• Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. (wikipedia.org)
  • These proteins target the APC/C to specific sets of substrates at different times in the cell cycle, thus driving it forward. (wikipedia.org)
  • It interacts with a site on tubulin that's not affected by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) or mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins. (sunquicksf.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • 2004). Different spindle checkpoint proteins monitor microtubule attachment and tension at kinetochores in Drosophila cells . (up.pt)
  • I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Further, we review the corresponding genes and the proteins encoded by these genes, their possible role in the developing brain and reported mutations of these genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Single-cell imaging of ATP-reduced yeast mutants revealed that ATP levels in these mutants underwent stochastic and transient depletion, which promoted the cytotoxic aggregation of endogenous proteins and pathogenic proteins, such as huntingtin and α-synuclein. (waseda.jp)
  • Here we identified Nup2 in a pool of enriched proteins that co-purify with tagged Ndj1 from meiotic cell extracts. (biorxiv.org)
  • Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
  • Gene ontology (GO) semantic analysis revealed a high similarityof the detected proteome (2324 proteins) to the transcriptome (22 334 mRNAs), although not all proteins had a cognate mRNA. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, SP600125 has a strong anticancer effect against leukemia cells in a dose and time dependent manner by promoting tubulin polymerization and disrupting the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Recently, certain cancer chemotherapy agents have been found to exert their anticancer activities by disrupting the dynamics of microtubule assembly, thus perturbing the formation and function of the mitotic spindle apparatus and arresting cells in mitosis. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Depletion of PIP4KIIγ enhanced the spindle pole accumulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing kinesin, and resulted in a less stable spindle pole-associated MT. Depletion of MCAK can ameliorate PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced spindle abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The spindle microtubule (MT) exhibits highly regulated dynamic instability, with frequent polymerization and depolymerization occurring at both the plus and minus ends. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing structures in vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In animal cells, centrosomes represent the major microtubule-organizing structures (MTOC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once perceived as a system exclusively involved in removing damaged protein from the cell, ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome is now perceived as a universal regulatory mechanism for signal transduction whose importance approaches that of protein phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
  • NUDF protein, the product of the nudF gene, displays 42% sequence identity with the human protein LIS1 required for neuronal migration. (xenbase.org)
  • The product of the nudE gene isolated in the screen, NUDE, is a homologue of the nuclear distribution protein RO11 of Neurospora crassa. (xenbase.org)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • In this report, we describe a testis zinc finger protein (Tzfp) that binds to the upstream flanking sequence of the Aie1 gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Next, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were used to further explore the biomarkers with the most interactions in gene modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition HIV-1 Vpr protein alters the cell-cycle regulation by hijacking centrosome functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A reporter gene codes for a protein that can be tracked, such as a protein with a known enzymatic activity or one that is fluorescent. (jove.com)
  • One of the well-known reporter genes is one that encodes for a protein called green fluorescent protein - or GFP. (jove.com)
  • The protein produces a green fluorescence under ultraviolet light, which enables researchers to track its location within a cell. (jove.com)
  • Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. (jove.com)
  • Thus, reporter genes "report" the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell. (jove.com)
  • Commonly used reporter genes are - GFP (green fluorescent protein gene), lacZ (β- galactosidase gene), RFP (red fluorescent protein gene), and Luc (luciferase gene). (jove.com)
  • We analysed maternal ageing of mouse oocytes on the protein level, using SILAC technology and high- However, searching these studies for culprits resolution MS, to define its signature at a level closer elicits a list of candidate genes that is quite short, to phenotype than mRNA. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • It was the discovery of the APC/C (and SCF) and their key role in eukaryotic cell-cycle regulation that established the importance of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, our results identify an unexpected function of SGO2 in mitotically dividing cells and a mechanism of separase regulation that is independent of securin but still supervised by the SAC. (nature.com)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • These results indicate that JNK activity may regulate cell proliferation through the regulation of cell cycles. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Taken together, our results indicate that Tzfp recognizes a sequence-specific motif (tbs) and may play a role in the regulation of the genes carrying the tbs. (lookformedical.com)
  • Present address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. (biologists.com)
  • Practically, cycle regulation, chromosome stability and epigenetic F9 cells allow for the efficient metabolic labelling of the modification, in both mouse and human oocytes SILAC reference in vitro, overcoming the difficulty of directly labelling oocytes in vivo. (gotomydoctor.com)
  • The latter mechanism facilitates a considerable degree of sister chromatid separation in securin-knockout cells that lack APC/C activity. (nature.com)
  • The current models for CIN involve telomere dysfunction, defective spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair, genes involved in the cell cycle, and epigenetic regulators. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Works in various organisms have revealed that the kinase is involved in centrosome separation, duplication and maturation as well as in bipolar spindle assembly and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • PIP4KIIγ accumulates at the spindle pole before anaphase, and is required for the assembly of functional bipolar spindles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Formed by oligomerization of ROD/ZW10/ZWILCH-SPINDLY (RZZ-S) complexes, the fibrous corona promotes spindle assembly, chromosome orientation, and spindle checkpoint signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together with dynactin, dynein regulates centrosomal orientation to establish and maintain cell polarity, controls focal adhesion turnover and anchors microtubules at the leading edge. (biologists.com)
  • The MTOC is responsible to direct the assembly and the orientation of MTs and to control MT-dependent processes such as trafficking of cytoplasmic vesicles and orientation of cellular organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
  • According to the PPI networks, five hub genes ( TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) were identified as key genes associated with breast cancer progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it is unknown if the amount of CENP-A is also unchanged between these regions of different sizes, which would reflect a strict structural correspondence between these two key characteristics of the centromere/kinetochore assembly. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inactivation of CIP2A-TOPBP1 caused acentric fragments to disperse throughout the mitotic cytoplasm, stochastically partition into the nucleus of both daughter cells and aberrantly misaccumulate as cytoplasmic DNA. (nature.com)
  • But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • They localize in close proximity to the nucleus for the duration of interphase and play major roles in numerous cell functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Centrosomes are animal-specific non-membranous organelles that localize in close proximity to the cell nucleus for the duration of interphase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we explored how PIP4KIIγ regulates the assembly of mitotic spindles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enduring and robust, structural cohesins resist poleward-pulling forces produced by the mitotic spindle that act to separate sister chromatids and must often persist for extended periods of time in meiosis. (rupress.org)
  • Shugoshin-2 is essential for the completion of meiosis but not for mitotic cell division in mice. (nature.com)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • Not limited to mitosis, anaphase also takes place in meiosis, another type of cell division that leads to the creation of sex cells. (biologyideas.com)
  • Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Nup2 is a nonessential nucleoporin that functions in nuclear transport, boundary activity, and telomere silencing in mitotically dividing cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Musacchio, A. The molecular biology of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling dynamics. (nature.com)
  • In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Molecular Biology of the Cell, 18 (3), 850 - 863. (up.pt)
  • These CIN mechanisms and their signatures can be largely found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The G2 M checkpoint is especially important in protecting normal cells from tumor formation driven by the accumulation of mutations. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
  • The controlled assembly of replication forks is critical for genome stability. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • The pre-replication complex (pre-RC) assembly or the DNA replication licensing is the first step in DNA replication initiation, characterized by the sequential recruitment of ORCs, Cdc6, Cdt1 and MCMs to the DNA replication origins to form the pre-RC at the end of mitosis ( Bell and Dutta 2002 ). (intechopen.com)
  • MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that in cells, CENP-E binds Spindly and recruits RZZ-S complexes to ectopic locations in a farnesyl-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
  • When fenbendazole binds with tubulin, it interrupts the assembly of the microtubules that are responsible for cell growth and division. (sunquicksf.com)
  • The zinc finger domain of Tzfp binds to the tbs motif located at the upstream flanking region of the Aie1 (aurora-C) kinase gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • The zinc finger domain of Tzfp binds to the TGTACAGTGT motif (Tzfp binding site, termed tbs) located at the upstream flanking sequence of the Aie1 gene by gel mobility shift, DNase I footprinting, and competition analyses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most importantly, efficient algae cultivation requires a direct CO2 supply, which can be modified through genetic engineering, for example, with cell membrane modifications. (margottriesthegoodlife.com)
  • It has roles in cell division, membrane trafficking, and cell migration. (biologists.com)
  • The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells. (easynotecards.com)
  • Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton, 64 (8), 605 - 620. (up.pt)
  • Clinical correlation, external validation, functional enrichment analysis, drug and cell line analysis, and tumor immune environment analysis were conducted. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In view of this, we developed and validated a cellular senescence-related gene prognostic index (CSGPI) to predict metastasis and tumor radioresistance and explored the related changes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) for PCa patients undergoing radical radiotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p53 gene is the tumor suppressor that prevents cancer from developing, so it's important to keep this gene active in the body to protect against malignancies. (sunquicksf.com)
  • Therefore, elimination of the checkpoint increases the sensitivity of human tumor cell lines to anticancer agents. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • CIN can promote selective advantage to cancer cells by increasing the probability of novel chromosomal abnormalities, which can change the expression profile of the genes regulating cell division and differentiation, resulting in high proliferation rates [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the increasing rate in which cells acquire new chromosomal alterations. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Our current results imply that PIP4KIIγ may restrain MT depolymerization at the spindle pole through attenuating PLK1-mediated activation of MCAK before anaphase onset. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, depletion of PLK1 has been shown to counteract the PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced instability of spindle pole-associated MT and cell resistance to arsenite. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In early mitosis, the cohesion between the two pairs of centrioles is broken and each of them participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle pole. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we showcase recent studies on the splicing and AS of key genes in metabolic pathways in the liver, the effect of metabolic signals on the spliceosome, and therapeutic intervention points based on RNA splicing. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Recent studies into pre-mRNA splicing and alternative splicing (AS) and their effects on gene expression have revealed considerable transcriptional complexity in the liver, both in health and disease. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • is usually regulated by inhibitors and activators, then Open in a separate window Figure 3 The Simulated dataset with realistic character types represents the abundance of the mRNA of gene are inhibitor concentrations, are activator concentrations, and is usually mRNA breakdown rate. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of these five hub genes showed excellent diagnostic value for breast cancer and adjacent tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, the dyes killed the cells, and since the structures under the microscope were difficult to see as it was, Flemming's forerunners weren't sure they were seeing anything characteristic of a live, functional cell. (visionlearning.com)
  • Ectopic kinase overexpression in any culture cell line leads to polyploidy and centrosome amplification. (lookformedical.com)
  • Centrosome duplication is tightly regulated and limited at once per cell cycle through a mechanism that prevents re-duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous work in the embryonic rodent brain suggested that the preferential inheritance of the pre-existing (older) centrosome to the self-renewed progenitor cell is required to maintain stem cell properties, ensuring proper neurogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using a novel, recombination-induced tag exchange-based genetic tool to birthdate and track the segregation of centrosomes over multiple cell divisions in human embryonic stem cell-derived regionalised forebrain organoids, we show the preferential inheritance of the older mother centrosome towards self-renewed NPCs. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, coordination of MT polymerization/depolymerization at both ends to maintain the size and shape of mitotic spindles is also critical for the proper formation and function of the mitotic spindle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Five hub genes ( TPX2 , KIF2C , CDCA8 , BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) associated with the risk of distant metastasis were extracted for further research, which might be used as biomarkers to predict distant metastasis of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The predictive power of the ratio of RASGRP Hedgehog Pathway APTX gene expression not only provides a potentially important biomarker of response, it also suggests that responsive patients have underlying pathology related to abnormalities in the DNA excision repair pathway. (hsp90-inhibitors.com)
  • It can be applied to reveal highly correlative gene sets and explore potential biomarker genes or therapeutic targets according to the internal connectivity of gene clusters and the associations between gene clusters and phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The features of the senescence phenotype usually consist of the activation of a chronic DNA damage response, the involvement of various cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, increased secretion of proinflammatory and tissue-remodeling factors, induction of antiapoptotic genes, altered metabolic rates, and endoplasmic reticulum stress [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the prognostic value and differential expression of these genes were validated based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Kaplan-Meier (KM) Plotter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • identified five genes as prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer, and Qiu et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, biologically a gene or a sample could participate in multiple biological pathways, and a cellular process is generally active only under a subset of genes or experimental conditions. (columbiagypsy.net)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore, Module analysis revealed that the ten hub genes except TOP2A were belonged to module 1, indicating the upregulation of these hub genes associated molecular pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma might activate nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • A previous screen of a human kinase and phosphatase shRNA library to select genes that mediate arsenite induction of spindle abnormalities resulted in the identification of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 gamma (PIP4KIIγ), a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-synthesizing enzyme. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Development of new or improved laboratory/experimental techniques, instruments, or supporting software that measure the location and dynamics of molecules in situ, and organelles, cells, or tissues on the nanometer and micrometer length scales. (nih.gov)
  • A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. (edu.sa)
  • By constructing a gene co-expression network and identifying related gene clusters, the correlation between gene modules and phenotypes can be calculated based on phenotypic information, and the most relevant gene modules can be found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another exciting finding in the research of fenben for humans is that this compound can reactivate the p53 genome in cancer cells. (sunquicksf.com)