MeiosisGametesAneuploidySets of chromosomesPairs of chromosomesMitosisSegregationGenesAnaphaseSister chromatidsGeneCopiesCentromereIdenticalFull set of chromosomesCondenseProphaseGenetic materialCell'sCopy of the chromosomeDiploidHalf the number of chromosomesKnown as chromosomesZygoteRecombination repairChromatinHumansAllelesLocusOocyteSequencesPaternalMale sex23rd pairExtra chromosomeOccurOocytes or spermOrganismPairTheodor BoveriMotilityFertilizationOccursChromosomalOpposite polesMetaphase plateEggsStallion spermMeiotic spindleStructuresLociBreakageMammalianAbnormalitiesCellsMoleculesOrganisms1902ChiasmataHereditySexualMutationsSpindlesEukaryoticNucleusCombinationsOrganize
Meiosis38
- The formation of human gametes involves two separation events, known distinctly as Meiosis I, in which paired homologous chromosomes are separated, and Meiosis II, in which sister chromatids are divided. (wikipedia.org)
- Meiosis I is a slightly elongated process, during which homologous chromosomes align, pair, and recombine. (wikipedia.org)
- Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes because the extra chromosome cannot make a homologous pair at meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In Which Part Of Meiosis Does Random Alignment Of Homologous Chromosomes Occur? (styleslicker.com)
- Meiosis is a sequence of events that organize and separate chromosomes into daughter cells. (styleslicker.com)
- During the interphase of meiosis, every chromosome is duplicated. (styleslicker.com)
- How many homologous chromosome alignments are potential for independent assortment throughout meiosis? (styleslicker.com)
- In mitosis, the daughter cells have the identical variety of chromosomes as the mother or father cell, while in meiosis, the daughter cells have half the variety of chromosomes as the parent. (styleslicker.com)
- Recombination and separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I and results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes. (jci.org)
- Meiosis creates the gametes, sperm and egg, needed for this process. (actforlibraries.org)
- In addition to the creation of gametes, meiosis also creates genetic variation in a species while maintaining the chromosome number of said species from one generation to the next. (actforlibraries.org)
- As meiosis begins the homologous pairs find one another and embrace in a process called synapsis, forming structures called tetrads. (actforlibraries.org)
- By introducing genetic variation, meiosis ensures the survival of species while maintaining each species' unique chromosome number. (actforlibraries.org)
- Meiosis is a type of cell division which is concerned mainly with the production of sex gametes( sperm and egg cells). (kegrat.online)
- In meiosis I, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half thus called reduction division. (kegrat.online)
- The gametes that result from meiosis in the gonads of the parents have just 23 chromosomes apiece, which are genetic recombinants of the DNA sequences found in the parental chromosomes. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- In meiosis, the genetic information inherited from a person's mother and father is recombined through crossing over (exchange between homologous chromosomes). (msdmanuals.com)
- At Institut Curie, the "Chromosome Dynamics and Recombination" team headed by Valérie Borde, CNRS research director, identified the molecularbases of this mechanism - during meiosis - involving pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes, using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast model. (institut-curie.org)
- During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes of the germ line cells (the cells that produce oocytes or sperm) separate, and each gamete inherits only one maternal or paternal copy of each chromosome. (institut-curie.org)
- Analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in chromatin dynamics, homologous recombination, and chromosome segregation during meiosis will elucidate causes for infertility and birth defects as a result of aneuploidy. (upenn.edu)
- During the formation of germ cells (ova and sperm) a different process, known as meiosis, is needed if the chromosome number is to: X maintained in the species. (dogdisease.info)
- A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. (mcw.edu)
- As an egg cell, or oocyte, matures inside a woman's ovary, it undergoes a type of cell division called meiosis, in which the pairs of chromosomes inside it are lined up and fished apart, and half of them are expelled. (scienceinschool.org)
- They undergo meiosis only when producing gametes (sperm or egg), which are haploid. (gradebuddy.com)
- During meiosis, homologous recombination can produce new combinations of ges as below between similar, but not identical, copies of human chromosome 1. (oldfield.info)
- Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, such as sperm and egg in animals. (oldfield.info)
- DMC1 is a necessary meiotic specific protein for homologous chromosome pairing and recombinant repair during meiosis. (nefu.edu.cn)
- Meiosis I ends with telophase I. Homologs collect at opposite poles of the mother cell, and the cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells, each with one set of chromosomes. (cshl.edu)
- Interphase II and prophase II are much shorter than interphase I and prophase I In summary, a cell with two sets of chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis will divide twice to give four daughters cells, each with one set of chromosomes. (cshl.edu)
- Otherwise, it wouldn't matter how many chromosomes a cell gets during mitosis or meiosis. (cshl.edu)
- Sutton realized, as I did, that similar chromosomes pair during meiosis and segregation of the homologous pairs reduces chromosome number. (cshl.edu)
- The segregation of chromosomes during meiosis was what Herr Mendel had predicted for the segregation of factors. (cshl.edu)
- During the first phase of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and swap genetic material. (sciencing.com)
- Cytokinesis splits the cells, membranes form and four haploid gametes - sperm, eggs or spores - result from meiosis. (sciencing.com)
- When chromosomes do not divide correctly during meiosis, gametes will end up with too many or too few chromosomes. (sciencing.com)
- Before meiosis occurs, the chromosomes make copies of themselves. (storyboardthat.com)
- The next stage of meiosis is metaphase I , where the chromosome pairs line up at the metaphase plate. (storyboardthat.com)
Gametes7
- While male gametes (sperm) are continuously produced throughout life, the female ovarian reserve is fully formed during early development. (wikipedia.org)
- Only gametes (sperm and eggs) are haploid, which means that these cells contain 23 chromosomes. (quizlet.com)
- These homologous pairs were created upon the fusion of gametes, or sex cells, during sexual reproduction. (actforlibraries.org)
- The result is the production of four haploid gametes, each with half the chromosomes of each parent cell but with the genetic material in the parental chromosomes recombined after two rounds of cell division. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Each cell of the developing child will contain 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 when the nuclei of the gametes combine to create a fertilized egg or zygote. (tutorialspoint.com)
- The precise separation of these chromosome pairs is essential to ensure that gametes are generated with the proper chromosome content, thus avoiding problems of sterility and/or anomalies of chromosome segregation (as with Down Syndrome or Turner Syndrome). (institut-curie.org)
- An improved understanding of the basic processes governing germ cell and embryo development and of the biology of gametes (sperm and oocytes) and embryonic stem cells will enable us to improve reproductive efficiency, generate animal models of human and animal disease and help provide the knowledge base for regenerative medicine, as well as toward the treatment of infertility. (upenn.edu)
Aneuploidy5
- As a result, homologous chromosomes may align independently on the meiotic spindle, risking aneuploidy that represents a key mechanism of reduced reproductive success. (wikipedia.org)
- Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
- In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
- Lyon hypothesis (X-inactivation) Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)
- Gasic, S., Mihola, O. & Trachtulec, Z. Prdm9 deficiency of rat oocytes causes synapsis among non-homologous chromosomes and aneuploidy. (cuni.cz)
Sets of chromosomes3
- Diploid organisms have two full sets of chromosomes, which exist in pairs known as homologous pairs. (actforlibraries.org)
- In sexual reproduction , a gamete (such as an egg or sperm cell) with a single set of chromosomes (haploid) combines with another gamete to produce a zygote, which then develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Diploid-a cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n chromosomes) 3. (gradebuddy.com)
Pairs of chromosomes1
- Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Mitosis4
- During mitosis, the chromosomes in the parent cell are duplicated and separated into two identical sets, which are then distributed into the two daughter cells. (etutorworld.com)
- The spindle apparatus, which is made up of microtubules and associated proteins, is responsible for separating the chromosomes during mitosis. (etutorworld.com)
- Mitosis is regulated by multiple checkpoints throughout the process to ensure that the daughter cells receive a complete and accurate set of chromosomes. (etutorworld.com)
- Unlike the prophase in mitosis, the chromosomes pair up with their homologue partner. (storyboardthat.com)
Segregation2
- [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
- Peacock has established the basis of meiotic drive (segregation distortion) in terms of sperm morphogenesis in Drosophila and has shown that highly repeated DNA sequences occur in the centromeric regions of chromosomes, are chromosome-specific, and highly conserved. (science.org.au)
Genes16
- This is essential in determining the genes carried by a gamete, as each will solely obtain one of many two homologous chromosomes. (styleslicker.com)
- Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the hereditary material in humans and most of other organisms. (newpathworksheets.com)
- Each chromosome is made up of many genes. (newpathworksheets.com)
- There are about about 100000 genes found on human chromosomes. (newpathworksheets.com)
- Lighter bands on chromosomes called euchromatin where genes are expressed. (mindmeister.com)
- Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
- Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
- The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)
- the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
- Genes are arranged linearly along the DNA of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
- The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
- Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
- A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)
- A single chromosome may contain hundreds, even thousands of genes. (dogdisease.info)
- Where one of the linked genes physically crosses over to a different chromosome. (oldfield.info)
- Tight linkage and a conserved gene order for a segment encoding three genes, DFFRY-DBY-UTY in human, mouse, and cat Y chromosomes, coupled with demonstrated deletion effects of these genes on reproductive impairment in both human and mouse, implicates the region as critical for Y-mediated sperm production. (nova.edu)
Anaphase3
- Anaphase I separates the homologous pairs to opposite poles of the spindle. (actforlibraries.org)
- During anaphase, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. (etutorworld.com)
- Then, during anaphase I , the homologous pairs are pulled apart to different ends of the cells by the spindle fibers. (storyboardthat.com)
Sister chromatids3
- During synapsis, the sister chromatids which compose the maternal and paternal chromosomes form chiasma. (actforlibraries.org)
- These cells, at this point, are haploid in terms of chromosome number, but have twice the amount of DNA since each chromosome is still composed of sister chromatids. (actforlibraries.org)
- Each original chromosome and its copy are joined together at the centromere and are called sister chromatids. (cshl.edu)
Gene8
- Table 1 provides a summary outline of the gene symbols, chromosomal locations, radiation sensitivity characteristics, immunodeficiencies, chromosome breakage characteristics, and major cancer risk for each of these disorders. (medscape.com)
- Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
- Cells are normally diploid - this means that they have a pair - two sets of homologous chromosomes, and hence two copies of each gene or genetic locus. (topperone.com)
- Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
- One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome. (nationalacademies.org)
- Integrative analysis revealed that proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 3 interacting protein gene, which encodes a protein crucial for homologous recombination in spermatocytes, exhibited promoter hypomethylation and higher expression level in hemicastrated mice. (animbiosci.org)
- Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species of bacteria and viruses. (oldfield.info)
- Exchange of DNA between chromosomes derived from the individual's mother and father are also increased in people with BLM gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
Copies4
- When sperm and egg merge, each chromosome gets two copies back. (pharmaguideline.com)
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
- Patau syndrome , or trisomy 13, which results from three copies of chromosome 13. (sciencing.com)
- When a cell prepares to divide to form two cells, the DNA that makes up the chromosomes is copied so that each new cell will have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. (medlineplus.gov)
Centromere1
- SISTERCHROMATIDS CENTROMERE HOMOLOGOUS PAIR In metaphase I, the pairs move and line up at the cell equator. (cshl.edu)
Identical3
- When one cell becomes two by splitting each of the chromosomes into two identical ones, one set of seventy-eight goes to one end of the cell and the other set moves to the opposite end before splitting away to form the second cell. (dogdisease.info)
- Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which genetic information is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of double- or single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA as in cellular organisms, but can also be RNA in viruses). (oldfield.info)
- This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. (etutorworld.com)
Full set of chromosomes2
- A karyotype illustrates the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chromosomes are the basis of heredity, and cells need a full set of chromosomes for proper development. (cshl.edu)
Condense4
- If the chromosomes decondensed in telophase I, they condense again. (styleslicker.com)
- In reality, chromosomes aren't visible until the end of prophase I.) In prophase I, the chromosomes condense and become visible underneath a light microscope. (cshl.edu)
- During the prophase , chromosomes condense. (storyboardthat.com)
- In the prophase I , the chromosomes begin to condense. (storyboardthat.com)
Prophase3
- During prophase I, crossing over introduces genetic variation by swapping pieces of homologous chromosomes. (styleslicker.com)
- Later in prophase I, similar chromosomes â€" for example, the maternal chromosome#1 and the paternal chromosome#1 â€" pair up. (cshl.edu)
- During prophase, the chromatin in the parent cell condenses to form visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. (etutorworld.com)
Genetic material9
- The large membrance enclosed organelle which contains the genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules with the structure of chromosome is called cell nucleus. (topperone.com)
- When people look at a picture of the cell,it's found in the middle of the cell.The nucleus bears all of the cell's chromosomes, which encode the genetic material. (topperone.com)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- The DNA sequences of the homologous chromosomes couple up and align with one another, which is followed by an exchange of genetic material between them. (tutorialspoint.com)
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
- During this process, the genetic material is also rearranged between the homologous chromosomes. (institut-curie.org)
- Like the child's rod pulling a toy fish by its magnet, a microtubule catches a chromosome by its kinetochore - a cluster of protein and genetic material at the centre of the chromosome's X shape. (scienceinschool.org)
- In each of these cells, after DNA duplication, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during crossing over. (scienceinschool.org)
- The genetic material of the polar bodies is discarded, while that of the mature egg cell is joined by the genetic material of the fertilising sperm, to start the development of a new embryo. (scienceinschool.org)
Cell's2
- Homologous chromosomes line up at the primary egg cell's equator and are then fished apart by microtubules. (scienceinschool.org)
- Tomo used software that had been previously developed in Jan's lab, which allowed him to programme a laser scanning microscope to find the chromosomes in the egg cell's vast inner space, and then film them during cell division. (scienceinschool.org)
Copy of the chromosome1
- Each homologous pair contains a paternal and a maternal copy of the chromosome. (actforlibraries.org)
Diploid4
- Every cell in our body has a diploid number of chromosomes, one set we inherit from a father and the other from a mother. (quizlet.com)
- Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (such as an egg or sperm cell) has a single set of chromos (diploid). (tutorialspoint.com)
- A multicellular diploid phase or generation is created after numerous cell divisions occur without the number of chromosomes changing. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell, usually an egg or sperm, that combines with another gamete to produce a diploid zygote during sexual reproduction6. (gradebuddy.com)
Half the number of chromosomes2
- Each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. (kegrat.online)
- Cytokinesis forms two daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes. (sciencing.com)
Known as chromosomes2
- Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- The DNA molecules form into large threads known as chromosomes. (storyboardthat.com)
Zygote1
- At fertilization sperm - or ova - are formed with onl y one member of each homologous pair of thirty-nine chromosomes in each sperm (or ovum), resulting in a zygote (fertilized egg) with the correct seventy eight chromosomes. (dogdisease.info)
Recombination repair3
- Homologous recombination is widely used by cells to precisely repair damaged DNA breaks that occur on both DNA strands, known as double-strand breaks (DSBs), in a process called homologous recombination repair (HRR). (oldfield.info)
- 3. Wan L,Han J H,Liu T,et al.Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndrome helicase with homologous recombination repair[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(26):10646-10651. (nefu.edu.cn)
- Chen H X.Understanding the roles of SOSS1and ZNHIT1/SRCAP in homologous recombination repair[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2015. (nefu.edu.cn)
Chromatin1
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Humans4
- For example : Mice only have 19 pairs plus XY chromosomes, whereas Humans have 22 plus XY. (topperone.com)
- For example, in humans there are 23 chromosomes in our sex cells. (actforlibraries.org)
- In humans, somatic (nongerm) cell nuclei normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Using genetics, proteomics and in silico modeling of protein interaction fields, the Chromosome Dynamics and Recombination team (Institut Curie, CNRS, Sorbonne University), led by Valérie Borde, in collaboration with CEA/12BC researchers, identified a protein, Zip4 (TEX11 in humans), which makes a direct connection between the recombination machinery and the central elements of the synaptonemal complex (Ecm11-Gmc2). (institut-curie.org)
Alleles1
- This creates new chromosomes with unique alleles. (storyboardthat.com)
Locus1
- Similarly, Y chromosome locus order was remarkably conserved between cat and human Y chromosomes, with only one marker ( SMCY ) position rearranged between the species. (nova.edu)
Oocyte6
- This is of significance as an embryo's development is more heavily reliant on the oocyte in comparison to the sperm. (wikipedia.org)
- Haploid: only has one set of chromosomes - i.e. in a sperm or oocyte. (topperone.com)
- The oocyte is a big cell, but the chromosomes sit in only a small part of that cell, and that's what we were interested in. (scienceinschool.org)
- Infertility will generally not be cured (although it would potentially be possible to create a sperm or oocyte from a somatic cell by reprogramming and induction of stem cells). (gastowngazette.com)
- Another example is the introduction of sperm into the oocyte using a micromanipulator - a picture often shown in the media when discussing the subject of in vitro fertilization. (gastowngazette.com)
- It is used when the sperm has a problem with oocyte penetration. (gastowngazette.com)
Sequences2
- These sequences have a functional role, perhaps in relation to homologous chromosome recognition. (science.org.au)
- This stable silencing requires components of the small RNA pathway and can silence homologous sequences in trans . (nature.com)
Paternal1
- Another mechanism resulting in variation is the random alignment of the maternal and paternal chromosomes along the midplane of the cell. (actforlibraries.org)
Male sex1
- In males, one of the homologous pairs is unequal, being made u p of a large chromosome (called X) and a smaller one (called Y). This unequal XY set is the determinant of sex or rather of the male sex since females carry two paired X chromosomes. (dogdisease.info)
23rd pair1
- The 23rd pair, the intercourse chromosomes, differ between men and women. (styleslicker.com)
Extra chromosome1
- Trisomy 21 → gain of an extra chromosome 21, results in Down's syndrome. (mindmeister.com)
Occur3
- Species often have different mating or courtship patterns or behaviors, the breeding seasons may be distinct, and even if mating does occur, antigenic reactions to the sperm of other species prevent fertilization or embryo development. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The result is deemed crossing over and can occur up to ten times for a given homologous pair. (actforlibraries.org)
- Variances also occur also occur when a segments of a chromosome are reversed, misplaced or missing. (sciencing.com)
Oocytes or sperm1
- The first means complete lack of fertility, e.g. due to a lack of ovaries or testicles producing oocytes or sperm. (gastowngazette.com)
Organism1
- Consider that the homologous chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism are originally inherited as two separate sets, one from every mother or father. (styleslicker.com)
Pair4
- The subsequent separation of the pair will lead to a random assortment of these chromosomes into daughter cells. (actforlibraries.org)
- Each pair consists of one chromosome from the mother and one from the father. (msdmanuals.com)
- To do this, the homologous chromosomes have to meet, then pair along their entire length, before being separated and distributed into each daughter cell. (institut-curie.org)
- one pair of 23 chromosomes from the mother and one pair of 23 chromosomes from the father. (sciencing.com)
Theodor Boveri2
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
- Theodor Boveri presents chromosomes' role in development. (cshl.edu)
Motility3
- During their passage through the epididymis to the vas deferens, sperm acquire their motility. (jci.org)
- Study of molecular mechanisms of mammalian sperm motility and testicular degeneration has implications for treatment of infertility. (upenn.edu)
- They could be tempted to have sperm motility tests and other tests, maybe even perform them, but I did not find such information on the website. (gastowngazette.com)
Fertilization3
- Variation is further introduced by random fertilization of a specific egg with a specific sperm. (actforlibraries.org)
- 15. During fertilization , only the sperm nucleus gets into the egg cell. (profmcdarby.com)
- The first division after fertilization is uneven, and each of these three cells receives an incomplete set of chromosomes. (cshl.edu)
Occurs3
- The homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tds to result in non-crosslinking products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break. (oldfield.info)
- Klinefelter syndrome occurs when males have an extra X chromosome. (sciencing.com)
- In addition, chromosome breakage occurs more frequently in affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromosomal1
- The number of possible chromosomal combinations is 2^n where n equals the haploid chromosome number. (actforlibraries.org)
Opposite poles1
- Finally, during telophase, the chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes. (etutorworld.com)
Metaphase plate2
- During metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, or the metaphase plate, and are attached to the spindle apparatus via specialized structures called kinetochores. (etutorworld.com)
- When the spindle fibers have captured the chromosomes, the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell at a point known as the metaphase plate. (storyboardthat.com)
Eggs1
- Sometimes sea urchin eggs can be fertilized by two sperm. (cshl.edu)
Stallion sperm2
- Capacitation of stallion sperm and IVF. (upenn.edu)
- Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
Meiotic spindle1
- During Metaphase I, the meiotic spindle moves the tetrads or homologous pairs to the midplane. (actforlibraries.org)
Structures1
- The body and organs of a dog are made up of millions of minute cells, each a nucleus containing small thread-like structures called chromosomes. (dogdisease.info)
Loci1
- A radiation hybrid (RH)-derived physical map of 25 markers on the feline X chromosome (including 19 Type I coding loci and 6 Type II microsatellite markers) was compared to homologous marker order on the human and mouse X chromosome maps. (nova.edu)
Breakage1
- reunion following breakage is limited by the 3' - 5' reunion following polynucleotide polarities of the subunits, which polarities are opposed, but not uniform along the chromosome. (science.org.au)
Mammalian1
- I-SceI) to cut chromosomes for genetic engineering of mammalian cells, where non-homologous recombination is more common than in yeast. (oldfield.info)
Abnormalities1
- Trisomy of sex chromosomes is compatible with life, but will cause phenotypic abnormalities. (mindmeister.com)
Cells8
- These cells contain 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. (quizlet.com)
- We were able, for the first time, to keep track of all the kinetochores throughout cell division - so there's not a single time point where it's ambiguous where that part of the chromosome is - and that's really a breakthrough in the field, achieving this in these very large and light-sensitive cells," says Jan Ellenberg, who heads the research group. (scienceinschool.org)
- Independently discovered applications to mouse embryonic stem cells, but the highly conserved mechanisms underlying the DSB repair model, including uniform homologous integration of transformed DNA (ge therapy), were first demonstrated in plasmid experiments by Orr-Weaver, Szostack and Rothstein. (oldfield.info)
- I reasoned that since these worms undergo sexual reproduction, parental sex cells â€" sperm and egg â€" must have, and contribute material, chromosomes, to the progeny. (cshl.edu)
- If sex cells, like sperm and egg, have the same number of chromosomes as regular body cells, then each time they combined, the progeny would have twice the number of chromosomes. (cshl.edu)
- So, there must be a process that halves chromosome number in sex cells. (cshl.edu)
- Offspring arise from the union of specialized sex cells â a female egg and a male sperm. (cshl.edu)
- Chromosomes in the two daughter cells line up in the middle of the cell once again. (sciencing.com)
Molecules1
- The two DNA molecules are broken and scrambled to form two new chromosomes, each a mosaic of the originals. (pharmaguideline.com)
Organisms2
- Although homologous recombination varies greatly between organisms and cell types, for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) most forms involve the same basic steps. (oldfield.info)
- Homologous recombination is also used in ge-targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. (oldfield.info)
19022
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
- In 1902, Walter Sutton, an American student at Columbia University, published a paper on the number and shape of grasshopper chromosomes. (cshl.edu)
Chiasmata2
- This means that homologous chromosomes have paired, and are being held together by chiasmata (the physical crossovers between chromosome arms). (wikipedia.org)
- This cohesion is later broken by the enzyme separase, allowing the chiasmata to be broken and homologous chromosomes to segregate in a normal way. (wikipedia.org)
Heredity2
- Chromosomes must be important for heredity. (cshl.edu)
- dnaftb/concept_8/con8anigene.html Based on our work, Sutton and I established chromosomes as the physical basis of the Mendelian laws of heredity. (cshl.edu)
Sexual1
- However, hemicastration of sexually vigorous rats reduced sexual behavior and sperm count [ 5 ]. (animbiosci.org)
Mutations1
- When this link is broken following Zip4 mutations, the "zip" between the homologous chromosomes is no longer present, and the meiotic recombination is deregulated. (institut-curie.org)
Spindles1
- Microtubules are important for the formation of meiotic spindles to support right segregations of chromosomes. (styleslicker.com)
Eukaryotic1
- The discovery of ges for homologous recombination in protists-a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms-was interpreted as evidence that homologous recombination appeared early in the evolution of eukaryotes. (oldfield.info)
Nucleus1
- The nucleus has a membrane surrounding it that keeps all the chromosomes inside and makes the distinction between the chromosomes being inside the nucleus,the other organelles and components of the cell staying outside. (topperone.com)
Combinations2
- In addition, if you calculate the possible combinations that emerge from the pairing of an egg and a sperm, the result's 2 attainable combinations. (styleslicker.com)
- Therefore, there are over 8 million possible combinations of chromosomes due to the random assortment described above. (actforlibraries.org)
Organize1
- Spindle fibers start to form and will be used to move and organize chromosomes during cell division. (storyboardthat.com)