Spinal cord afferent pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

4) Hofmann neurons receive afferent terminals from a longitudinal column of commissural interneurons located contralaterally in close approximation to the central canal. (nih.gov)
The segmentation is clearest for the Hofmann nuclei minor, which are clusters of neurons iterated along the ventrolateral margin of the thoracic spinal cord but not organized in protruding lobes. (nih.gov)
These unmyelinated C-fibers transmit itch impulses to the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord, 3 where they synapse with itch-specific secondary neurons. (asahq.org)
This complex system is mediated by two major efferent pathways, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which obtain afferent signals from different parts of the body, neurons in the spinal cord and cerebral autonomic centres primarily in the hypothalamus, midbrain and brainstem. (bmj.com)
The aims of this study were to determine (1) the responses of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons to gastric distension and (2) the relative contribution of vagal and spinal visceral afferent pathways for transmission of gastric input to the upper cervical spinal cord. (okstate.edu)
Extracellular potentials of single C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized male rats. (okstate.edu)
Spinal transection at C 6 -C 7 abolished responses of the other four neurons that still responded to gastric distension after bilateral vagotomy. (okstate.edu)
Results of these data supported the concept that a group of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons might play a role in processing sensory information from the stomach that travels in vagal and spinal visceral afferent fibers. (okstate.edu)
Inherited painless neuropathies arise due to genetic insults that either block the normal signaling of or destroy the sensory afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) responsible for transducing noxious stimuli. (bvsalud.org)
Lower motor neurons (LMUs) are connected to UMNs in the spinal cord. (e-jer.org)
These neurons are located in the ventral part of the anterior horn in the sacral spinal cord. (e-jer.org)
However, UVB irradiation caused a significant reduction in the contralateral proportion of galanin immunopositive DRG neurons, at all-time points, as well as an increase in the contralateral spinal cord dorsal horn, around the central canal and in the lateral spinal nucleus (2-48 h). (lu.se)
The contralateral proportion of SP positive DRG neurons and dorsal horn immunoreactivity was unchanged, whereas the lateral spinal nucleus area showed increased immunoreactivity (48 h). (lu.se)
Adrenaline Neurons and Pathways Ascending Tracts The Vagus (X) and Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerves Easily read Our Sponsors Welcome to Med Studentz Medical Forums , a friendly and informative student community where you can join thousands of other medical students from all over the world discussing everything related to medical school admissions, studying for medical licensing exams, and the medical profession in general. (devaris.com)
Some of these spindle afferents synapse on second-order neurons which conduct the stretch information up the spinal cord to the cerebellum and even the cerebral cortex. (humanneurobiology.com)
Other spindle afferents directly excite large alpha motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle fibers. (humanneurobiology.com)
If tone in a particular muscle decreases, allowing the muscle to lengthen, the spindles become stretched and trigger increased impulse firing in the spindle afferents, thereby increasing the firing rate of the alpha motor neurons to that same muscle and causing it to contract. (humanneurobiology.com)
The stretch sensitivity of the spindles can be adjusted by action of the small gamma motor neurons in the anterior horn (lamina IX) of the spinal cord. (humanneurobiology.com)
In a simple reflex this includes a sensory receptor, afferent or sensory neuron, reflex center in the brain or spinal cord, one or more efferent neurons, and an effector organ. (unboundmedicine.com)
Most reflexes, however, are more complicated and include internuncial or associative neurons intercalated between afferent and efferent neurons. (unboundmedicine.com)
[ 6 ] GON block decreases afferent input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, resulting in central pain modulation and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability at the level of second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
We were also the first to identify and map the dopaminergic projections to the habenula and the spinal cord, and reveal the special dendritic projections from the nigra compacta neurons that allow dopamine to be released from dendrites in the pars reticulata. (lu.se)

Sensory afferents have been incorporated in the model to study the effects of afferent stimulation on locomotor phase switching and step cycle period and on the firing patterns of flexor and extensor motoneurones. (nih.gov)
The seemingly simple tasks of standing and walking require continuous integration of complex spinal reflex circuits between descending motor commands and ascending sensory inputs. (biomedcentral.com)
Some evidence shows that the upper cervical spinal cord might play an important role in propriospinal processing as a sensory filter and modulator for visceral afferents. (okstate.edu)
Spinal nerves and corresponding sensory dermatomes are shown above. (emcrit.org)
Therefore, a sensory level to light touch may be absent unless both of these are involved (e.g., a complete injury that involves all spinal cord tracts). (emcrit.org)
Evaluating for a sensory level using a pin to detect pain sensation is more sensitive to detect a spinal level originating from a lesion in the spinothalamic tract. (emcrit.org)
Patients with partial cord involvement may fail to display a sensory level. (emcrit.org)
Conclusions The lateral arcading branches of the DNP provide a sensory pathway on the ventral and lateral penile shaft, and the termination of the fibres at the corpus spongiosum is consistent with pudendal innervation of the penile urethra. (cirp.org)
Schematic Of Ascending (sensory) And Descending (motor) Pathways Between The Brain And The Spinal Cord. (australiaessaywriting.com)
These signals are transmitted from the peripheral terminals of extrinsic sensory nerve fibers, located within the wall of the colon or rectum, and via their axons within the spinal splanchnic and pelvic nerves to the spinal cord. (edu.au)
In this review we traverse this complicated landscape to elucidate afferent function, structure, and nomenclature to provide insights into how the extrinsic sensory afferent innervation of the colon and rectum gives rise to physiological defecatory reflexes and sensations of discomfort, bloating, urgency, and pain. (edu.au)
3 Sensory information from the pancreas is sent up to the central nervous system through both 65 vagal and spinal pathways (23,4). (myessaywriters.co)
Its afferent and efferent limbs are branches of a single nerve fiber, the axon (axon-like dendrite) of a sensory neuron. (unboundmedicine.com)
Damage to the descending motor pathways that terminate in the spinal cord can cause hypertonia, and therefore In stroke, lack of afferent sensory information (proprioception) and miscommunication between the cerebral cortex (motor and sensory regions) with other subcortical regions cause a dysregulation in the control of muscle tone. (strokesciences.com)
[ 4 , 5 ] The greater occipital nerve (GON) originates in the dorsal ramus of the C 2 as well as the C 3 segments of the spinal cord and comprises sensory fibers alone. (medscape.com)
Its sensory distribution pathway includes the posterior part of the head and extends anteriorly toward the vertex, becoming superficial at the inferolateral aspect of the occipital protuberance. (medscape.com)

Epidural Stimulation can activate both afferent and efferent pathways. (victoryoverparalysis.org)
Criticised for being vulnerable and the subarachnoid space central canal of spinal cord segments (and their afferent and efferent pathways. (ardelyx.com)
When there is certainly imbalance and interruption from the afferent and efferent pathways between anxious program and bladder the micturition reflex as well as the pathways included are reorganized but aberrations in various neural routes take place. (tam-receptor.com)

They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. (wikipedia.org)
Visceral afferent fibers go to spinal cord following pathway of pelvic splanchnic nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
Describe the variety of afferent fibers (axons) used by the subsystems. (powershow.com)
Small myelinated fibers transmit preganglionic autonomic efferents (B fibers) and somatic afferents (A delta fibers). (medscape.com)
Unmyelinated (C) fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. (medscape.com)
2 Pathophysiology of Detrusor Overactivity In healthful people unmyelinated bladder afferent C-fibers in the suburothelium respond at high thresholds to mechanised stimuli such as for example volume distension. (tam-receptor.com)
In this manner the afferent C-fibers can display a minimal threshold to mechanised stimuli like bladder distension at low amounts plus they can excite the spinal-cord with the next parasympathetic Fargesin discharge of acetylcholine and erratic contractions from the detrusor muscle tissue. (tam-receptor.com)
Special visceral afferent: These are the afferent fibers from the gustatory pathway. (kypho.com)
Visual afferent: Afferent fibers from visual pathway pass from opticchiasma to supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus via retinohypothalamic tract. (kypho.com)
Olfactory afferent: Fibers from olfactory pathway pass to hypothalamus as medial forebrain bundle. (kypho.com)
Descending cortical afferent: These are corticohypothalamic fibers descending from frontal lobe of cerebral cortex directly to hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
Hippocampal afferent: Fibers from hippocampus pass along the curved course of fornix to reach mammillary body. (kypho.com)
Afferent from amygdaloid body: These are the fibers of stria terminalis which extend from amygdaloid body around the curve of thalamus to reach hypothalamus. (kypho.com)
Afferent from thalamus: These are fibers reaching hypothalamus from dorsomedial, anterior and midline nuclei of thalamus. (kypho.com)
Afferent from midbrain: These are the fibers from tegmentum of midbrain. (kypho.com)
Descending efferent (to autonomic centers of brainstem and spinal cord): These fibers descend via brainstem reticular formation. (kypho.com)
When stretched, muscle spindles become activated, causing an increase in the impulse firing rate of afferent nerve fibers from the spindles to the spinal cord. (humanneurobiology.com)
It was found that the fibers subserving pain sensation in the C-2 segment lie in the anterolateral funiculus between the level of the denticulate ligament and a line drawn perpendicularly from the medial angle of the ventral gray-matter horn to the surface of the cord. (thejns.org)
The authors believe that the ascending fibers subserving the distinct sensations of pain induced by tissue damage and pinprick, although mixed (overlapping) in the anterolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, are physiologically distinct from one another. (thejns.org)
The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
The afferent input from these fibers inhibits propagation of nociception carried in the small, unmyelinated C fibers by blocking transmission along these fibers to the target or T cells located in the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 2 and 3) of the dorsal horn. (medscape.com)

The signal transmitted by the brain is routed through 2 intermediate segments (the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord) prior to reaching the bladder. (medscape.com)
The detrusor muscle is relaxed by sympathetic stimulation that originates from the lumbar spinal cord T11-L2 region, and contracted by parasympathetic stimulation from the sacral spinal cord S2-4 region. (spandidos-publications.com)

Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the organs of the pelvic cavity. (wikipedia.org)

The axons originating from a single Hofmann nucleus cross within a stretch of the cord equivalent to about one spinal segment. (nih.gov)
After reaching the contralateral ventral columns the individual axons bifurcate and extend rostrally and caudally up to 5 spinal segments in each direction. (nih.gov)
The axons of LMUs pass through the efferent anterior or ventral roots, where motor nerves and autonomic nerves run when they exit the spinal cord. (e-jer.org)
Because perforant path axons are lesioned at a site remote from the dentate, this model is particularly useful to evaluate axonal sprouting from other pathways terminating in the dentate gyrus. (frontiersin.org)
Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)

The neural pathways that can mediate motor-evoked potentials to all muscles of the lower limbs are highly dependent on the stimulation parameters. (victoryoverparalysis.org)
it may result from remodeling of neural pathways in the gut-brain axis. (msdmanuals.com)
It is recognized that the drug naloxone, which reverses the chemical effects of pain killing drugs within the body, also inhibits the pain killing effects of acupuncture, which suggests that the same neural pathways are used. (aahclinic.com)

The model also suggests that the different effects of flexor muscle nerve afferent stimulation observed experimentally (phase prolongation versus resetting) result from opposing influences of flexor group I and II afferents on the PF and RG circuits controlling the activity of flexor and extensor motoneurones. (nih.gov)
Transcutaneous spinal cord (transspinal) stimulation alters motoneuron excitability over multiple segments by bringing motoneurons closer to threshold, a prerequisite for effectively promoting spinal locomotor network neuromodulation and strengthening neural connectivity of the injured human spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, whether concurrent treatment with transspinal stimulation and locomotor training maximizes motor recovery after spinal cord injury is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Forty-five individuals with chronic spinal cord injury are receiving 40 sessions of robotic gait training primed with 30 Hz transspinal stimulation at the Thoracic 10 vertebral level. (biomedcentral.com)
The results of this mechanistic randomized clinical trial will demonstrate that tonic transspinal stimulation strengthens corticomotoneuronal connectivity and dynamic neuromodulation through posture-dependent corticospinal and spinal neuroplasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways. (lookformedical.com)
Although stimulation of cutaneous limb afferents has been shown to evoke crossed extension reflexes in unanaesthetised decerebrate or spinalised animals, here we show that stimulation of cutaneous nerves evokes crossed inhibition rather than excitation of contralateral extensor motoneurones in anaesthetised, spinal cord intact cats. (mpg.de)
The relative latencies of IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the contralateral superficial peroneal and sural nerves were longer than those evoked via ipsilateral pathways by approximately 1 ms, suggesting that there are at least three synaptic relays in the crossed reflexes. (mpg.de)
Like IPSPs evoked by group II afferents, the frequencies of occurrence of crossed IPSPs evoked by stimulation of cutaneous afferents were significantly reduced after spinal transection and the IPSPs recorded after spinalisation were significantly smaller. (mpg.de)
They depend on an intact neural pathway between the stimulation point and a responding organ. (unboundmedicine.com)

Furthermore, the SVVS pathways provide an anatomical substrate for mediating SVVS reflexes via efferent connections with autonomic centers in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord and their peripheral connections. (drmichaelwald.com)

Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated and prolonged response to noxious stimuli that can be produced by plasticity at peripheral sites (eg, reduced threshold and/or amplified nociceptor response to noxious stimuli) and centrally in the spinal cord or brain. (nature.com)
The integrated coordination of the components of the lower urinary tract is mediated by the complex neuromodulatory system of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. (e-jer.org)
A variety of injury models have been used to examine the response of the brain such as crush injuries to peripheral nerves, cortical stab wounds, and spinal cord injury (SCI) models. (frontiersin.org)
Other research has focused on the peripheral and central neural mechanisms, including spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways, that might explain the clinical observations of short-term pain relief. (aahclinic.com)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

Unilateral UVB irradiation of rat hind paw was performed and corresponding contralateral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were collected 2-96 h after and investigated for changes in galanin, substance P and c-fos immunoreactivity. (lu.se)
The pathway of the intrapancreatic ganglia is 17 considered a short and direct or indirect pathway with the myenteric plexus in regulating the 18 endocrine and exocrine reaction of the pancreas. (myessaywriters.co)
Therefore, the intrapancreatic ganglia control 27 any metabolic changes through direct or indirect pathways and any disease that affect the ganglia 28 my affect the exocrine or endocrine function of the pancreas for example it may cause diabetes 29 mellitus. (myessaywriters.co)

General visceral afferent: General sensations from viscera, sense of stretch, compression or distension and pain sensation due to lack of oxygen following ischemia, primarily reach the autonomic center of brain (dorsal nucleus of vagus) and spinal cord (T1 - L2 and S2 - S4 segments). (kypho.com)
Cellular, tissue, organ and organ system derangements that result from nutritional deficiencies/inadequacies or end-organ disease can reflect their injury to their corresponding spinal segments resulting in misalignments of spinal vertebrae (SV) that are palpable or otherwise measureable by a variety of methods. (drmichaelwald.com)
Nutritional deficiencies/inadequacies may result in tissue decay and compromised function reflected in spinal vertebral segments forming of vertebral misalignments. (drmichaelwald.com)
A great deal is known regarding the neurologic relationships between spinal segments and their corresponding end-organs. (drmichaelwald.com)

Most pain related information is forwarded from the periphery to the central nervous system by unmyelinated primary afferents (C fibres) called nociceptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, such studies show that opioids elicit systems-level adaptations resulting in pain due to descending facilitation, upregulation of spinal dynorphin, and enhanced, evoked release of excitatory transmitters from primary afferents. (opioids.wiki)

A cascade of pronociceptive events may follow, such as opioid-induced upregulation of spinal dynorphin levels that promotes enhanced input from primary afferent nociceptors. (opioids.wiki)

Assessment of the afferent visual pathway using clinical, imaging and electrophysiological methods provides insights into the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and may also serve a prognostic role in multiple sclerosis. (tjn.org.tr)
Regional Anatomy Applied Anatomy Research The Vestibular Nerve Contents Visual Pathway Research: Position Emission Tomography The Third Ventricle Neuroglia The Trigeminal (V) Nerve More than 450 illustrations enhance the text. (devaris.com)

Spinal misalignments have potential and known consequences, not only at the spinal level, but also through somato-visceral (SV) and viscera-somatic (VS) reflexes collectively referred to within this paper as SVVS. (drmichaelwald.com)
A second objective will be to examine spinal reflexes. (humanneurobiology.com)
Reflexes operating though the spinal cord are responsible for the smooth functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder as well as all of the skilled movements of the trunk and limbs and the often-taken-for-granted activities of standing erect, walking, and running. (humanneurobiology.com)
A physiologically based clinical measure for spastic reflexes in spinal cord injury. (strokesciences.com)

Here we show that this CPG structure can be integrated with reflex circuits to reproduce the reorganization of group I reflex pathways occurring during locomotion. (nih.gov)
Normal voiding is essentially a spinal reflex modulated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which coordinates function of the bladder and urethra. (medscape.com)
The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
Varying degrees of loss of SVVS-integration either resulting directly from acute spinal injuries (ASCI), spinal misalignments (subluxations considered lesser "injuries" relative to ASCI), end-organ wasting or inadequate nutrition, can disrupt the delicate VSSV reflex relationships. (drmichaelwald.com)
This pathway is called the reflex arc. (unboundmedicine.com)

The density of GAD65 inhibitory terminals was reduced in lamina I (LI) and lamina II (LII) of the spinal cord after injury. (biomedcentral.com)

The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves S2, S3, and S4, and enter the sacral plexus. (wikipedia.org)
Multiple sclerosis lesions have a predilection for the optic nerves, periventricular white matter, brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebellum. (tjn.org.tr)
Nerves to the cervical cord are located closest to the middle of the cord, whereas nerves to the sacrum are located farthest towards the edges of the spinal cord. (emcrit.org)
Autonomic nerves run within the grey matter, near the center of the cord. (emcrit.org)
But although these humoral pathways are of great relevance, the nerves still have to reach the immune cells for establishing communication that will be more specific than endocrine factors arriving via the blood or the lymph fluid. (brainimmune.com)

CeA projections to periacqueductal gray (PAG) gate descending pathways that modulate nociceptive afferent activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (nature.com)
Inhibitory interneurons are an important component of dorsal horn circuitry where they serve to modulate spinal nociception. (biomedcentral.com)

The amygdala, and more specifically the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), is a convergence point for multiple pathways carrying nociceptive information into the central nervous system. (nature.com)
In summary, unilateral UVB irradiation induced contralateral changes in inflammatory/nociceptive neuropeptides in spinal cord and afferent pathways involved in pain signaling already within 24 h, a time point when also ipsilateral neurochemical/physiological changes have been reported for rats and humans. (lu.se)

But finally afferent fiber from these centers ascend through reticular formation to reach hypothalamus which is considered as headganglion of autonomic nervous system. (kypho.com)

Somatic afferent: Exteroceptive sensations, e.g. touch/pressure and pain/temperature sensations are carried via ventral and lateral spinothalamic tracts respectively. (kypho.com)

There is now considerable evidence indicating that reduced inhibition in the spinal dorsal horn contributes to neuropathic pain. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings are consistent with the recent proposal that dorsal horn neurones, which receive input from cutaneous afferents and contact premotor commissural interneurones may mediate the crossed inhibition. (mpg.de)

A computational model of the mammalian spinal cord circuitry incorporating a two-level central pattern generator (CPG) with separate half-centre rhythm generator (RG) and pattern formation (PF) networks has been developed from observations obtained during fictive locomotion in decerebrate cats. (nih.gov)
Studying human spinal circuitry in control of movement using neuromodulation - including effects on cardio, respiratory, bladder, bowel, and sexual function. (victoryoverparalysis.org)

Spinal cord injury greatly impairs standing and walking ability, but both improve with locomotor training. (biomedcentral.com)
Translational Research in spinal cord injury aims to improve the motor function and health of adult members of our community living with paralysis. (victoryoverparalysis.org)
To address this, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in the number of inhibitory terminals, as detected by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) immunoreactivity, in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord following a chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve in rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Nerve injury is accompanied by many alterations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which play a role in driving and maintaining the accompanying pain. (biomedcentral.com)
It is especially useful in treating muscle spasticity associated with spinal cord injury. (rroij.com)
Bors and Comarr [ 3 ] observed in that patients with spinal injury after bilateral pudendal neurectomy had total loss of spontaneous erectile and ejaculatory function. (cirp.org)

Motor weakness may be used to evaluate the level of a spinal lesion that involves the corticospinal tract. (emcrit.org)

Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)

Efferent and afferent tracks and their terminal projections form the fundamental neurologic pathways (SVVS) that maintain the well-orchestrated communications between body tissues of all types. (drmichaelwald.com)

Afferent Connexions The Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve Medulla Myelinated and Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibres Research: Learning, Memory and Motor Control Some students gleefully tell their peers how many resources they are using or will disdainfully remark that the book you're reading isn't that great, doesn't contain enough detail, etc. (devaris.com)
These IPSPs had thresholds of less than 1.5 times the threshold of the most excitable fibres and so large myelinated afferents contributed to them. (mpg.de)

The involvement of the spinal gating and descending inhibitory pathways mechanisms in acupuncture is supported by animal experiments. (aahclinic.com)

Functional neurorehabilitation promotes neural reorganization by stimulating subjects without deep pain perception, leading to a faster recovery when compared to spontaneous recovery, and achieving fewer compensatory errors, or even deviations to neuropathic or adaptive pain pathways, such as spasticity. (mdpi.com)

But it has been proved experimentally that sound stimulating cochlear pathway stimulates activity of hypothalamus. (kypho.com)

During the extensor phase of fictive locomotion, activation of extensor muscle group I afferents increases extensor motoneurone activity and prolongs the extensor phase. (nih.gov)

The efferent pathway carries nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles - the brain driving the body. (functionfirst.com)

The central nervous system is composed of the brain, brain stem, and the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
Thus, locomotor training alone cannot fully optimize the neuronal plasticity required to strengthen the synapses connecting the brain, spinal cord, and local circuits and potentiate neuronal activity based on need. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we will examine how muscle tone is regulated both by the brain and spinal cord and how the brain is kept informed of the ever-changing status of this tone. (humanneurobiology.com)
A number of recent studies have demonstrated that such pain may be secondary to neuroplastic changes that occur in the brain and spinal cord. (opioids.wiki)

Three major tracts run through the spinal cord, as shown below. (emcrit.org)
To pass through the brainstem, before reaching their primary destination to thalamus, the tracts present compact bundle known as spinal lemniscus. (kypho.com)

To add further complexity, the proportions of these afferents vary within splanchnic and pelvic pathways, whilst the density of the splanchnic and pelvic innervation also varies along the colon and rectum. (edu.au)

Note that the spinal cord level doesn't line up precisely with the corresponding vertebrae, especially caudal to the thoracic spine. (emcrit.org)

Recent studies utilizing electrophysiological, anatomical and gene expression techniques indicate a surprisingly diverse set of distinct afferent subclasses, which innervate all layers of the colon and rectum. (edu.au)

Thus, a central spinal cord lesion may cause neurologic deficits in a descending order. (emcrit.org)
On the other hand, VS dysfunctions compromise, to varying degrees, pathways essential for relaying fundamental neurologic messages to the organs compromising their energetics and ultimately result in cellular breakdown compromising or otherwise increasing the nutritional requirement of the struggling organ. (drmichaelwald.com)

Thus, diseases affecting the anterior horn of the spinal cord cause flaccid paralysis. (emcrit.org)

The purpose of this review is to facilitate an understanding of the pathways and mediators involved in the development and central transmission of the itch sensation, to describe the methods available to evaluate itch, and to provide a basis for its rational therapy. (asahq.org)

Combined these afferent sub-types allow the detection of luminal contents, low- and high-intensity stretch or contraction, in addition to the detection of inflammatory, immune, and microbial mediators. (edu.au)

At baseline and after completion of all therapeutic sessions, neurophysiological recordings registering corticospinal and spinal neural excitability changes along with clinical assessment measures of standing and walking, and autonomic function via questionnaires regarding bowel, bladder, and sexual function are taken. (biomedcentral.com)

9. Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat. (lu.se)

The purpose of this review is to highlight new discoveries in pathways and mechanisms of pruritus and to summarize up-to-date knowledge about treatment of itching after surgery. (asahq.org)

Anatomy79

Organisms8

Diseases58

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care2

Neurons22

Sensory16

Efferent pathways3

Fibers21

Sacral spinal cord2

Parasympathetic1

Axons5

Neural pathways3

Stimulation10

Brainstem and spinal cord1

Peripheral5

Ganglia3

Segments4

Primary afferents2

Nociceptors1

Visual pathway2

Reflexes4

Reflex5

Lamina1

Nerves5

Modulate2

Nociceptive2

Centers1

Somatic1

Inhibition2

Circuitry2

Injury6

Corticospinal tract1

Ascend1

Projections1

Fibres2

Inhibitory1

Adaptive1

Hypothalamus1

Locomotion1

Muscles1

Brain4

Tracts2

Pelvic1

Thoracic1

Electrophysiological1

Neurologic2

Anterior1

Central1

Mediators1

Clinical1

Projection1

Mechanisms1