• All active shoot apices export auxin into the polar auxin transport stream, which transports it rootward. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The shoot auxin transport system involves diverse transporters and mounting evidence suggests that different transporters are differentially sensitive to shoot branching regulatory signals, including auxin flux, cytokinin and strigolactone. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard. (lookformedical.com)
  • Overall, the Met ligand helps organize the active site for the enzyme reaction by reducing fluctuations and shifting protonation states and conformational populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities. (lookformedical.com)
  • For a subset of five promoters, expression stability was further demonstrated in whole plant transgenics as well as in active nodules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have characterized leaf and root phenotypes of single and multiple knockout mutants for several members of this clade under standard conditions and in response to cytokinin. (alseides-villas.gr)
  • The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. (lookformedical.com)
  • Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D , normally made in the kidney . (wikidoc.org)
  • The Met ligand also stabilizes the correct orientation of the Schiff base, more strongly than in simulations without Met, and in agreement with structures in the Protein Data Bank, where the Schiff base orientation correlates with the presence or absence of a co-bound anion or substrate analogue in the active site. (bvsalud.org)
  • The PLP force field and the simulation methods can be applied to all PLP enzymes and used, as here, to reveal fine details of structure and dynamics in the active site. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example in rice the isoprenoid cytokinin cis-zeatin is the major form, whereas in Arabidopsis it is the trans-zeatin and iP forms that predominate. (plant-biology.com)
  • It is thought that the structural variation of cytokinin isoprenoid and aromatic side chains affect how cytokinins interact with their receptors, and therefore play are involved in both the specificity and activity of cytokinin function. (plant-biology.com)
  • The most common class of cytokinins have isoprenoid side chains, including the most abundant cytokinin in Arabidopsis, trans-zeatin. (bioone.org)
  • The isoprenoid cytokinins ( t Z- or iP-types) showed similar distribution patterns in different cell type populations within the root apex 10 . (nature.com)
  • Here, by detailed monitoring of subcellular localizations of the fluorescently labelled natural cytokinin probe and the receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 4 (CRE1/AHK4) fused to GFP reporter, we show that pools of the ER-located cytokinin receptors can enter the secretory pathway and reach the PM in cells of the root apical meristem, and the cell plate of dividing meristematic cells. (nature.com)
  • Cytokinin groups a collection of N 6 -substituted adenine derivatives, including trans -zeatin ( t Z) and isopentenyladenine (iP). (nature.com)
  • There are many growth and developmental processes that cytokinins influence in addition to it being one of the major regulators of plant cell proliferation and differentiation. (plant-biology.com)
  • The plant hormone cytokinin regulates various cell and developmental processes, including cell division and differentiation, embryogenesis, activity of shoot and root apical meristems, formation of shoot and root lateral organs and others 1 . (nature.com)
  • Subcellular localization of the receptors proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as a principal cytokinin perception site, while study of cytokinin transport pointed to the plasma membrane (PM)-mediated cytokinin signalling. (nature.com)
  • To adopt this tool for mapping subcellular localization of cytokinin receptors, using docking experiments and cytokinin activity screening bioassays, we selected a fluorescently labelled bioactive compound that interacts with the binding site of a cytokinin receptor. (nature.com)
  • When we used our auxin transport model to quantify auxin flows through individual transport mechanisms in tobacco cells overexpressing the Nt PIN11 efflux carrier, we were surprised to see active auxin influx increase as well. (cas.cz)
  • In addition to the free base forms, cytokinins can also be present in the plant as a riboside (in which a ribose sugar is attached to the 9 nitrogen of the purine ring) or a ribotide (in which the ribose moiety contains a phosphate group). (bioone.org)
  • This has led to the discovery that cytokinins themselves are under fine control by internal factors such as phytohormones and exogenous substances such as inorganic nitrogen supply. (plant-biology.com)
  • Later, zeatin was identified as the first naturally occurring cytokinin in immature maize endosperm ( Letham, 1973 ), and turns out to be the abundant cytokinin in coconut milk. (bioone.org)
  • In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. (lookformedical.com)
  • The GIBEX goals are to encourage the search for new natural biologically active substances, to maintain biodiversity, and to monitor the natural resources conservation. (researchgate.net)
  • New research in plants that colonized the base of an active stratovolcano reveals that two simple molecular steps rewired nutrient transport, enabling adaptation. (mpg.de)
  • Cytokinins were first discovered in 1955 as promoters of cell division in the DNA of Herring sperm. (plant-biology.com)
  • For a subset of five promoters, expression stability was further demonstrated in whole plant transgenics as well as in active nodules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main efforts after were to enhance the specificity of this activity and to improve further what could be changed. (bioscriptionblog.com)
  • Based on the analysis of the model and performed simulations, the model seems to have considerable potential for further development in order to contribute to the studies of regulatory mechanisms of active auxin transport. (cas.cz)
  • The findings, published in Nature Plants , has wider implications for how transcription factors can achieve regulatory specificity in other developmental contexts. (mpg.de)
  • Once synthesized cytokinins are able to play a role in both long distance signalling (acting as a long distance hormone) and local signalling. (plant-biology.com)
  • Since their discovery, cytokinins have been implicated to play a role in almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, shoot initiation and growth, leaf senescence, and photomorphogenic development ( Mok and Mok, 1994 ). (bioone.org)
  • From another way and according to the bandwidth of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor, we simulated RQE curve between 400 to 700 nm and selected mathematically 12 LEDs by elimination from a wide basket. (ishs.org)
  • The specificity found within the mechanisms of the CRISPR system can be both a boon and a bane. (bioscriptionblog.com)
  • The types of genetic damage which can be produced are numerous and the specificity of chemical mutagens makes it possible for one type of effect to be produced predominantly or exclusively. (nih.gov)
  • This is thought to be because many isoenzymes that are encoded by genes in the purine salvage pathway are able to recognise and interact with cytokinins in addition to adenine. (plant-biology.com)
  • Our results provide a revised view on cytokinin signalling and the possibility of multiple sites of perception at both PM and ER, which may determine specific outputs of cytokinin signalling. (nature.com)
  • It is thought that many of the steps of cytokinin metabolism are shared with those of the purine salvage pathway, and that the flow of cytokinin nucleotides to the active nucleobases has a circular nature. (plant-biology.com)