Spermatozoa and cilia. Medical search. Frequent questions

Normal cilia (A) compared with cilia in Kartagener syndrome with missing dynein arms (B). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. (medscape.com)
The primary function of the central sheath, radial spokes, and nexin links is to maintain the structural integrity of the cilium, whereas the dynein arms are responsible for ciliary motion. (medscape.com)
The most frequent structural defect in cilia of PCD patients are abnormal dynein arms. (wikipedia.org)
The dynein arms press on the neighbouring outer doublets, causing a sliding movement to happen between adjacent outer doublets, using ATP generated by mitochondria near the base of the cilium or flagellum as fuel. (risingacademy.org)
The absence of outer dynein arms in the spermatozoa and airway cilia of humans with the Kartagener triad (i.e., situs inversus totalis , sinusitis, and bronchiectasis) was also noted by Bj ö rn Afzelius (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Noteworthy, TEM analysis of the axoneme from respiratory cilia showed that dynein arms, although either IDAs and/or ODAs seldom missing on some doublets, are still partly present in each observed section. (unisi.it)

Eukaryotic flagella have far more proteins than motile cilia and share some of their motion and control mechanisms. (risingacademy.org)
Motile cilia remove materials such as dirt, dust, microorganisms, and mucus using their regular undulation to ward off illness. (risingacademy.org)
A) Most motile cilia are organized with 9 microtubule doublets surrounding a core pair of doublets (9+2 configuration). (medscape.com)
Male infertility is often associated with PCD, since the ultrastructure of the axoneme in the sperm tail is similar to that of the motile cilia of respiratory cells. (unisi.it)

However, unlike centrioles, cilia and flagella feature a centre pair of microtubules, leading to the term "9 + 2 axoneme" for the total structure. (risingacademy.org)
The axoneme serves as the internal framework that sup- ports the cilium and provides a structure on which mechanical movement is generated. (pediagenosis.com)

Flagella and cilia are among the most highly conserved structures in biology: the eukaryotic flagella that first appeared on Earth in single-cell organisms some billion years ago are essentially identical to the cilia within humans, the most highly developed eukaryotes. (aip.org)
It has helped scientists to understand the role of flagella and cilia, two microscopic cellular structures vital to reproduction. (fertiligy.com)
The term undulipodium is used for an intracellular projection of a eukaryote cell with a microtuble array and includes both flagella and cilia. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Symptoms result from defective cilia motility. (medscape.com)
The DNAI1 gene is involved in the development of proper respiratory function, motility of spermatozoa, and asymmetrical organization of the viscera during embryogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
The function of Sp17 is not yet fully understood, but the protein's presence in cilia and flagella suggests a role in the regulation of motility. (biomedcentral.com)
and in many cases the zygote retains for some time its motility with the double number of cilia. (yourdictionary.com)

Just above the base, the cilium is composed of microtubular triplets (previously doublets) without associated structures, but at the tip, only the B subunits remain. (medscape.com)

The cilium is anchored at its base by cytoplasmic microtubules and a basal body comprised of a basal foot and rootlet. (medscape.com)
The cilium-centrosome complex contains triplet, doublet, and singlet microtubules. (nih.gov)
Here, we used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy methods to build atomic models of two types of human ciliary microtubule: the doublet microtubules of multiciliated respiratory cells and the distal singlet microtubules of monoflagellated human spermatozoa. (nih.gov)
Further, abnormal configuration of doublet microtubules was observed in the Cabyr -knockout spermatozoa , suggesting that the fibrous sheath is important. (biologists.com)
They are responsible for the formation of the highly organized core of microtubules found in cilia and flagella. (pediagenosis.com)
A motile cilium contains nine sets of doublet microtubules that form a hollow cylinder surrounding a central pair of singlet microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Recent evidence suggests that not all cilia contain this internal structure, and some may be missing the central pair of microtubules. (pediagenosis.com)
Eukaryote flagella are similar to cilia -another structure that extends out from the surface of cell and is used for movement-in that both are composed of nine pairs of microtubules (nine microtubule doublets) arranged around its circumference and one pair of microtubules (two microtubule siglets) running down the center, the 9 + 2 structure (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Cilia Drosophila Basal body Sensory neuron Spermatozoa Cilia are highly structured eukaryotic organelles that perform a variety of motile and sensory functions. (biologists.com)
Cilia also act in sensory roles at critical stages of embryonic development, and they are essential for the normal functioning of many tissues, including the kidney, during postnatal life. (pediagenosis.com)
We show that the sensory cilia of these neurons are malformed and the neurons are nonfunctional in d-plp mutants. (ox.ac.uk)
Cilia may also function as sensory organs. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

They described two patients with Kartagener syndrome who had immotile cilia and immotile spermatozoa. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] used the descriptive phrase "immotile cilia syndrome" to characterize male patients with sterility and chronic respiratory infections. (medscape.com)

[ 5 ] coined the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with Kartagener syndrome had cilia that were not immobile but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern. (medscape.com)
In Kartagener syndrome and immobile cilia, spermatozoa do not move, although such men are potentially fertile. (medprep.info)

Short, hair-like structures called cilia (plural: cilium) are used to transport materials or complete cells, like paramecia, along the surface of cells (such as the cilia of cells lining the Fallopian tubes, which transport the ovum into the uterus, or the cilia of cells lining the respiratory system, which capture particulate matter and transport it toward the nose). (risingacademy.org)

DNAI1 codes for the development of cilia ultrastructure in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, spermatozoa flagellae, and nodal cilia (cilia of the primitive node). (wikipedia.org)
Figure A is from Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y, Okada Y. Left-right determination: involvement of molecular motor KIF3, cilia, and nodal flow. (medscape.com)

Other functions include formation of the basic structure for several complex cytoplasmic organelles, including the centrioles, basal bodies, cilia, and flagella (Fig. 4.7). (pediagenosis.com)
Basal bodies are more numerous than centrioles and are found near the cell membrane in association with cilia and flagella. (pediagenosis.com)

In addition, many males with PCD have immobile spermatozoa or dysfunction of cilia in the epididymal duct, leading to infertility [ 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)

We observed that CaMKIIα colocalizes with MUPP1 in the acrosomal region of epididymal spermatozoa where the kinase selectively binds to a region encompassing PDZ domains 10-11 of MUPP1. (biologists.com)
Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates gene expression profile of epididymal principal cells through the primary cilium. (ulaval.ca)
Girardet L , Bernet A , Calvo E , Soulet D , Joly-Beauparlant C , Droit A , Cyr DG , Belleannée C . Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates gene expression profile of epididymal principal cells through the primary cilium. (ulaval.ca)

Arbitrarily used terminology include cilium, which means an eyelash, and flagellum, which means a whip. (risingacademy.org)
The number of cilia on the cell surface is significantly greater (ciliated cells typically contain hundreds of cilia, whereas flagellated cells possess a single flagellum). (risingacademy.org)
A cilium transports water perpendicular to its axis and, as a result, perpendicular to the cell surface, whereas a flagellum moves water parallel to its axis. (risingacademy.org)
Ciliated cells typically possess a large number of cilia, whereas flagellated cells have only one flagellum. (pediagenosis.com)
The middle of the mammalian spermatozoon contains mitochondria that power the movement of the flagellum of the sperm. (ipfs.io)
The structural similarity of cilia and eukaryote flagella, and the substantial differences between flagella in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, is such that some authorities group cilia and eukaryote flagella together and consider cilium simply a special type of flagellum-one organized such that many flagella (cilia) may work in synchrony (Patterson 2000). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
For example, the cilia on human lung cells sweep foreign particles and mucus toward the mouth and nose, while the flagellum on a human sperm cell allows it to swim. (pressbooks.pub)

Complex filamentous cytoplasmic structures like cilia and flagella are projecting through the cell wall. (risingacademy.org)

Fertilisation of an ovum by a spermatozoon results in the formation of a zygote. (biologydiscussion.com)

Ciliates use small flagella called cilia to move through the water. (ipfs.io)
In Protozoa - a diverse group of single-celled, microscopic or near-microscopic protist eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals-those organisms with flagella ( flagellates ) are generally placed in the phylum Zoomastigina (or Mastigophora), whereas those with cilia (ciliates) are placed in phylum Ciliophora. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In humans, the spermatozoa are the only cell type with flagella. (pediagenosis.com)
They also provide aesthetic value to humans , whether through the unique light-scattering produced by the rows of cilia, which appear as a changing rainbow of colors moving down the comb rows (Mills 2005), or their gelatinous transparent and sometimes colorful (though generally colorless) bodies, or the bioluminescence of many species. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Cilia propel overlying mucus via a two-part ciliary beat cycle. (medscape.com)
Cilia, in particular, are essential to human development and physiology: They help to clear mucus from our respiratory system, waft ova along the female reproductive tract, and establish the left-right asymmetry of the developing vertebrate embryo. (aip.org)

Electron microscopic inquiry of spermatozoa-SIF interactions revealed multiple and proground alterations in the structure of spermatozoa. (upb.ro)

Cilia are found on the apical (luminal) surfaces of many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the upper respiratory system. (pediagenosis.com)
By using the epididymis as a model system, we determined the contribution of primary cilia in the regulation of epithelial cell functions through the transduction of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. (ulaval.ca)
Figure 4.4.6 Brush-like cilia on lung epithelial cells. (pressbooks.pub)

In contrast, eukaryotic flagella, such as those deployed by spermatozoa and green algae, are flexible and actively deforming. (aip.org)
When several eukaryotic flagella are closely spaced on a surface to form a carpet, they are often referred to as cilia. (aip.org)

Cilia primarily use a waving action to move substances across the cell, such as the ciliary esculator found in the respiratory tract. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

By acquiring new and reanalyzing previous cryo-electron tomography data, we show that SPACA9-like intralumenal striations are common features of different microtubule types in animal cilia. (nih.gov)
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions whose enclosing membrane is continuous with the cell membrane. (pediagenosis.com)

The cilia beating together allow the Paramecium to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second. (ipfs.io)

They are the largest animal to use cilia for locomotion. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

First, the power stroke occurs when a fully extended cilium moves perpendicular to the cell surface in an arclike manner. (medscape.com)

Selected proteins can operate normally thanks to cilia. (risingacademy.org)

[ 3 ] discovered that bronchial mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with similar respiratory complaints showed cilia that appeared abnormal and were poorly mobile. (medscape.com)

A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the Paramecium , a one-celled, ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia. (ipfs.io)

From the metachronal synchronisation of tracheal cilia to transport mu- cus, to the propulsive undulatory motion of sperm flagella, cells of all shapes and sizes use filament-like structures in a variety of fluid environments. (bham.ac.uk)
Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display collective behavior in a metachronal rhythm . (ipfs.io)

Primary cilia (PC) are organelles that sense and respond to dynamic changes of the extracellular milieu through the regulation of target genes. (ulaval.ca)

Mostowy and Cossart, 2012 ), including the cytokinetic furrow, the annulus of spermatozoa, the base of cellular protrusions (e.g., cilium and dendritic spines), and the phagocytic cup surrounding invasive bacterial pathogens ( Fig. 1 ). (silverchair.com)
Hence, the cilia make a leftward swing at the fluid surface and a rightward swing at the cellular surface. (medscape.com)

The cilia within the tube, and muscular contractions resulting from the movement of the egg, create a forward motion. (themasterpiecemom.com)

The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella . (ipfs.io)

In Limulus Lankester found (15) the spermatozoa to possess active flagelliform " tails," and to resemble very closely those of Scorpio which, as are those of most terrestrial Arthropoda, are actively motile . (yourdictionary.com)

Then, the recovery stroke follows, in which the entire cilium bends and returns to its starting point near the cell surface. (medscape.com)
The action is biphasic, with the effective stroke causing the cilium to remain stiff and bend just at the base, and the recovery stroke causing the bend to extend to the tip. (risingacademy.org)
During movement, an individual cilium deforms using a high-friction power stroke followed by a low-friction recovery stroke. (ipfs.io)

Although they beat in distinct ways, cilia and flagella are fundamentally identical. (risingacademy.org)

in spermatozoa , and whether they contribute to the regulation of acrosomal secretion. (biologists.com)

It moves thanks to the muscles and the cilia. (scienceasker.com)

Peg cells located between the ciliated cells produce the tubular fluid, which provides nutrients for the spermatozoa and oocyte. (radiologykey.com)

Such findings bring us closer to a molecular understanding of the subtle immune balance observed in some epithelia, including the epididymis and the intestine, which are organs featuring both tolerance toward autoimmune spermatozoa (or commensal bacteria) and defense against pathogens. (ulaval.ca)

singular cilium), shown below (Figure 4.4.5), that give it other functions. (pressbooks.pub)

Spermatids later metamorphoses into male gametes called spermatozoa. (saralstudy.com)
These spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by the process called spermiogenesis. (saralstudy.com)
It is the process of transforming spermatids into matured spermatozoa or sperms. (saralstudy.com)

(a) They produce male gametes called spermatozoa by the process of spermatogenesis. (saralstudy.com)

Loeb also theorized about normal development, which occurs after a spermatozoon enters an egg. (asu.edu)
On the one hand, by the movement of the cilia of the epidermis on the surfaces that usually occurs in the smallest bogs. (scienceasker.com)

The Drosophila pericentrin-like protein is essential for cilia/flagella function, but appears to be dispensable for mitosis. (ox.ac.uk)

One ciliate will generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. (ipfs.io)

This fluid progresses toward the lateral end of the fallopian tube near the ovary in the opposite direction of the motion of the cilia and is excreted into the peritoneal cavity, accounting for the frequent finding of a small amount of simple free fluid in the female pelvis at all stages of the menstrual cycle. (radiologykey.com)

Once a cilium starts to move, the complete beat cycle is obligatory. (medscape.com)
These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move. (ipfs.io)

Ctenophores (phylum Ctenophora ), also known as comb jellies , are marine invertebrates that have eight rows of comb-like cilia on their transparent, gelatinous bodies. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

The structure and function of cilia is shown here. (medscape.com)

An ATPase called dynein transfers the energy generated during ATP hydrolysis into the mechanical labour required to beat cilia and flagella. (risingacademy.org)

This gene affects these three very different aspects of development because all three are dependent on proper cilia function. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy44

Organisms14

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Dynein arms6

Motile cilia4

Axoneme2

Flagella and cilia3

Motility4

Associated structures1

Microtubules8

Sensory4

Immotile2

Kartagener2

Uterus1

Nodal2

Centrioles2

Immobile1

Epididymal3

Flagellum7

Cytoplasmic1

OVUM1

Ciliates2

Humans2

Mucus2

Microscopic1

Epithelial3

Eukaryotic2

Respiratory tract1

Microtubule2

Propel1

Locomotion1

Perpendicular1

Proteins1

Abnormal1

Paramecium1

Metachronal2

Organelles1

Cellular2

Muscular1

Propulsive1

Possess1

Stroke3

Identical1

Regulation1

Moves1

Oocyte1

Molecular1

Functions1

Spermatids3

Spermatogenesis1

Occurs2

Protein1

Generally1

Fluid1

Move2

Bodies1

Structure1

Mechanical1

Function1