development and metastasis. (rupress.org)
  • Indeed normal neurulation requires several different cell polarity decisions, any of which may require Xdsh signaling. (silverchair.com)
  • Similar results with Xenopus strabismus implicate the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling cascade in neural convergent extension and tube closure. (silverchair.com)
  • Margaret "Minx" Fuller studies how male germ cells balance self-renewal versus differentiation to both maintain the stem cell population and continually produce sperm cells. (genestogenomes.org)
  • We are employing a combination of genetic, biochemical, and biological approaches to precisely determine how intestinal stem cell division, number, and differentiation occurs throughout the course of normal development. (utsw.edu)
  • Type Ap are actively-dividing spermatogonial stem cells which begin differentiation to type B spermatogonia, which have round nuclei and heterochromatin attached to the nuclear envelope and the center of nucleolus. (iiab.me)
  • Here we show that cell differentiation suppresses tumor formation. (amegroups.org)
  • Cells were transfected with the early B-cell factor-2 (EBF2) to activate progenitor cell differentiation and gauged the tumorigenic potentials of the derived cell subsets. (amegroups.org)
  • Here we show that the brown adipose differentiation gene, EBF2, activates differentiation-associated signals in the cancer progenitor cells in culture and CSC transplantation models. (amegroups.org)
  • This study reveals a previously unrecognized function of EBF2 in regulating PDAC progenitor cell differentiation and tumor suppression. (amegroups.org)
  • DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)
  • The current research focus is on the Dchs1-Fat4-PCP-Hippo signaling pathway and the role of mechanics during cell differentiation. (royalsociety.org)
  • Autophagosomal Syntaxin17-dependent lysosomal degradation maintains neuronal function in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
  • Copy and complete the table to show the different outcome of mitotic and meiotic division of a Drosophila cell. (blogspot.com)
  • Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (wikipedia.org)
  • In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • To test whether asymmetric centrosome behavior is a general feature of stem cells, we have studied female GSCs, which divide asymmetrically, producing another GSC and a cystoblast. (ox.ac.uk)
  • embryonic stem cells give rise to a multitude of different cell types that perform specific functions. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Later, adult stem cells dedicated to specific tissues maintain and repair many organs in the body throughout life. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Some specialized cell types, like skin, blood, lining of the intestine and colon, and sperm are continually replenished, each from their own dedicated adult stem cells. (genestogenomes.org)
  • When such adult stem cells divide, they must not only spawn cells able to specialize into the correct cell type(s) but also produce new stem cells to maintain regenerative capacity. (genestogenomes.org)
  • By studying male germ cells within the context of their cellular neighborhood, Fuller showed that signals coming from surrounding cells coordinate with behavior of cytoskeleton components to induce the stem cells to divide asymmetrically. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Studying how stem cells replicate and retain their ability to generate specialized cells could have important implications in cancer research as well as regenerative medicine. (genestogenomes.org)
  • When she set up her own lab, Fuller shifted to studying spermatogenesis, the process by which stem cells give rise to specialized sperm cells, in its own right. (genestogenomes.org)
  • She realized the overarching fundamental principles you could learn from studying a tissue where there are stem cells present that continue to divide throughout the whole adult lifespan," says Julie Brill of the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, another of Fuller's former postdocs. (genestogenomes.org)
  • Beprime mover telomere fluorescence values in naive T cells were always higher than those in granulocytes, the data further suggest that the number of cell divisions between granulocytes and stem cells is higher than that between naive T cells and stem cells. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)
  • Adult stem cells play a critical role in maintaining and repairing damaged tissues and organs over the course of our lives. (utsw.edu)
  • During his time in the Spradling laboratory, he demonstrated that the adult Drosophila midgut, like the adult human intestine, is maintained by multipotent stem cells and that the notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in how stem cells give rise to enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. (utsw.edu)
  • Although spermatocytes that divide mitotically and meiotically are sensitive to radiation and cancer , spermatogonial stem cells are not. (iiab.me)
  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and poorly differentiated progenitor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exacerbate hierarchical tissue organization contributing to cell hyperproliferation and therapy resistance. (amegroups.org)
  • Several common birth defects, such as Down's syndrome, result from aneuploidy arising during meiotic cell divisions. (nih.gov)
  • We are currently assessing cellular phenotypes that result from the loss of RanBP2 and will further determine whether physiological defects can be reversed through expression of RanBP2 mutants lacking one or more functional domains. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclin B Export to the Cytoplasm via the Nup62 Subcomplex and Subsequent Rapid Nuclear Import Are Required for the Initiation of Drosophila Male Meiosis. (nih.gov)
  • 3 The cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other and from their parent cell. (blogspot.com)
  • In what stage of meiosis was the cell? (blogspot.com)
  • 7 There is no crossing over during meiosis in male Drosophila. (blogspot.com)
  • Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • The primary spermatocytes within the adluminal compartment will continue on to Meiosis I and divide into two daughters cells, known as secondary spermatocytes, a process which takes 24 days to complete. (iiab.me)
  • The release of FSH into the testes will enhance spermatogenesis and lead to the development of sertoli cells , which act as nursing cells where spermatids will go to mature after Meiosis II. (iiab.me)
  • Open in a separate window Figure 3 Relative strength of EMCV IRES variants in different mammalian cell lines in transient transfections. (centralparkcarriagesofficial.org)
  • These results reveal that asymmetric centrosome behavior is not an essential feature of stem cell divisions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Centrioles play critical roles in organizing the assembly of the mitotic spindle and templating the formation of primary cilia. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cells in which PLK4 was unable to modify STIL had too few centrioles when they were beginning to divide. (elifesciences.org)
  • In quiescent cells, centrioles dock at the plasma membrane and act as basal bodies that template the formation of cilia and flagella ( Breslow and Holland, 2019 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Involution follows bottle cell contraction and spreads laterally and ventrally leading to the formation of the blastopore, a ring of involuting cells that encircles the yolky vegetal endoderm cells. (nature.com)
  • Following Tubulin Dynamics during Spindle Formation using Photoconversion of mEos2 23. (rapp-opto.com)
  • In summary, this paper describes the formation and division of MPs and multiple roles for Notch signaling in midline cell development, providing a foundation for comprehensive molecular analyses. (biologists.com)
  • Elucidation of the mechanism of this association will not only allow us to test the importance of RanBP2 complex formation in a non-vertebrate system, but also provide a convenient alternative mechanism for formation of this complex that can be used to understand its importance in vertebrate cells. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, after termination of radiation therapy or chemotherapy , the spermatognia stems cells may re-initiate the formation of spermatogenesis. (iiab.me)
  • LH promotes leydig cell secretion of testosterone into the testes and blood, which induce spermatogenesis and aid the formation of secondary sex characteristics. (iiab.me)
  • Our work is addressing how epithelial tissues maintain structural integrity, even during the extreme events of cell division. (stowers.org)
  • Initially, the group did not observe such dire consequences: Gibson says that delaminating cells generally "fall out of the epithelium" and are killed off by apoptosis, a mechanism healthy tissues use to eradicate damaged cells. (stowers.org)
  • This is especially true for organs like the skin and the intestines, whose cells have high turnover rates and need to link the production of new cells with the loss of old cells to keep tissues healthy and functioning. (utsw.edu)
  • Asymmetric cell divisions, in which cellular components, such as existing adherens junctions, are distributed unequally to daughter cells can result in one daughter cell leaving the epithelium. (elifesciences.org)
  • Asymmetric MP daughter cell fates also depend on Notch signaling. (biologists.com)
  • By contrast,the other daughter cell asymmetrically acquired Numb, which inhibited Notch signaling, leading to a different fate choice. (biologists.com)
  • It also hints at a surprising way that cells initiate a gene expression program seen in invasive cancers when that process goes awry. (stowers.org)
  • The Drosophila CNS midline cells are an excellent system for studying these issues because they consist of a small population of diverse cells with well-defined gene expression profiles. (biologists.com)
  • here, we use a combination of single-cell gene expression mapping and time-lapse imaging to identify individual MPs, their locations, movements and stereotyped patterns of division. (biologists.com)
  • MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2 Diploid organisms contain two copies of each gene in each of their cells. (blogspot.com)
  • Lastly, results from luciferase assays, using YAP/TAZ transfected or knockdown cells, give support to the non-redundancy of YAP/TAZ co-activators in regulating gene expression in the Hippo pathway. (omicsdi.org)
  • When the sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, the sperm pronucleus and centrosomes are deposited within the egg, which causes a cytoplasmic flux resulting in the movement of the pronucleus and centrosomes towards one pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sperm with mutant or absent centrosomes fail to establish a posterior pole. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cystoblast then divides and matures into an oocyte, a process in which centrosomes exhibit a series of complex behaviors proposed to play a crucial role in oogenesis [4-6]. (ox.ac.uk)
  • While our light microscopy and mutant studies show that microtubules are nucleated from the centrosomes, we find only a few KMTs directly connected to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular mechanisms of developmentally programmed crinophagy in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
  • have begun to reveal new components and new mechanisms associated with intracellular membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. (wormbook.org)
  • When these mechanisms become corrupted or break down, there can be serious consequences, including compromised tissue function, overgrowth of cells, and cancer. (utsw.edu)
  • Using the Drosophila intestine as a model, our lab is working to better understand the mechanisms that guide normal and abnormal tissue functions, particularly in gastrointestinal organs such as the small and large intestines and stomach. (utsw.edu)
  • Although studies have identified unique transcription factors in the selection of normal pancreatic lineages, the cells of origin and molecular mechanisms arbitrating PDAC growth are poorly defined. (amegroups.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells rely on de novo nucleation mechanisms to generate actin filaments in order to elicit spatial and temporal remodeling of their actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B cells are therefore particularly dependent on 'quality control' mechanisms to oversee antibody production. (cipsm.de)
  • Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
  • Loss of Fry function drastically affects the movement and morphological polarization of cells during gastrulation and disrupts dorsal mesoderm convergent extension, responsible for head-to-tail elongation. (nature.com)
  • The morphogenetic movements of gastrulation rearrange the three germ layers precursors, positioning mesodermal cells between outer ectodermal and inner endodermal cells to shape the head-to-tail body axis. (nature.com)
  • At the beginning of Xenopus gastrulation, the presumptive anterior mesoderm cells located at the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) roll inward at the midline of the blastopore lip in a process called involution. (nature.com)
  • Gastrulation movements are orchestrated by a small, heterogeneous group of cells with inductive and morphogenetic properties located in the dorsal lip of the blastopore (DBL) of the amphibian gastrula known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer or dorsal organizer. (nature.com)
  • The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. (nature.com)
  • This study provides compelling in vivo evidence that mechanical tension emanating from morphogenetic forces during gastrulation orients the spindle at distant sites. (elifesciences.org)
  • During gastrulation the absence of AJs results in widespread cell dissociation and depolarization. (rupress.org)
  • As an example, Brill says, Fuller organized a "testis workshop" during the Annual Drosophila Research Conference, which helped create a community among researchers who might otherwise see themselves as competitors. (genestogenomes.org)
  • In contrast, Akt-phosphorylation, β-catenin, and c-Myc are repressed in the cells, presumably inhibiting tumor growth. (amegroups.org)
  • The tumor-promoting signals such as Akt-phosphorylation, β-catenin, and c-Myc were upregulated in the cells compared to the controls. (amegroups.org)
  • In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • At each of several precursor cell divisions in this lineage, the two daughter cells signal to each other via the Notch pathway. (silverchair.com)
  • The other daughter inherits the Notch pathway antagonist Numb, asymmetrically segregated from the precursor cell. (silverchair.com)
  • In this lineage, the fates of two of the precursor cells (pIIa and pIIIb) are specified by Notch signaling ( Fig. 1 , blue arrowheads). (silverchair.com)
  • In contrast, symmetric divisions in epithelia divide cellular components equally, and usually results in both daughter cells remaining in the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Nowhere is that clearer on a cellular level than in the case of epithelial sheets, single layers of cells that line every body cavity from the gut to mammary glands. (stowers.org)
  • As long as epithelial cells pack tightly and adhere to their neighbors, the cellular business of building tissue barriers and constructing ducts goes smoothly. (stowers.org)
  • Ran is a Ras-family GTPase that plays critical roles in multiple cellular processes including nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope assembly and mitotic spindle assembly. (nih.gov)
  • How does the developmental program add layers of regulation on fundamental cellular processes like cell division, transcription and mRNA processing to specify specialized cell types. (genestogenomes.org)
  • In interphase cells, GTP-bound Ran (Ran-GTP) is the major form in nucleus while GDP-bound Ran (Ran-GDP) is the predominant form in cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • Numb is a suppressor of Notch, therefore the asymmetric segregation of Numb to the basal cortex biases the response of the daughter cells to Notch signaling, resulting in two distinct cell fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • This ensures that one daughter adopts a Notch-independent, and the other a Notch-dependent, cell fate. (silverchair.com)
  • This phospho-dependent binding interaction is conserved in Drosophila and facilitates the stable incorporation of both STIL and CPAP into the centriole. (elifesciences.org)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which conditional and autonomous modes of fate specification are integrated within cell lineages. (silverchair.com)
  • Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • A) Suppression of nud mutants by extra copies of the nudE and nudF6 genes. (xenbase.org)
  • The indicated mutants (all are conditional, temperature sensitive) were transformed with either the empty vector pAid or pAid clones bearing nudE and nudF6 genes (plasmids recovered in the multicopy suppressor screen) and grown at 32°C. Transformants were gridded on YAG plates with or without KCl and incubated at 43°C or 32°C for 2 d. (xenbase.org)