AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Spinal Cord CompressionEpidural NeoplasmsSpinal NeoplasmsEpidural SpaceSpinal CordSpinal Cord NeoplasmsSpinal Cord InjuriesPulsed Radiofrequency TreatmentLaminectomyQuipazineThoracic VertebraeElectric Stimulation TherapyDecompression, SurgicalCervical VertebraeSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal CanalParaplegiaSpinal DiseasesHematopoiesis, ExtramedullaryMyelographyScheuermann DiseaseParaparesisHematoma, Epidural, SpinalMagnetic Resonance ImagingHyperostosisSpineRheumatic NoduleOsteochondromaNeoplasm MetastasisBalloon EmbolectomyOdontoid ProcessSpinal FracturesNeurosurgical ProceduresTreatment OutcomeEpidural AbscessQuadriplegiaBone NeoplasmsDiphosphonatesTuberculosis, SpinalExostoses, Multiple HereditaryArachnoid CystsSpinal FusionArachnoidLumbar VertebraeHemangiomaTomography, X-Ray ComputedData CompressionFractures, SpontaneousRetrospective StudiesNerve Compression SyndromesInjections, SpinalSpinal Cord IschemiaSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal OsteophytosisUmbilical CordPrognosisRadiosurgeryRecovery of FunctionSpinal NervesSpinal StenosisStockings, CompressionFatal OutcomeVertebroplasty
VertebralTumorsMetastatic spinal cord compreNeoplasmsDural arterioCervicalMyelopathyDiagnosisMalignantThoracicBoneNeurologicalLymphomaCaudaRadiotherapyAnatomyPosteriorLesionsTumor SurgerySymptomsLeptomeningealNeoplasticPrimary spinalDuraSurgeryIntervertebral discsSubarachnoidVascularNerve rootsStenosisPalliativeChordomaNervesImpairmentDeficitsCarcinomaAngiographyLesionForaminalVentralAnteriorPatientsMidlineArterialOccursSymptomaticSurgicalAssessmentInjuryMassesTreatmentMagneticLumbar
Vertebral12
  • The cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pathological vertebral fracture secondary to metastatic infiltration of the D1 and D2 vertebral bodies contributing to spinal cord compression. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 3. Diagnosis of vertebral metastasis, epidural metastasis, and malignant spinal cord compression: are T(1)-weighted sagittal images sufficient? (nih.gov)
  • Vertebroplasty, in which polymethylmethacrylate is percutaneously introduced, may be a minimally invasive treatment alternative for patients with one- or two-level vertebral body compression fractures. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic spinal cord compression is due to invading lesion(s) in the epidural space, between the vertebral bones and the dura of the thecal sac, compressing the thecal sac, spinal cord, or cauda equina. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic spinal cord compression usually follows arterial hematogenous dissemination of malignant cells to the vertebral bodies, with subsequent expansion into the epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • Spread into the epidural space may also occur by means of tumor extension through the intervertebral foramina (as is common with lymphoma) or hematogenous spread to the vertebral bodies by way of the Batson venous plexus (particularly with prostate cancer). (medscape.com)
  • However, symptoms can emerge if pathologic vertebral fractures or epidural extension occurs. (medscape.com)
  • It is one of the most important contents of the vertebral canal. (endinglines.com)
  • [rx] But in the case of young children, the spinal cord is relatively longer relative to the length of the vertebral column. (endinglines.com)
  • Like the brain, the very delicate and sensitive spinal cord has strong protection from a strong bony-cage formed by the vertebral arch and body of the vertebras. (endinglines.com)
  • The spinal cord is a long cylindrical extension of the central nervous system within the vertebral column's cavity. (endinglines.com)
  • Spinal Epidural Fistula is a rare (or, more correctly, rarely diagnosed) fistula between the epidural arterial arcade (also known as the retrocorporeal arcade, since it is located behind the vertebral body) and the epidural venous plexus, as seen in the diagram below. (neuroangio.org)
Tumors13
  • The Clinical Center Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department has recently developed a computer system that interprets a computed tomography (CT) scan to better detect tumors in the spinal canal. (nih.gov)
  • By utilizing this new computer-assisted detection (CAD) of tumors, doctors at the NIH are able to find and prevent small masses from compressing the spinal cord, which can often lead to paralysis, pain and loss of function in the bladder and bowels. (nih.gov)
  • Epidural tumors are so small and subtle on CT images that they are easily missed, even by trained radiologists. (nih.gov)
  • The computer-assisted detection system scans the spinal canal for epidural tumors through the use of the CT scans. (nih.gov)
  • Epidural tumors are on the dura, a thick membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Analysis of the Relationship Between the Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) Scale and Paralysis Caused by Metastatic Spine Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • 11. The surgical management of metastatic spinal tumors based on an Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale. (nih.gov)
  • Infrequently, tumors may induce cavitation within the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Primary spinal cord tumors arise from the different elements of the central nervous system (CNS), including neurons, supporting glial cells, and meninges. (medscape.com)
  • Most primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors are astrocytomas or ependymomas. (medscape.com)
  • 2] Intradural extramedullary tumors-including schwannomas, neurofibromas, and meningiomas[2] -that affect the paravertebral area may spread and compress the cord through expansion. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic tumors that cause epidural cord compression and dysfunction are the most common causes of oncologic CNS injury. (medscape.com)
  • Modern Pathology in Spinal Tumors (Brett M. Mahon, Ira J. Miller). (dokumen.pub)
Metastatic spinal cord compre2
Neoplasms2
  • Anatomically, neoplasms of the spinal cord may be classified according to the compartment of origin, either intramedullary (inside the cord) or extramedullary (outside the cord). (medscape.com)
  • Lateral Corpectomy for Spinal Neoplasms (Philip Louie, Matthew Colman). (dokumen.pub)
Dural arterio1
  • The differential diagnosis for lesions with similar radiologic appearance to VH includes but is not limited to hemangioblastoma, lymphangioma, bone metastasis, Ewing Sarcoma, and spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. (wikipedia.org)
Cervical14
  • 2. A quantitative and reproducible method to assess cord compression and canal stenosis after cervical spine trauma: a study of interrater and intrarater reliability. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Long-term surgical outcome and risk factors in patients with cervical myelopathy and a change in signal intensity of intramedullary spinal cord on Magnetic Resonance imaging. (nih.gov)
  • 5. BLADE sequences in sagittal T2-weighted MR imaging of the cervical spine and spinal cord--lesion detection and clinical value. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of maximum canal compromise and spinal cord compression for evaluation of acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Reliability of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging methods in the assessment of spinal canal stenosis and cord compression in cervical myelopathy. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Prognostic relevance of the postoperative evolution of intramedullary spinal cord changes in signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging after anterior decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. (nih.gov)
  • 14. The use of flexion-extension magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating signal intensity changes of the cervical spinal cord. (nih.gov)
  • Cervical radicular pain is pain in the neck and upper limb caused by irritation or damage to the cervical spinal nerve. (sapjuklinika.lv)
  • The most often causes of cervical nerves compression are protrusion or hernia of the intervertebral discs and narrowing of the intervertebral openings. (sapjuklinika.lv)
  • [rx] Even though the spinal cord is almost symmetrical, it is enlarged in a fusiform shape in two regions in the form of cervical and lumbosacral enlargements . (endinglines.com)
  • If left untreated, it may lead to functional impairment or cervical spinal cord compression. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Cervical spine protection and ruling out spinal cord compression should be prioritized, in addition to controlling the underlying inflammation in ERA. (bvsalud.org)
  • 6x3x1.5 cm with mass effect on the anterior pons, medulla, and upper cervical cord. (blogspot.com)
  • Induced shoulder or forearm pain is an indication of probable compression of the cervical spinal root. (e-algos.com)
Myelopathy5
  • When symptomatic, they can cause pain and myelopathy by intra-spinal bleeding, bony expansion or extra-osseous extension into surround soft tissue or the posterior neural elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • Myelopathy is a clinical diagnosis with localization of the neurological findings to the spinal cord, rather than the brain or the peripheral nervous system, and then to a particular segment of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • Myelopathy can be the result of primary intrinsic disorders of the spinal cord or from secondary conditions, which result in extrinsic compression of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • CASE: Primary spinal epidural lymphoma (PSEL) presenting as myelopathy is extremely rare, particularly within young, healthy adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because the pathophysiology (cord venous congestion) is the same as for the spinal dural fistula, the clinical presentation is similar also - progressive myelopathy, bowel-bladder issues, sensory changes, etc. (neuroangio.org)
Diagnosis2
  • Since many of our patients already have cancer, it is important that we can detect masses quickly, including those that affect the spinal cord,' said Dr. Ronald Summers, senior investigator in the Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-aided Diagnosis Laboratory within the department. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnosis of LM is made with positive CSF cytologic results, subarachnoid metastases identified on radiologic studies, or a history and physical examination highly suggestive of LM along with abnormal CSF findings ( e.g. elevated protein). (medscape.com)
Malignant1
  • Spinal metastasis is a common secondary malignant tumor of the bone, often resulting in spinal cord and nerve root compression, leading to obvious pain and related compression symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
Thoracic3
  • The thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a D1/D2 pathological compression fracture with anterior epidural extension of tumor compressing the cord [ Figure 1b and 1c]. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Nonenhanced axial CT scan of the chest in a patient with a thoracic neuroblastoma shows a large, right posterior mediastinal mass extending into the spinal canal and displacing the cord laterally to the left. (medscape.com)
  • In some parts of the cord (thoracic and upper lumbar regions), a small lateral projection of a grey mater is present between the ventral and dorsal columns. (endinglines.com)
Bone5
  • In a study of 61 adult patients with one or two painful bone metastases (Brief Pain Inventory score ≥4 in a 24-hour period) who had refused or who had had ineffective conventional treatment, pain scores decreased significantly at 1, 4, 8, and 24 weeks following percutaneous image-guided cryoablation. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of bone in the spinal canal or of a circumferential epidural tumor limits the success of management with radiation therapy alone. (medscape.com)
  • Others include bone metastases and fractures. (nih.gov)
  • The spine is the most frequent area of bone metastasis in patients with systemic neoplastic disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • The goals of surgical intervention for spinal surgery in patients with metastatic bone disease includes decreasing or eliminating pain, decompressing neural elements to protect cord function, and mechanically stabilizing the spine. (medscape.com)
Neurological2
  • The researchers carried out a descriptive study using bibliometric and scientometric methods and found that the combination of surgery with postoperative radiotherapy is effective and more efficient than these alone for the treatment of patients affected by metastatic neurological compression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Leptomeningeal metastasis presents as multifocal neurological deficits referable to the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
Lymphoma1
  • Leptomeningeal metastases spread by means of diffuse or multifocal seeding of the meninges from advanced systemic cancer (eg, lung or breast cancer, melanoma, lymphoma). (medscape.com)
Cauda3
  • MRI findings considered diagnostic of LC include leptomeningeal enhancement of the brain, spinal cord, cauda equina, or subependymal areas, which extend into the sulci of the cerebrum or folia of the cerebellum. (medscape.com)
  • Neoplastic disease that involves the spine and results in spinal cord or cauda equina compression may have devastating neurologic and functional consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Neoplastic disease can cause neurologic symptoms by compression of the thecal sac, spinal cord, or cauda equina, as well as compression of the attendant vascular supply, which results in cord edema and ischemia. (medscape.com)
Radiotherapy3
  • Some factors such as individual treatment strategy, according to the histology of the primary tumor, plan of treatment strategies carried out in a multidisciplinary manner, risk-benefit of radiotherapy, assessment of the degree of spinal instability, improvement in communication and referral between specialists in oncology showed an increase in the survival of these patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Radiotherapy in Metastatic Spinal Disease (Mehee Choi, Dian Wang, Aidnag Z. Diaz). (dokumen.pub)
  • This study provides an overview of surgical treatment, minimally invasive treatment, and radiotherapy for spinal metastatic cancer and also analyzes the clinical effects, advantages, and current limitations associated with various treatment approaches. (bvsalud.org)
Anatomy4
  • Advanced Spinal Anatomy and Applications for the Spine Tumor Surgeon (Elie Massaad, John H. Shin). (dokumen.pub)
  • Hence, it is crucial to understand the basic anatomy for better interpretation of the clinical presentation and its pathology in any spinal cord lesion. (endinglines.com)
  • Click on the following links to spinal arterial anatomy and spinal venous anatomy pages for details of normal anatomy. (neuroangio.org)
  • This image is part of the dedicated spinal arterial anatomy page. (neuroangio.org)
Posterior4
  • The neural tracts most vulnerable to mechanical pressure include the corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts and the posterior spinal columns. (medscape.com)
  • In combination, the anterior median fissure and the posterior median sulcus will divide the whole of the spinal cord into two symmetrical halves - the right and left half, which one can better appreciate in a transverse section. (endinglines.com)
  • The grey matter is divisible on each half of the cord into a larger ventral mass - ventral grey column (anterior/ventral horn) and an elongated dorsal grey column (posterior/dorsal horn) . (endinglines.com)
  • Large anterior epidural mass extending from posterior clinoid to the cervicothoracic junction measuring approx. (blogspot.com)
Lesions4
  • Metastatic lesions are responsible for about 85% of neoplastic spinal cord compression cases, with the other 15% due to primary neoplastic lesions of the spine. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical presentation in compression caused by metastatic lesions tends to be indistinguishable from that caused by primary disease. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. (medscape.com)
  • 3] Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. (medscape.com)
Tumor Surgery1
  • Economic Value in Spinal Tumor Surgery (Aditya Mazmudar, Alpesh A. Patel). (dokumen.pub)
Symptoms3
  • Symptoms of LM may be seen concurrently with symptoms from other manifestations of cancer that has spread to the CNS, such as solid tissue metastases and epidural spinal cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms, if they do occur, are usually related to large hemangiomas, trauma, the hormonal and hemodynamic changes of pregnancy (causing intra-spinal bleeding), or osseous expansion and extra-osseous extension into surround soft tissues or epidural region of the spinal canal. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of radicular pain, accompanied by symptoms of compression of the spinal cord (unstable gait, decreased muscle strength in the legs, urination disorder), a primary spinal tumor or metastasis should be suspected. (sapjuklinika.lv)
Leptomeningeal2
  • The occurrence of leptomeningeal metastases (LM) is a rare complication of cancer in which the disease spreads to the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and/or spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Currently, the condition of leptomeningeal metastases is not curable and is difficult to treat. (medscape.com)
Neoplastic4
  • Neoplastic spinal cord compression is a cause of severe disability in cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We retrospectively reviewed 27 consecutive patients with neoplastic spinal compression who were treated with MISt. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In various cancer patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression, skeletal instability as the primary impairment is a good indication for MISt, as the patients showed early ambulation with improved BI scores. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the different impairments in cancer patients, neoplastic spinal compression is unique because the severity of impairment (or of disability) does not correlate with the pathological grade of malignancy. (biomedcentral.com)
Primary spinal2
  • Most primary spinal cord cancers do not disseminate widely through the CNS or body. (medscape.com)
  • High-Grade Primary Spinal Malignancies (Marco Girolami, Riccardo Ghermandi, Alessandro Gasbarrini). (dokumen.pub)
Dura2
Surgery2
  • If surgery is needed to stabilize the spine and to prevent progression of the spinal deformity, both CT and MRI examinations are utilized to plan appropriate treatment. (hss.edu)
  • One patient did undergo spinal fusion at the slipped level, but the study could not verify if the isthmic slip was the indication for surgery. (wikidoc.org)
Intervertebral discs1
  • MRI is the examination of choice, showing morphological changes taking place in intervertebral discs, spinal cord, nerve roots and surrounding soft tissues. (e-algos.com)
Subarachnoid1
  • MRI of the spinal cord can show nerve-root thickening, cord enlargement, intraparenchymal and subarachnoid nodules, or epidural compression. (medscape.com)
Vascular2
Nerve roots2
  • With CT and MRI, it is possible to assess the dimensions of the central canal and neural foramina and the effects of bony proliferation on the thecal sac and the nerve roots. (hss.edu)
  • In certain instances, CT myelography, which is a CT scan performed after iodinated contrast is administered into the spinal canal via a spinal needle, may be indicated to better visualize the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots within the thecal sac. (hss.edu)
Stenosis1
  • Other causes may be: spinal canal stenosis, intervertebral foraminal stenosis (at the point where the nerve root exits), spondylolysthesis, syringomyelia and radiculitis following radiation or chemotherapy. (e-algos.com)
Palliative1
  • The treatment approach for most patients with spinal metastasis is primarily palliative. (bvsalud.org)
Chordoma1
  • Low-Grade Spinal Malignancies: Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma (Gideon Blumstein, Benjamin Kelley, Scott Nelson, Don Young Park, Francis Hornicek). (dokumen.pub)
Nerves5
Impairment1
  • Consequent disability relates to the degree of cord impairment and anatomic level of cord injury. (medscape.com)
Deficits1
Carcinoma1
  • Lateral radiograph shows sclerotic metastasis of the L2 vertebra in a 54-year-old man with prostatic carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Angiography1
  • We have seen these fistulas very occasionally on spinal angiography as incidental findings, and they do not congest the spinal veins. (neuroangio.org)
Lesion1
  • However, rarely, a unilateral massive hemispheric focal lesion (eg, left middle cerebral artery stroke) impairs consciousness if the contralateral hemisphere is already compromised or if it results in compression of the contralateral hemisphere (eg, by causing edema). (msdmanuals.com)
Foraminal5
  • On the venous side, the ventral epidural venous plexus "D" is extensively connected up and down along the spinal canal, and communicates via multiple foraminal arteries (E) with the paraspinal veins (large vertical blue syllinders). (neuroangio.org)
  • The spinal bridging veins "F" connect the intradural spinal surface veins (G, H) with the extradural veins of the epidural venous plexus and foraminal veins. (neuroangio.org)
  • It is likely that many of these fistulas are asymptomatic, because of the many connections between components of the epidural plexus and with paraspinal veins outside the spinal canal via the foraminal veins (F). Thus, spine surface veins (G,H), remain unaffected despite their potential connection with the epidural plexus. (neuroangio.org)
  • It is also extensively connected with paraspinal veins outside of the spinal canal via the foraminal veins - these extend across every foramen which is not stuffed, crushed, or otherwise obliterated by disks and osteophytes. (neuroangio.org)
  • Given this kind of venous redundancy, one would expect that an epidural fistula would be efficiently decompressed both via longitudinal connections of the epidural plexus and via foraminal veins, without causing any changes in the spinal veins. (neuroangio.org)
Ventral2
  • The anterolateral sulcus will be the site of exit of the ventral (motor) roots of the spinal cord. (endinglines.com)
  • The fistula forms between a ventral epidural arcade branch and the adjacent ventral epidural venous plexus. (neuroangio.org)
Anterior2
  • In midline anteriorly, the cord shows the presence of a deep longitudinal cleft, which is the anterior median fissure . (endinglines.com)
  • This fissure is the site of the presence of the anterior spinal artery. (endinglines.com)
Patients10
  • Patients with these conditions and cord compromise have been shown to experience improved outcomes with radical tumor resection and internal fixation/stabilization. (medscape.com)
  • Epidural masses are one type of skeletal complication in cancer patients. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Neuroimaging and treatment implications of patients with multiple epidural spinal metastases. (nih.gov)
  • Radiation therapy remains a primary therapeutic modality for the treatment of spinal metastasis, because nearly 95% of patients who are ambulatory at the start of radiation therapy remain so. (medscape.com)
  • In post-surgical patients, conventional radiographs also serve as a means to reevaluate the spinal curvature and the integrity of spinal instrumentation. (hss.edu)
  • MRI may be indicated to assess the brain and spinal cord in patients with certain types of scoliosis or congenital anomalies. (hss.edu)
  • In addition, patients that have undergone a spinal fusion to correct their scoliosis may be prone to spinal degeneration at the level adjacent to where the spinal fusion ends. (hss.edu)
  • Multiple spinal levels are affected in about 30% of patients. (medscape.com)
  • Consultation with a multidisciplinary team is widely accepted as a comprehensive treatment approach for patients with spinal metastases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sometimes, patients with extra-spinal AVMs ( Parkes-Weber Syndrome , for example) have their AVM venous drainage conducted into the epidural venous plexus - again, this does not congest spinal veins, as a rule. (neuroangio.org)
Midline1
  • The calcified midline frontal epidural mass consistent with metastic disease to the skull has decreased in size since the examination of 06/10/08 and does not appear to be significantly changed since the more-recent exam. (maxmikulak.com)
Arterial1
  • Below are images of normal epidural (retrocorporeal) arterial arcade in a young patient, demonstrating the extensive anastomotic potential of this network. (neuroangio.org)
Occurs1
  • Depending on where the damage to the spinal cord occurs, it will determine which areas of the body will be affected. (londonspine.com)
Symptomatic1
  • However, some epidural fistulas do become symptomatic by reflux of venous outflow into the spinal veins, as seen in the diagram below. (neuroangio.org)
Surgical1
Assessment1
  • These measurements are also critical in assessing the impact of therapeutic interventions to correct the scoliosis and aid in the assessment of the progression or resolution of the spinal curvature. (hss.edu)
Injury4
Masses2
  • Radiologists can easily miss epidural masses due to their small size and subtle shade. (nih.gov)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal epidural masses spanning T5-T10 and T12-L2 with multilevel cord compression and edema. (bvsalud.org)
Treatment2
  • Radiation therapy remains a primary therapeutic modality for the treatment of spinal metastasis. (medscape.com)
  • With advancements in research and technology, the evaluation and treatment of spinal metastatic cancer are continuously evolving. (bvsalud.org)
Magnetic1
Lumbar1