Sperm researchers woman s egg. Medical search. Frequent questions

The researchers then transferred 11 embryos into female macaques, resulting in one pregnancy and subsequent live birth. (eurekalert.org)
The best option currently for a female cancer patient to preserve fertility is to collect eggs, fertilize them with sperm, and freeze the resulting embryos. (nih.gov)
The UW researchers contacted The Jackson Laboratory for the embryos, and staff there brought the strain back to life after the 30-year freeze. (sciencedaily.com)
Seven formed "early stage embryos" when sperm was injected. (bioedge.org)
What we've shown is that by watching, you can detect some differences in the movements in the cell cycle of those [embryos] that are carrying errors from those that are more likely to survive," said study researcher Renee Reijo Pera, who studies stem cells and early embryo development at Stanford University. (livescience.com)
Attempts to create embryos from males and males have been studied before, and 'researchers have been working on this feat for years,' said Keith Latham, a developmental biologist at the University of Michigan East Lansing. (gigazine.net)
The eggs formed in this way were fertilized with mouse sperm, and the embryos were transplanted into the uterus of female mice. (gigazine.net)
To screen the embryos, several eggs are extracted from the mother's body and the eggs are fertilized by the father's sperm. (dosmundos.com)
In a typical IVF procedure, doctors collect a woman's eggs (mature oocytes) and a man's sperm and combine them in a laboratory dish to make embryos for implantation. (riken.jp)
Doug Turnbull and his fellow researchers at Newcastle University have created 80 human embryos using this method, but it's currently illegal to place these embryos in a mother's uterus. (gizmodo.com)
Writing in the journal Nature Communications, researchers said Wednesday, July 4 they've succeeded in creating embryos using frozen northern white rhino sperm and eggs from a southern white rhino. (thegardenisland.com)
It's the first time such hybrid embryos have been created, and the scientists from Europe and the United States hope it will provide a pathway to saving the northern white rhino sub-species, of which only two females remain. (thegardenisland.com)
The darting creatures quickly release sperm and eggs, and fertilized embryos rain down to the bottom. (spectrumnews.org)
Both IVF and ICSI involve joining a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a lab dish, then - if fertilization is successful - transferring one or more embryos to the woman's uterus. (health.am)
Gene Editing Sperm and Eggs (not Embryos): Does it Make a Legal or Ethical Difference? (cdc.gov)

During this phase, researchers are periodically monitoring the man's sperm count. (wlrh.org)
The extra chromosome can also come from the man's sperm. (healthy.net)
One technique is known as maternal spindle transfer, in which nuclear DNA is taken from one woman's egg and inserted into the empty nucleus of another woman's egg, which can then be fertilized with the man's sperm. (gizmodo.com)
The other option is called pronuclear transfer, where a woman's egg is first fertilized by the man's sperm. (gizmodo.com)

A new study, published in Human Reproduction, found that exercise helps increase sperm motility. (bigthink.com)
It could be sperm count, but it could also be size, shape, or motility. (bigthink.com)
To impregnate a woman, three important factors were considered: sperm concentration, sperm morphology, and motility. (bigthink.com)
Those who exercised the most had the best sperm motility, while those who exercised least showed the worst results. (bigthink.com)
Researchers from Brazil found that men who drink coffee have higher sperm motility compared to non coffee drinkers, which means that in the future caffeine could be used as the basis of an infertility treatment for men. (thenakedscientists.com)
Prior studies of microfluidic devices have shown that motility of the sperm sample increased to almost 100 percent and morphology of the isolated sperm also was improved after microfluidic sorting. (fau.edu)
In aquatic habitats, gametes are released into the water where sperm acquire motility and navigate to the egg. (elifesciences.org)
Heavy smokers have also been shown to have lower sperm motility, another way of saying the ability of sperm to travel through the female reproductive tract in search of an egg to fertilize. (dailymail.co.uk)

Follicles are the pockets within the ovary that support and nourish eggs as they prepare to be released for fertilization. (bostonglobe.com)
These technologies could enable women who have lost their fertility to age or illness to conceive with their own eggs - and to do so with far less suffering than in vitro fertilization (IVF) currently exacts. (bostonglobe.com)
Despite the popular idea that the fastest and fittest male reproductive cell is the one that wins the fertilization race, research has shown that spermatozoa often team up to navigate the female reproductive tract in a wide range of mammalian species. (frontiersin.org)
In the longer term, our understanding may provide better selection of sperm used for intervention such as in vitro fertilization or other assisted-reproduction technologies," Tung said. (frontiersin.org)
These earlier attempts failed to develop good quality eggs that were healthy enough for fertilization. (nih.gov)
Fertilization is the fusion between an ovum and a sperm cell. (bigthink.com)
To examine how the location of fertilization influences sperm evolution, the researchers compiled data on sperm size from more than 3,200 animal species - ranging from corals to mammals, including humans - and classified each species based on where sperm and eggs meet. (su.se)
In species with internal fertilization - like mammals, birds and insects - sperm fertilize eggs inside the female's body, while in species with external fertilization - like sea urchins and many fish species - sperm and eggs are released into the water and fertilization happens outside of the female's body", explains Ariel Kahrl. (su.se)
The researchers found that sperm were on average six times longer and changed size more rapidly in animals that use internal fertilization compared to sperm from animals that use external fertilization. (su.se)
The researchers also examined a third form of fertilization found in invertebrates called spermcasting, where sperm are released externally and then filtered out of the water by females where they then fertilize eggs inside the female. (su.se)
Spermcasting represents a mix of internal and external fertilizations, which gave us the opportunity to see what part of the fertilization process influenced sperm evolution", says John Fitzpatrick, an associate professor in Zoology at Stockholm University and the senior author of the study. (su.se)
The idea that fertilization environment influences how sperm size has been around for more than 60 years. (su.se)
Publication: The article, "Fertilization mode drives sperm length evolution across the animal tree of life" is under publication in Nature Ecology and Evolution. (su.se)
So how is it possible to select only the best sperm for assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization? (fau.edu)
While in vitro fertilization, intrauterine insemination, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection have been effective treatment options for infertile couples, only about one-third of these methods result in live births. (fau.edu)
Asghar is currently working on developing easy-to-use and inexpensive sperm sorting devices that have applications in intrauterine insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and in vitro fertilization. (fau.edu)
suspect that this unusual swimming behaviour guides sperm through a small hole in the protective coating of fish eggs, which eventually leads to fertilization. (elifesciences.org)
By contrast, mammalian fertilization happens in confined compartments of the female oviduct. (elifesciences.org)
Two chemicals found in anti-fertility folk medicines block a key step in fertilization - the meeting of egg and sperm - and may make effective alternatives to today's hormone-based contraceptives, which sometimes cause side effects. (berkeley.edu)
Also, because the chemicals prevent fertilization, they may be a more acceptable alternative in the eyes of those who object to emergency contraceptives, such as Plan B, that prevent the implantation of a potentially viable fertilized egg. (berkeley.edu)
Polina Lishko and her lab colleagues study the hormones and other chemicals that regulate fertilization of the egg by sperm. (berkeley.edu)
This has already been tested in monkeys, and researchers at the Oregon National Primate Research Center found the technique had the same birth success rate as monkeys born using traditional in-vitro fertilization. (gizmodo.com)
In an analysis of 10 studies mostly conducted in the past decade, Israeli researchers found that most of the studies showed no clear relationship between men's age and couples' odds of success with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (health.am)
Reproductive Technologies Not Tied to Maternal CVD No increase in risk for cardiovascular disease was seen among women who gave birth after in vitro fertilization or the use of other assisted reproductive technologies. (medscape.com)
During in vitro fertilization, sperm from the man and several eggs from the woman are placed in a culture dish. (msdmanuals.com)

Currently, women undergoing IVF must take a series of extremely expensive hormone injections to stimulate their ovaries to mature eggs, which can cause cramping, bloating, headaches, mood disruptions, and painful ovarian swelling. (bostonglobe.com)
They become an egg in the female ovaries or sperm in the male testes. (dana-farber.org)
Researchers have already identified experimental methods to freeze entire ovaries or strips of ovarian tissue and implant them in a woman's body when she is ready to have children. (nih.gov)
Of the atrazine-exposed males that didn't develop ovaries, 80 percent were unable to produce sperm. (nationalgeographic.com)
Smoking may also decrease blood flow to the ovaries, which might contribute to ovarian aging and decreased egg quality and quantity. (bellaonline.com)
When women hit their 50s, most will start to experience menopause, when their ovaries stop producing fertile eggs. (iflscience.com)
But now a team of researchers are claiming that they have managed to reverse menopause, New Scientist reports, stimulating the ovaries to release fertile eggs. (iflscience.com)
By injecting the ovaries with what is known as Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which is widely used to speed up the repair of damaged bones and tissue (though these claims are in question), the researchers somehow managed to stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs. (iflscience.com)
With many unwilling, uncomfortable, or unable to take replacement hormone therapy, turning back the time on the ovaries could potentially be a solution for these women. (iflscience.com)
It is defined as any procedure that involves surgically removing eggs from a womanâ€™s ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the womanâ€™s body or donating them to another woman. (cdc.gov)

Researchers have identified the first gene linked to the productivity of the stem cells that produce sperm in mammals. (sciencedaily.com)
What researchers are trying to do is unravel the mystery of the adult germ stem cells in male testicles, which are capable of producing an average of 1,500 sperm during every human heartbeat - or an average of 130 million sperm a day. (sciencedaily.com)
To maintain that high a sperm output, you need many functioning stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
But the stem cells have to walk a tightrope and carefully balance the decision to become a sperm with the decision to stay a stem cell, so that the sperm output is maintained for all of these years," said Dr. Robert Braun, associate professor of genome sciences in the University of Washington School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers call stem cells 'pluripotent' cells, meaning that any given stem cell can become any of several types. (sciencedaily.com)
In the adult testicles, the germ stem cells can produce more germ stem cells, but can also produce daughter cells that go on to become sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
But researchers do not know how the germ stem cells "decide" whether to create other germ stem cells or commit to becoming sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
Buaas and Braun agreed that it sounded as if the mice were born with germ stem cells, the cells that produce sperm, but then lost their germ line early in puberty. (sciencedaily.com)
After a series of tests, the researchers concluded that because of the mutation, the cells were more likely to convert from germ stem cells into sperm, than to produce more germ stem cells to keep the process going. (sciencedaily.com)
Using a fluorescent antibody against the PLZF protein, the researchers were able to show directly that PLZF is expressed in the adult germ stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers went on to show that another protein, OCT4, which functions to maintain the stem cells in the early embryo and in cultured embryonic stem cells, is also present in the adult germ stem cell. (sciencedaily.com)
Japanese researchers have used stem cells to create viable eggs in living mice. (abc.net.au)
Signaling factors like those that happen in nature then guide the stem cells to become sperm or eggs . (naturalnews.com)
It is already thought that throughout a woman's life, a small number of stem cells continue to make eggs, but no one yet knows the details of this, or if this new technique somehow taps into this natural process. (iflscience.com)
Researchers hope to use stem cells to repair or replace cells or tissues damaged or destroyed by such disorders as Parkinson disease, diabetes, and spinal injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
By triggering certain genes, researchers may be able to cause the stem cells to specialize and become the cells that need to be replaced. (msdmanuals.com)
But researchers think that these stem cells have the most potential for producing different kinds of cells and for surviving after transplantation. (msdmanuals.com)
Germ cells (eggs and sperm) and stem cells contain an enzyme, telomerase, that restores telomere length. (cdc.gov)

Unlike in sea urchins, which release sperm and eggs into the seawater, the conditions in the narrow human fallopian tube are very difficult to emulate in experiments. (mpg.de)

Or even same-sex couples to create sperm from biological females or eggs from biological males and conceive children who are genetically related to both parents. (bostonglobe.com)
Note: The studies mentioned here are typically done on cisgender males between 18 and 50, so this story refers to the medications as "male contraception," and their target demographic as "men" or "males," though people of other genders can produce sperm. (wlrh.org)
For instance, male frogs exposed to atrazine have lower testosterone levels, produce less sperm, and even change their mating habits by choosing males over females. (nationalgeographic.com)
The other two frogs mated with males and laid eggs that hatched and grew to adulthood. (nationalgeographic.com)
When sperm are released externally, selection keeps sperm size small to allow males to produce a lot of sperm", says Rhonda Snook, a professor in Zoology and an author of the paper. (su.se)
One pair of these is a sex chromosome, and has a combination of XX in females and XY in males. (gigazine.net)
reported that using ES cells successfully produced puppies from two females or from two males. (gigazine.net)
Researchers developed a mathematical model showing that this odd reproductive tactic could eventually eliminate the need for males in the species altogether. (livescience.com)
Once the parasitic sperm infection became widespread among the insect's population, the females would be more inclined to reproduce with these "parasitic fathers" than with living males. (livescience.com)
But we found that in this species of temperate fish - the common triplefin - both males and females had larger gonads under conditions of ocean acidification. (earth.com)
We also found there were more mature males under elevated CO2 and, in this species where it is the males that take care of the eggs, that means we have more parents nurturing the egg nests, which could increase offspring. (earth.com)
However, researchers had preserved frozen samples from several males beforehand, as a kind of insurance policy that the species won't be completely wiped out. (zmescience.com)
The term anisogamy describes a form of sexual reproduction in which the gametes, or sex cells, produced by the two sexes differ in dimension, as males produce smaller gametes (sperm) and females produce larger gametes (egg cells). (alleydog.com)
Males have developed the capacity to produce large numbers of small gametes, which gives them more reproductive advantages in comparison to females since they produce a lower number of sex cells and expend more energy during this process. (alleydog.com)
Using mathematical models, the researchers found that if the only initial difference between the sexes is the size of the sex cells they make (sperm by males and eggs by females), evolution does not favor females becoming more attentive parents. (vetscite.org)
Although females tend to care more than males, there is much variation among species. (vetscite.org)
In many fish, for example, only males guard eggs and defend babies, but in mammals females usually care alone. (vetscite.org)
One factor that could set the ball rolling is an inevitable difference in the certainty of parentage of males and females," said Prof Michael Jennions from the Australian National University, "with many more sperm than eggs, it is often hard for a male to be sure that he is the father. (vetscite.org)
Many researchers have put forward arguments to explain why females care more than males, but this new study provides formal confirmation based on solid maths. (vetscite.org)
In some frog species, paternal care increases male reproductive success because females prefer caring males. (bvsalud.org)
Experimental releases may include females and males and evaluation must consider their effects based on the number released, their genotype and phenotype, the environment into which they are released, and postrelease collection activities. (cdc.gov)

It turns out sperm go against the flow better when they swim together. (frontiersin.org)
First, in the absence of flow, clustered sperm seem to change direction less frequently and swim in a straighter line. (frontiersin.org)
Watching sperm swim isn't just a scientific sport. (frontiersin.org)
Another area of research targets precise points in the sperm's life cycle, including its ability to swim, or to fertilize an egg. (wlrh.org)
To increase chances of procreation, there needs to be a lot of swimmers, successful sperm have to have the right shape and size, and they have to know how to swim. (bigthink.com)
In a new article published in Nature Ecology and Evolution, researchers from Stockholm University show that animal sperm evolution become supercharged only when sperm swim inside females. (su.se)
The most healthy and motile sperm swim through the porous membrane leaving behind less functional and dead sperm in the bottom chamber. (fau.edu)
Sperm swim upstream in the reproductive track toward the egg using their tail, which normally moves with a steady, rhythmic motion. (berkeley.edu)
The toxic chemicals used to give vapes their fruity or minty flavor are also feared to damage the body's production of sperm, and their ability to swim. (dailymail.co.uk)
Rats exposed to cigarette smoke had smaller and lighter testes than the e-cigarette and unexposed groups and lower number of sperm able to swim. (dailymail.co.uk)
COVID Could Impair Men's Sperm for Months: Study A COVID infection can reduce sperm count and hinder the ability of sperm to swim for at least 3 months, according to European researchers. (medscape.com)

In many of these studies, genetic mutations transported through a father's sperm were suspected to increase the risks. (cbsnews.com)

The successful fertilisation of an egg using biological material from two women may have moved the world closer to three-parent babies. (bioedge.org)
It is thought that most trisomies are caused by an abnormal division in the egg that occurs before fertilisation. (healthy.net)
Scientists from the caesar research centre in Bonn, an Institute of the Max Planck Society, have now discovered that sperm do not function like olfactory cells - a finding that casts doubt on the assumption that scents play a role in fertilisation. (mpg.de)
As early as 2014, researchers in the UK had discovered the JUNO protein on egg cells, which plays a crucial role in the sperm and egg cell binding and fertilisation. (lu.se)

A 2017 meta-analysis discovered that worldwide, the average sperm count dropped from 99 million sperm per milliliter in 1973 to 47 million in 2011. (bigthink.com)
The rats exposed to e-cigarette vapor had lower sperm counts, measuring 95.1 million sperm per milliliter for the e-cigarette group compared to 98.5 million per milliliter for the control group. (dailymail.co.uk)

The physics of how sperm navigate their way to an egg in mammals, including humans, are not well understood. (frontiersin.org)
In sperm of marine invertebrates and mammals, Ca 2+ signalling has been intensely studied, whereas for fish little is known. (elifesciences.org)

More successful IVF, egg cells from men, and sperm cells from women? (bostonglobe.com)
Or enable men with infertility problems to generate healthy sperm from other kinds of cells. (bostonglobe.com)
Researchers Grow Immature Egg Cells in the Laboratory for 30 Days. (nih.gov)
Almost all cases of this condition result from new (de novo) variants in the CDKL5 gene that occur during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or in early embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
The abnormal cells showed more variations in their cell-division cycles than normal cells, the researchers found. (livescience.com)
Combining data about the abnormal timing with other signs that something has gone wrong (such as fragmented DNA and asymmetrical cell sizes within a developing embryo) could reliably show which cells have the right number of chromosomes and which don't, the researchers report. (livescience.com)
Sperm cells and egg. (su.se)
In 2020, Professor Katsuhiko Hayashi, who studies genome biology at the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, started a project to create eggs using cells collected from adult male mice. (gigazine.net)
In particular, the question of how much of the epigenetic chemical decoration of DNA, which affects gene activity, is inherited in eggs derived from male cells is also expected in future research. (gigazine.net)
Michinori Saito, a collaborator and a developmental biologist at Kyoto University, said that using this research method to create eggs from human cells could take a considerable amount of time, and the culture period would be long. (gigazine.net)
These are devices that use small volumes of fluid, can enable more control to precisely sort cells within small volumes, and are created to mimic what happens naturally in the female genital tract. (fau.edu)
In general, sperm cells become attracted to egg cells by various chemical or physical signals. (elifesciences.org)
In 2009, researchers identified a potassium ion channel, called CNGK, that starts the electrical signal in the sperm cells of sea urchins. (elifesciences.org)
This channel is activated by signalling molecules inside cells, called 'cyclic nucleotides', and its activity ultimately leads to calcium ions flowing into the sperm cell's tail. (elifesciences.org)
including some of the researchers involved in the 2009 work - now report that the CNGK channel also exists in the sperm cells of a freshwater fish, the zebrafish. (elifesciences.org)
Unexpectedly, the CNGK channel is located in the heads of this fish's sperm cells rather than in the tails. (elifesciences.org)
These findings suggest that while channel proteins found in sperm cells from different species look similar and serve similar roles, they are activated in ways that can be very different. (elifesciences.org)
Egg cells can repair themselves from damage caused by radiation far better than doctors ever thought. (abc.net.au)
In the meantime, the BioRescue team is working on ways to turn preserved skin cells (from deceased rhinos) into eggs or sperm. (zmescience.com)
Immature sperm cells, known as spermatocytes, can get stuck part way through the chromosomal-sorting process called meiosis. (riken.jp)
The faulty cells degenerate in the testes, and so men fail to produce any measurable sperm in their semen. (riken.jp)
Through a simple tweak to developing egg cells, RIKEN researchers have found a way to restore these abnormal spermatocytes and produce viable offspring. (riken.jp)
The "Lily of the Valley phenomenon" - also the title of a book about smelling - was born as a result of this discovery that sperm act as swimming olfactory cells which follow a "scent trail" laid by the egg. (mpg.de)
According to another model, the female sex hormone progesterone - which is formed by cumulus cells near the ovum - attracts the sperm. (mpg.de)
The chemicals are effective at low doses that seem to have no adverse effect on egg or sperm, other than to prevent the sperm from pushing through the cells that congregate around the egg and an enveloping membrane called the zona pelucida. (berkeley.edu)
They work by stopping sperm's power kick, which is normally stimulated by the hormone progesterone secreted by cells surrounding the egg and makes the sperm's tail whip forcefully to propel it toward and into the egg. (berkeley.edu)
However, once sperm reach the egg and its protective cluster of cells, their tails switch to a whiplike motion, a power kick that gets the sperm through the scrum and into the egg. (berkeley.edu)
In addition to measuring sperm count, testes weight and size, and sperm mobility, the researchers looked at the structure of the testes in each group under a microscope to assess any changes to the health of cells in the testes. (dailymail.co.uk)
There are a lot of potential uses for IVG, ranging from helping infertile women create eggs using their own skin cells to allowing for two men to create a baby related to both of them biologically. (naturalnews.com)
The researchers say that cells from women could be used to produce sperm, but that sperm would only be able to produce female babies because they lack a Y chromosome. (naturalnews.com)
One stem cell researcher points out the possibility of a man producing the sperm as well as the eggs, essentially cloning himself, while others have said that people could try to create a baby with someone else's skin cells - which are easily obtainable as humans shed a lot of skin each day - without their permission or knowledge . (naturalnews.com)
Researchers believe that anisogamy evolved from isogamy (where produced sex cells are equal in size) in order to ensure the reproductive success of the species, given that all animals capable of sexually reproducing are anisogamous. (alleydog.com)
Specialized cells that surround and nourish egg cells release progesterone, which makes calcium ions rush into human sperm. (acs.org)
She told the BBC that her team had been able to successfully fertilise mice eggs in lab cultures using other cells in the body known as somatic cells. (technoccult.net)
They plan to harvest the females' egg cells soon and produce "pure" northern white rhinos to be borne by a southern white surrogate in three years. (thegardenisland.com)
They're also working on a second method that would see sperm and eggs produced from preserved cells of northern white rhinos. (thegardenisland.com)

In at least 40 percent of couples, sperm (or lack of) is the problem. (bigthink.com)
With further refinements and safety tests, the technique could eventually provide a new avenue for childbearing among couples unable to produce viable sperm for traditional IVF. (riken.jp)
Overall, the researchers found, most of the studies failed to find an association between men's age and sperm quality, the odds of couples' conceiving or the chances of ultimately having a baby. (health.am)
However, the researchers point out, it was the only one of the group that was "prospective" - meaning it followed treatment-seeking couples over time, rather than reviewing their records after they had undergone fertility treatment. (health.am)

Another found similar weight loss for women with obesity following an 8:16 fasting plan for 3 months. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Now, a study has found that, in zebrafish, time-restricted eating had negative effects on the quality of both sperm and eggs and that the adverse effects continued after usual feeding resumed. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers found that during the study, there was no difference in somatic growth between the fasted and fully-fed fish. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Researchers have found biological benefits for sperm working together that may have implications for fertility studies. (frontiersin.org)
They found three potential biological benefits to sperm clustering, based on the strength of the current that the sperm must travel against. (frontiersin.org)
A few months later, they removed the tissue implants and found that both the fresh and frozen tissue had produced sperm. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers found that the follicles would grow if injected into a gelatin mixture. (nih.gov)
They conducted an experimental run of this process, and it was found to be successful for 25 out of 31 eggs. (bioedge.org)
Cannabis contains an active compound called tertahydrocannabinol or THC, which can acts on receptors found in human sperm. (thenakedscientists.com)
In spermcasters, the study found that sperm were small, like external fertilizers, but evolved rapidly, like internal fertilizers. (su.se)
However, researchers from Oxford University have found that the species' females fertilize their own eggs in a completely different and strange way. (livescience.com)
It seems that this infectious tissue derives from leftover sperm from their father, who has found a sneaky way of having more children by mating with his daughters . (livescience.com)
Cigarette smoke is full of toxins, and these toxins, especially the aromatic hydrocarbons found in smoke, kill eggs. (bellaonline.com)
The researchers found that higher levels of ocean acidification did not have negative effects on the fish. (earth.com)
Researchers first discovered this ingenious system in sea urchins and found out that attractants control the swimming movement of the sperm by altering their calcium balance. (mpg.de)
The CatSper channels, which are found only in sperm, play an indispensable role in reproduction: men who carry a gene defect for CatSper are infertile. (mpg.de)
Last year, the three researchers found that the hormone progesterone is key to opening the calcium channel and triggering tail whipping. (berkeley.edu)
A 2020 study conducted in Denmark on more than 2,000 men found that daily e-cigarette users had significantly lower total sperm count compared to non-users. (dailymail.co.uk)
Comparing the quality of DNA in sperm from diabetic and non-diabetic men, the study found that DNA fragmentation was greater in diabetic men (52 percent, versus 32 percent in non-diabetic men), and that there were more deletions of DNA in the cell mitochondria. (scienceagogo.com)
Scientists in Australia have found a way to fertilise eggs using genetic material from any cell in the body - and not just sperm. (technoccult.net)
A team of British researchers, led by Susan Golombok, a professor of family research and director of the Centre for Family Research at the University of Cambridge, has found that children born with the help of a surrogate may have more adjustment problems - at least at age 7 - than those born to their mother via donated eggs and sperm. (billmuehlenberg.com)
Infertility Treatments Up Risk for Stroke After Childbirth The rate for stroke-related hospitalizations increases as soon as 30 days after delivery and is 66% higher overall, researchers found. (medscape.com)
We found that both male and female parents increase egg survival, regardless of whether the breeding site is concealed or exposed. (bvsalud.org)

This influx of calcium ions in turn controls the beating of the tail and, thereby, steers the sperm cell towards the egg. (elifesciences.org)
In zebrafish sperm, a more alkaline pH inside the cell causes calcium ions to flow in and this influx of calcium ions triggers a unique spinning-like swimming movement that is different from the swimming of other sperm from other species. (elifesciences.org)
The massive influx of calcium into the sperm tail changes the sperm tail's beating pattern, making it highly asymmetrical," Mannowetz said. (berkeley.edu)

In the article, researchers from Stockholm University compiled the largest database on sperm morphology ever assembled and show that sperm size increases and changes rapidly when sperm operate inside the female's body. (su.se)

This may be needed as [these methods] typically skip some or all of the selection mechanisms present in the female tract and yield less favorable results. (frontiersin.org)

Male infertility accounts for about 30 to 50 percent of all infertility cases, and infertile men tend to have abnormal sperm characteristics such as low sperm concentration, poor sperm movement, abnormal shape and size, and high levels of damage to the DNA. (fau.edu)
A lack of a particular type of immune system cell could explain why some women are infertile, suggest Australian researchers. (abc.net.au)

Previous research by the team, led by scientists out of North Carolina A&T State University and Cornell University, first discovered that sperm naturally pull together without attaching to each other when swimming in viscoelastic fluid. (frontiersin.org)
Scientists recently discovered that the cottony cushion scale insect isn't a hermaphrodite - the species' females fertilize their own eggs through infectious, parasitic tissue that infects them at birth and is derived from the leftover sperm of their fathers. (livescience.com)
Infertility clues Crocodile sperm is more like human sperm than scientists previously thought, according to new research that could help in the search for causes of male human infertility. (abc.net.au)
According to a 2003 study by German and American scientists, a component of the Lily of the Valley scent known as Bourgeonal alters the calcium balance of human sperm and attracts the sperm. (mpg.de)
In a 2011 study, which was seen as a sensational breakthrough, scientists from the caesar research centre succeeded in showing that progesterone opens the CatSper channels directly and calcium flows through the channels into the sperm cell. (mpg.de)
If the scientists succeed in disrupting the effect of female factors on the CatSper channels, it could lead to the development of an innovative contraceptive: the pill for men. (mpg.de)

Sperm size varies dramatically among different animal species. (su.se)
Ca 2+ induces spinning-like swimming, different from swimming of sperm from other species. (elifesciences.org)
According to the researchers, less dominant fish species did not exhibit higher reproductive output, which was likely due to their less competitive nature. (earth.com)
With only two females surviving in captivity, the species is functionally extinct. (zmescience.com)
Other researchers have confirmed these sightings along with several other species including channel catfish, golden shiner, carp and bullfrogs. (seaturtles.org)
While researchers hope that the discovery of the turtle was an isolated incident, organizations like SPAWN and agencies such as CDFG are on the lookout for people who might knowingly or unknowingly introduce such species. (seaturtles.org)
Researchers are working hard to try and conserve these populations before it is too late for this rare species. (genomebc.ca)
Females tend to experience higher reproductive costs, but sample size is restricted to few species. (bvsalud.org)

Previous studies have shown that THC can stop sperm from binding to eggs and This new study from researchers in America, looked at sperm from 22 cannabis smoking men, revealed that they became prematurely hyperactive, which could lead to reduced fertilising capacity as the sperm can burn out too early before reaching the egg. (thenakedscientists.com)

For instance, the wood mouse sperm head has a hook that physically attaches it to other sperm, linking hundreds to thousands in a sort of sperm train that is speedier than lone sperm. (frontiersin.org)
The new findings build on earlier efforts by the research team, who grew mouse follicles in culture, induced the eggs they contained to mature, fertilized them with mouse sperm, and implanted them into female mice to establish pregnancy. (nih.gov)

And it's a process that the female partner may suffer through even when a couple's infertility problems are caused by the male partner. (bostonglobe.com)
Better understanding the physics of how sperm navigate through the complicated female reproductive tract to fertilize the egg may have implications for infertility treatments and beyond. (frontiersin.org)
At the 3rd International Summit on Human Genome Mutation Editing, held in London on March 8, 2023, an initial proof-of-concept of a technology that could potentially be used to treat infertility was presented: By fertilizing it and then transplanting it into a female mouse, we succeeded in producing a mouse from between a male and a male. (gigazine.net)
The egg adjustment also allowed for the production of pups from mouse spermatocytes containing a genetic defect linked to male infertility in humans. (riken.jp)
But regular cigarettes - which have long been tied to male infertility - were even worse in terms of lowering sperm count and disrupting sexual function. (dailymail.co.uk)
According to data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, almost 12 percent of U.S. women aged 15-44 years have reported using infertility services. (cdc.gov)

And since testosterone is necessary for sperm to reach maturation, the testes then produce fewer and fewer sperm. (wlrh.org)
Nicotine has long been tied to reduced sperm counts and low sperm density, when there are fewer sperm available to fertilize an egg and begin a pregnancy. (dailymail.co.uk)

Researchers usually try to explain sperm diversity by focusing on how sperm compete to fertilize eggs or how females choose which sperm fertilize their eggs", says Ariel Kahrl, a researcher in the Department of Zoology at Stockholm University. (su.se)
Female sharks sometimes have difficulty getting enough sperm to fertilize their eggs, so they get donations from different fathers. (theseamonster.net)

Like many other new means of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), surrogacy is claimed to help women, and be a great social good. (billmuehlenberg.com)
In surrogacy arrangements, a surrogate mother agrees to carry a baby for another woman, and give it up upon birth. (billmuehlenberg.com)
China Launches Campaign Against Illegal Fertility Treatments China will 'severely crack down' on illegal activities related to the use of assisted reproductive technologies such as the buying or selling of sperm or eggs and surrogacy, in a 6-month campaign to assuage widespread public concern. (medscape.com)

The researchers used zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), small tropical fish which share more than 70% of their genome with humans, for the study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In a compact room stacked high with tubs of zebrafish, a researcher selects one tub and pulls out the clear plastic divider separating an eager male fish from several waiting females. (spectrumnews.org)
But zebrafish share many genes with people, allowing researchers to study the function of candidates identified in human genetic screens of autism. (spectrumnews.org)

ICSI is typically used for male fertility problems, including a low sperm count or poor sperm quality. (health.am)

A higher sperm count typically translates to a higher likelihood of causing a pregnancy. (dailymail.co.uk)

This technique also is less efficient at selecting mature sperm or getting rid of sperm that are near death. (fau.edu)
But owing to errors in cell division, some men cannot make mature sperm with the proper chromosome count. (riken.jp)

Using this sorting technology, a technician just has to inject the semen sample into the device and can then collect healthy sperm from the top chamber in about 30 minutes, making it very easy to use. (fau.edu)

Other factors that are thought to increase sperm DNA fragmentation are being over 50 years old, smoking and being exposed to air pollution. (thenakedscientists.com)

Should there be a 'dead donor rule' for sperm donation? (bioedge.org)
But the Japanese team believes that injection of a nucleus into the cytoplasm of a donor (usually a younger woman) could sidestep this problem. (bioedge.org)
The interviews revealed that 40 percent were "definitely willing" to have their eggs fertilized with donor sperm and become single parents, with 40 percent undecided about conceiving without a partner. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Researchers are hoping to create donor eggs that possess mutation-free mitochondrial DNA, leaving the nucleus to be fertilized by the other two parents. (gizmodo.com)
A surrogate mum was paid $20,000 to bear the child of the deceased woman who had her eggs harvested and fertilised by an anonymous donor. (billmuehlenberg.com)

The research seeks to provide women who require a fertility-ending treatment with options for reproduction after their treatment is complete. (nih.gov)

Back in the 70s, researchers were able to position the luxoid mutation on mouse chromosome 9. (sciencedaily.com)
In other words, the sex chromosome contained in the egg is always X, and the sex chromosome contained in the sperm is either X or Y. The sex of the offspring is determined by the sex chromosomes of the sperm. (gigazine.net)

The researchers wanted to learn the possible biological benefits of this seemingly strange behavior at a scale and in a setting that's not easy to study - specifically, currents of viscoelastic fluid flowing through narrow channels in the female reproductive tract. (frontiersin.org)
In the current study, the authors removed and froze testicular tissue from five rhesus macaques too young to produce sperm. (eurekalert.org)
In previous attempts to grow follicles, researchers had set the follicles on a flat surface, which the study authors now believe does not mimic closely enough conditions inside the body. (nih.gov)
For the current study, the researchers started with so-called secondary follicles, which are at an intermediate stage of development. (nih.gov)
One of the most common weed-killers in the United States can transform male frogs into fully functional females, a new study says. (nationalgeographic.com)
The so-called pregnant man has company: One of the most common weed killers in the United States can make male frogs lay eggs, a new study says. (nationalgeographic.com)
A third study showed that overweight men have reduced fertility due to DNA fragmentation in their sperm. (thenakedscientists.com)
WASHINGTON - Some women are choosing to freeze their eggs to take the pressure off finding the right partner, according to the first study of women's motivations to use the service. (chinadaily.com.cn)
It turns out that females are not really fertilizing their eggs themselves, but instead are having this done by a parasitic tissue that infects them at birth," study researcher Laura Ross said. (livescience.com)
Lishko and her lab colleagues study male and female reproduction, including the hormones that trigger hyperactivity in sperm. (berkeley.edu)
In the latest study, researchers from Cumhuriyet University in Sivas, Turkey, looked at three groups of rats. (dailymail.co.uk)
This [study] is important, particularly given the overwhelming evidence that sperm DNA damage impairs male fertility and reproductive health. (scienceagogo.com)
Dr Fromhage said the study, published in Nature Communications, would lead to a more solid theoretical foundation to understand how male and female parental care evolves. (vetscite.org)
US Sperm Banks Lack Racial, Ethnic Diversity, Study Shows A new study demonstrated significant underrepresentation of Hispanic and Black donors. (medscape.com)
Spironolactone Effective Treatment for Women With HS, Study The anti-androgenic agent is used to treat HS in women, but there is a paucity of data on its efficacy and whether certain patient characteristics influence response. (medscape.com)
Big Geographic Access Gaps for Oncofertility Services in US A recent study uncovered significant geographic disparities in access to fertility preservation services for young women of reproductive age in the US. (medscape.com)
In a cross-sectional study in 2010, 276 men and 281 women were recruited at pre-marital counselling courses and completed a 33-item anonymous questionnaire in private. (who.int)
A panel of 10 experts who were public health and can significantly In this cross-sectional study, a consecu- specialized in SRH issues investigated influence general well-being and tive sample of 600 men and women the content validity of the question- the overall quality of life of all men who were engaged to be married and naire and reviewed the test specifica- and women [1]. (who.int)

As the lab-grown ovaroid is further refined to function reliably like a human follicle, its first and most obvious clinical use is probably to make IVF work a lot better for women. (bostonglobe.com)
In a series of experiments using bovine sperm (a good model for the human variety) and a microfluidic device to mimic the physical parameters of the female tract, they observed how sperm clustered in viscoelastic fluid reacted to different flow scenarios. (frontiersin.org)
Ethics Consult: Fertilize Human Egg With Neanderthal Sperm? (medpagetoday.com)
Last week, you voted on whether researchers should be allowed to fertilize a human egg with Neanderthal DNA-infused sperm . (medpagetoday.com)
Harvard geneticist George Church, PhD, has explained that once such DNA is reassembled inside a human cell, either a chimpanzee or an "extremely adventurous female human" might bring the clone to term. (medpagetoday.com)
The researchers have developed a method to advance undeveloped human eggs to near maturity, in laboratory cultures maintained outside the body. (nih.gov)
The researchers were able to grow human follicles in the laboratory for 30 days, until the eggs they contained were nearly mature. (nih.gov)
Finally, the researchers will have to demonstrate that they can freeze and thaw human follicles before growing them in culture. (nih.gov)
The new technique could provide an option for women and girls who have cancer and are not yet ready to start families," said Duane Alexander, M.D., director of NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), which manages this research, which was funded by the NIH Common Fund as part of an NIH Roadmap Interdisciplinary Research Consortium initiative. (nih.gov)
The researchers made the new advance by suspending the human follicle in a three-dimensional matrix of a gel-like material. (nih.gov)
human sperm are about the same size as animals that release their sperm into water. (su.se)
The sperm and egg normally each contain a single copy of all 23 human chromosomes. (riken.jp)
The CatSper channel: a polymodal chemosensor in human sperm. (mpg.de)
Human sperm take about five to six hours to mature once they enter the female reproductive system, which is enough time for the drug to enter the system and block the kick. (berkeley.edu)
Reporting the findings in the journal Human Reproduction , researcher Ishola Agbaje explained that the findings could have important implications given that the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide. (scienceagogo.com)
According to researchers, a fully developed basking shark can swallow a grown human up if it stretches it's over 3 feet wide mouth. (theseamonster.net)
Researchers, journalists, and inquiring minds want to know more about telomeres, which seem to hold clues to human aging and age-related diseases. (cdc.gov)

Researchers don't know the cause of germ cell tumors. (dana-farber.org)

DNA damage is one of the more important characteristics of sperm, because higher levels of damage are associated with lower pregnancy rates, early loss of pregnancy, and increased disease rates of offspring who are conceived through assisted reproductive technologies," said Waseem Asghar, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, and the Department of Biological Sciences at FAU. (fau.edu)
That's why it is so important to develop methods to select the healthiest sperm for assisted reproductive technologies. (fau.edu)
And compared to other techniques used for assisted reproductive technologies, the use of the microfluidic device resulted in significantly lower rates of DNA damage and improved sperm recovery using this method. (fau.edu)

Entomologists previously believed that the cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchase ) was able to fertilize its eggs without a male mate because it was a hermaphrodite , an organism that possesses the reproductive organs of both sexes. (livescience.com)
Les deux sexes ont obtenu des scores faibles en ce qui concerne leur connaissance de l'anatomie des organes génitaux, des infections sexuellement transmissibles et de l'utilisation de la contraception. (who.int)

After being fertilized in a laboratory, the egg is inserted into the woman's body. (dosmundos.com)
The "Lily of the Valley phenomenon" is a laboratory artefact: sperm do not have an olfactory signalling pathway. (mpg.de)

Against a mild to intermediate flow, clustered sperm are better aligned, like a school of fish heading upstream. (frontiersin.org)

The upside for the females: Mating with a close relative ensures they pass on more copies of their genes to future generations. (livescience.com)
Researchers have yet to figure out which genes within these genomic chunks are responsible for an increased risk for autism, however. (spectrumnews.org)
Prediction of Overall Survival Among Female Patients With Breast Cancer Using a Prognostic Signature Based on 8 DNA Repair-Related Genes. (cdc.gov)

Men also may be exposed to more environmental toxins as they age, which might also cause DNA mutations in sperm. (cbsnews.com)
Mitochondrial DNA is passed on exclusively by the mother, but some women carry mutations in their mitochondria that can cause severe health problems for their children. (gizmodo.com)
Development of a longitudinal two-biomarker algorithm for early detection of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA mutations. (cdc.gov)

Coffee speeds up sperm, cannabis makes them speed up and burn out quickly, and overweight men suffer from sperm DNA fragmentation. (thenakedscientists.com)
Other studies have already shown that, while the female egg has a limited ability to repair damaged sperm DNA, fragmentation beyond this threshold may result in increased rates of embryonic failure and pregnancy loss," said co-researcher Sheena Lewis. (scienceagogo.com)

Researchers have successfully frozen testicular tissue from monkeys too young to produce sperm and used this tissue to produce a pregnancy resulting in live, healthy offspring. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers said that far from the negative effects expected under the elevated CO2 levels in our oceans predicted for the end of the century, these fish capitalize on changes to the underwater ecosystems to produce more sperm and eggs. (earth.com)
D'Onofrio's team explained men continue to produce new sperm throughout their lives, and each time they replicate, there's a chance a DNA mutation might occur. (cbsnews.com)

In 2001, a furore erupted when an IVF centre in New Jersey injected cytoplasm from young eggs into older women's eggs to improve their quality. (bioedge.org)
Researchers have long thought that perhaps humans have so many problems because women's eggs degrade with age, Pera said. (livescience.com)
This may explain why older women have always been thought to have a higher risk of having a Down's syndrome baby, since older women's eggs are more likely to be abnormal. (healthy.net)

Just a whiff of a woman close to ovulation is enough to stimulate another woman's testosterone levels. (abc.net.au)
This suggests, she said, that stress and high testosterone levels in women decrease fertility in part by preventing sperm from penetrating the egg. (berkeley.edu)

Globally, sperm counts have gone down by over 50 percent over the last half-century. (bigthink.com)
The rats exposed to traditional cigarette smoke had sperm counts of about 89 million sperm/ml. (dailymail.co.uk)

Future studies should focus on creating sperm selection devices that can improve pregnancy outcomes and reduce birth defects. (fau.edu)

The tendency for sperm to cluster together as they make their way upstream through the thickish, elastic-like fluid of the female reproductive tract is more than just random behavior. (frontiersin.org)
Researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health have completed a critical first step in the eventual development of a technique to retain fertility in women with cancer who require treatments that might otherwise make them unable to have children. (nih.gov)
Of the millions of sperm that enter the vagina, only about 10 or so make it to the oocyte or egg, demonstrating how rigorous the natural sperm selection process really is. (fau.edu)
For men, it is also negative, but since they make more sperm in time, the effect is less dramatic. (bellaonline.com)
They measured how much sperm the animals could make, what their testicles looked like under a microscope and markers of stress in the blood and genitals. (dailymail.co.uk)
Women do not carry the genetic information required to make a boy. (technoccult.net)
The hormones involved in the process not only prevent the release of eggs, but can also make women more susceptible to heart, bone, and skin disease. (iflscience.com)
The medical technology company Spermosens, with the Lund inventor and alumnus Kushagr Punyani as founder, can make a difference with the diagnostic tool JUNO- Checked , which assesses the sperms' ability to bind to the egg cell and then be able to fertilise. (lu.se)

Each follicle supports and nourishes an egg cell. (bostonglobe.com)
The burden between men and women is so astronomically far apart," says Kramme, who is now vice president of cell engineering at biotech company Gameto, which has licensed the ovaroid technology from the Church Lab. (bostonglobe.com)
In females (who have two X chromosomes), a variant in one of the two copies of the CDKL5 gene in each cell causes the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
These snapshots were then strung together into time-lapse movies, which the researchers analyzed for the timing of various cell-division phases. (livescience.com)
Sperm are the most variable cell type known, ranging in size from 0.002 millimeters in a freshwater rotifer to nearly 6 centimeters in a fruit fly. (su.se)
Sperm have a long journey ahead in their quest for the egg cell or ovum, and just a few of the million sperm reach their destination. (mpg.de)
This asymmetrical bending gives the sperm cell enough force to drill through the tenacious egg vestment. (berkeley.edu)
They were also looking for changes in the areas where sperm are produced, signs of cell death, atrophy of tissues, and other markers of negative health impacts. (dailymail.co.uk)
The sperm fertilizes the egg and the resulting cell divides, forming an embryo. (msdmanuals.com)
Spermosens first product JUNO- Checked can examine the sperms' ability to bind to and fertilise the egg cell. (lu.se)

ART does not include treatments in which only sperm are handled (i.e., intrauterineâ€"or artificialâ€"insemination) or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved. (cdc.gov)

Calcium in the flagellum controls sperm navigation. (elifesciences.org)
Sperm, which are about 50 µm long, respond to progesterone via a calcium channel. (acs.org)
The new research suggests that progesterone works by opening a pH-sensitive calcium channel called CatSper, which resides on sperm tail membranes. (acs.org)

The technique focuses on the follicle, a tiny sac within the ovary that contains the immature egg. (nih.gov)
An additional benefit is that it will allow researchers to more closely follow the process by which immature eggs grow and mature. (nih.gov)
During the 30-day experiment, the follicle grew and produced hormones and the immature egg matured just as it would inside a woman's body. (nih.gov)

Male sperm count is declining globally. (bigthink.com)

It's called that because an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the woman's body. (dosmundos.com)

The researchers then isolated sperm from the previously frozen implants and used it to fertilize 138 eggs. (eurekalert.org)
Usually, most women have eggs frozen to preserve their fertility while they undergo treatment for cancer. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Doctors at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York interviewed 20 women with an average age of 38.6 who had chosen to have their eggs frozen. (chinadaily.com.cn)

There are only two northern white rhinos left in the world -- and they're both females. (zmescience.com)
In this Friday, March 2, 2018 file photo, keeper Zachariah Mutai attends to Fatu, one of only two female northern white rhinos left in the world, at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Laikipia county in Kenya. (thegardenisland.com)

The ovum supports the sperm in their quest by transmitting "chemical signposts", known as attractants. (mpg.de)
Using different "chemical signposts", the sperm must repeatedly reassure themselves on their difficult journey to the ovum that they are still on the right track. (mpg.de)
With the help of the CatSper channels as versatile and highly perceptive sensors, sperm can "read" the chemical milieu in the fallopian tube and find the ovum in this way. (mpg.de)

In the 15-day experimental period and after the return to unrestricted feeding, the researchers assessed both somatic (body) growth (by measurement of the tail fin) and reproductive performance, including the quality of eggs and sperm produced. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Ketogenic Diet Short-Term May Benefit Women With PCOS Meta-analysis showed improvements in reproductive hormone levels and weight loss. (medscape.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms9

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment61

Psychiatry and Psychology17

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations12

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena16

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Humanities3

Information Science25

Named Groups12

Health Care70

Geographicals9

Embryos15

Man's sperm4

Motility8

Fertilization25

Ovaries10

Stem cells18

Release sperm and eggs1

Males21

Swim11

Father's sperm1

Fertilisation4

Million sperm per milliliter2

Mammals2

Cells36

Couples4

Found23

Influx of calcium3

Morphology1

Skip1

Infertile2

Scientists6

Species8

Stop sperm1

Mouse sperm2

Infertility6

Fewer sperm2

Fertilize their eggs2

Surrogacy3

Zebrafish3

Poor sperm1

Higher sperm1

Mature sperm2

Healthy sperm1

Increase sperm1

Donor5

Fertility-ending tr1

Chromosome2

Study18

Human17

Germ1

Reproductive Technologies3

Sexes2

Laboratory2

Heading upstream1

Genes3

Mutations3

Fragmentation2

Produce3

Women's3

Testosterone levels2

Counts2

Pregnancy1

Make8

Cell10

Stimulate1

Calcium3

Immature3

Globally1

Woman's body1

Frozen3

Rhinos2

Ovum3

Tail1

Hormone1