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GangliaPosteriorNeuronsPostganglionicPreganglionicBrain and spinal cordCranialAbdominal cavityVisceralBranchesShort ciliarLumbarAutonomic ganglionSympathetic nervouInnervationAxonsFibersOculomotor nerveAriseConnective tissueVentralGenitofemoralCell bodiesGlandsOpticDorsalEpineuriumLateralUpperSensoryReceivesNervous systemAnteriorUreter

Ganglia16

• Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas: Certain cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, CN IX and CN X) usually arise from specific nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) and synapse at one of four parasympathetic ganglia: ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, or submandibular. (wikipedia.org)
• From these four ganglia the parasympathetic nerves complete their journey to target tissues via trigeminal branches (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve). (wikipedia.org)
• The vagus nerve does not participate in these cranial ganglia as most of its parasympathetic fibers are destined for a broad array of ganglia on or near thoracic viscera (esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs) and abdominal viscera (stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and about half of the large intestine). (wikipedia.org)
• This differs from the sympathetic nervous system, where synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic efferent nerves in general occur at ganglia that are farther away from the target organ. (wikipedia.org)
• Ganglia may be divided into sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (spinal or posterior root ganglia) and cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia. (medscape.com)
• Sensory ganglia of spinal nerves are fusiform swellings situated on the posterior root of each spinal nerve just proximal to the root's junction with a corresponding anterior root. (medscape.com)
• They are referred to as spinal or posterior root ganglia. (medscape.com)
• Similar ganglia that are also found along the course of cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, and X are called sensory ganglia of these nerve. (medscape.com)
• Autonomic ganglia, which are often irregular in shape, are situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)
• Either of the paired prevertebral autonomic ganglia in the nerve plexus surrounding the aortic roots of the renal arteries. (unboundmedicine.com)
• Any of the ganglia of autonomic (mainly postganglionic parasympathetic) neurons clumped in the superficial and deep cardiac plexuses. (unboundmedicine.com)
• These ganglia are a meshwork of visceral afferent, sympathetic, and parasympathetic axons that coat the lower part of the trachea, its bifurcation, the aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the coronary arteries. (unboundmedicine.com)
• Any of the four parasympathetic ganglia (ciliary ganglion, otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion) of the head. (unboundmedicine.com)
• A central neuron in the lateral horn of any of these spinal regions projects to ganglia adjacent to the vertebral column through the ventral spinal roots. (openstax.org)
• There are typically 23 ganglia in the chain on either side of the spinal column. (openstax.org)
• Synapse into 3 cord like chains of ganglia that run close to and in parallel on each side of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)

Posterior3

• A roughly spherical ganglion of unipolar neuronal cell bodies in the posterior roots of each spinal nerve near the intervertebral foramina. (unboundmedicine.com)
• The nerve then courses in the retroperitoneum and lies posterior to the ureter, gonadal vessels and abdominal vessels. (radiopaedia.org)
• Each ureter arises as a continuation of the funnel-shaped renal pelvis at the hilum of the kidney in the posterior abdomen and runs distally into the pelvic cavity to enter the base of the urinary bladder. (kenhub.com)

Neurons3

• The parasympathetic ganglion where these preganglionic neurons synapse will be close to the organ of innervation. (wikipedia.org)
• As in the sympathetic nervous system, efferent parasympathetic nerve signals are carried from the central nervous system to their targets by a system of two neurons. (wikipedia.org)
• The axons of presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ. (wikipedia.org)

Postganglionic1

• It sends postganglionic parasympathetic axons into the eye, via the short ciliary nerves, to innervate the ciliaris and the pupillary sphincter. (unboundmedicine.com)

Preganglionic4

• The pelvic splanchnic efferent preganglionic nerve cell bodies reside in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord at the T12-L1 vertebral levels (the spinal cord terminates at the L1-L2 vertebrae with the conus medullaris), and their axons exit the vertebral column as S2-S4 spinal nerves through the sacral foramina. (wikipedia.org)
• They receive preganglionic sympathetic axons via the thoracic splanchnic nerves. (unboundmedicine.com)
• they receive preganglionic sympathetic innervation primarily from the greater thoracic splanchnic nerves. (unboundmedicine.com)
• This ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the midbrain via the oculomotor nerve (CN III). (unboundmedicine.com)

Brain and spinal cord1

• The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. (medscape.com)

Cranial1

• It includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. (medscape.com)

Abdominal cavity1

• The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity. (slideserve.com)

Visceral5

• The parasympathetic nerves are autonomic or visceral branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (wikipedia.org)
• There are two motors that are part of the oculomotor nerve known as the somatic motor and visceral motor. (wikipedia.org)
• The visceral sensory division carries signals mainly from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. (medscape.com)
• Nerve fibers of the PNS are classified according to their involvement in motor or sensory, somatic or visceral pathways. (medscape.com)
• The peritoneal cavity is the fluid-filled "space" between the visceral and parietal peritoneum. (slideserve.com)

Branches5

• The nerve descends in the retroperitoneum to give off genital and femoral terminal branches supplying the skin over the anterior scrotum or labia majora and l ateral femoral triangle respectively. (radiopaedia.org)
• The genitofemoral nerve is formed in the substance of the psoas major muscle by the union of branches from the anterior rami of L1 and L2 spinal nerves of the lumbar plexus . (radiopaedia.org)
• Just above the inguinal ligament both left and right genitofemoral nerves perforate the psoas fascia and divide in to genital and femoral branches. (radiopaedia.org)
• Splanchnic Circulation Arteries serving the digestive organs are branches of the abdominal aorta. (slideserve.com)
• It is innervated by the terminal branches of intercostal nerves T7-T11, the subcostal nerve (T12), the iliohypogastric nerve (L1) and ilioinguinal nerves (L1). (radiopaedia.org)

Short ciliar1

• The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and the iris sphincter muscle, which is responsible for miosis or constriction of the pupil (in response to light or accommodation). (wikipedia.org)

Lumbar2

• The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system influences the various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. (openstax.org)
• Three correspond to the cervical region, 12 are in the thoracic region, four are in the lumbar region, and four correspond to the sacral region. (openstax.org)

Autonomic ganglion1

• A small autonomic ganglion lying on the outside of the optic nerve in the rear portion of the orbit. (unboundmedicine.com)

Sympathetic nervou1

• The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

Innervation2

• The ureters receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation through several plexuses in the abdomen and pelvis. (kenhub.com)
• These nerves arise from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves of T7-L1, and this is the simplified description of innervation described in anatomy textbooks. (radiopaedia.org)

Axons1

• In the peripheral nervous system, bundles of nerve fibers or axons conduct information to and from the central nervous system. (medscape.com)

Fibers7

• As a result, the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers are very short. (wikipedia.org)
• The sensory (afferent) division carries sensory signals by way of afferent nerve fibers from receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). (medscape.com)
• The motor (efferent) division carries motor signals by way of efferent nerve fibers from the CNS to effectors (mainly glands and muscles). (medscape.com)
• Mixed nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers. (medscape.com)
• Motor nerves contain motor fibers. (medscape.com)
• A nerve is an organ composed of multiple nerve fibers bound together by sheaths of connective tissue. (medscape.com)
• In large nerves, fibers are bundled into fascicles and wrapped in a fibrous perineurium. (medscape.com)

Oculomotor nerve1

• 42 The oculomotor nerve is responsible for a number of parasympathetic functions related to the eye. (wikipedia.org)

Arise1

• Nerve fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

Connective tissue1

• The endoderm of the lung-bud develops into the epithelium and glands of the future lungs, whereas the splanchnic mesenchyme forms the connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells. (abdominalkey.com)

Ventral1

• The laryngotracheal diverticulum evaginates from the ventral part of the foregut and grows into splanchnic mesenchyme, thereby forming the primitive lung-bud. (abdominalkey.com)

Genitofemoral2

• The genitofemoral nerve is a branch of the l umbar plexus arising within the substance of the psoas major muscle from the union of anterior rami of L1 and L2 spinal nerves. (radiopaedia.org)
• At its origin, the genitofemoral nerve is found on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle from which it emerges. (radiopaedia.org)

Cell bodies2

• A ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies enveloped in an epineurium continuous with that of a nerve. (medscape.com)
• An enlargement on a nerve that does not contain neuronal cell bodies and is therefore not a true ganglion. (unboundmedicine.com)

Glands1

• citation needed] The parasympathetic aspect of the facial nerve controls secretion of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands, the lacrimal gland, and the glands associated with the nasal cavity. (wikipedia.org)

Optic1

• they are less common and include the optic and olfactory nerves. (medscape.com)

Dorsal1

• 2. A dorsal root (spinal) ganglion. (unboundmedicine.com)

Epineurium2

• The entire nerve is covered with a fibrous epineurium. (medscape.com)
• This ganglion is enclosed in a capsule that is a continuation of the epineurium of the spinal nerve. (unboundmedicine.com)

Lateral2

• femoral (crural) branch , also known as the lumboinguinal nerve , descends lateral to the external iliac artery and passes beneath the inguinal ligament entering the femoral sheath anterolateral to the common femoral artery . (radiopaedia.org)
• The nerve bifurcates above the inguinal ligament with the femoral branch passing under the ligament on the lateral aspect of the external iliac artery entering the femoral sheath lateral to the femoral artery. (radiopaedia.org)

Upper1

• Peripheral nerve supply to the muscles in the upper extremity. (medscape.com)

Sensory1

• Generation of a nerve impulse (action potential) of a sensory neurone occurs as a result of a stimulus such as light, a particular chemical, or stretching of a cell membrane by sound. (medscape.com)

Receives1

• For example, the heart receives connections from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. (openstax.org)

Nervous system1

• 1. Either of two types of groups of nerve cells (sympathetic ganglion, parasympathetic ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)

Anterior1

• The nerve passes downwards within the substance of the psoas major muscle, eventually emerging on the muscle's anterior surface, and possibly the psoas minor muscle when present, deep to the psoas fascia. (radiopaedia.org)

Ureter1

• On the right the nerve passes deep to the right ureter and gonadal vessels and the ileocolic artery and vein. (radiopaedia.org)