• Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The MetaSystems product families 'XCyting Locus-Specific Probes' (XL) (except XL Acro-p and XL 21q21/XCP21), 'XCyting Aneusomy Probes' (XA) and the two 'XCyting Centromere Enumeration Probes' (XCE) XCE 8 and XCE 12 are classified in the EU as In-Vitro Medical Devices and marked as IVD CE accordingly. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • The product families 'XCyting Centromere Enumeration Probes' (XCE) (except XCE 8 and XCE 12), 'XCyting Chromosome Paints' (XCP), 'XCyting Multicolor FISH Probes' (XCyte mFISH), 'XCyting Multicolor FISH Banding Probes' (XCyte mBAND) and the two products XL Acro-p and XL 21q21/XCP 21 are offered for Research Use Only and are marked as RUO accordingly. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review is about "molecular cytogenetics" including 1) the historical perspective of its development from cytogenetics, 2) technical aspects, 3) available probe sets, and 4) variants and applications of the basic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach. (frontiersin.org)
  • Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
  • Solid colored bars do not necessarily indicate that the probe fully covers the indicated genomic region. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eggen A., Solinas T.S., Fries R.A., Cosmid specific for sequences encoding a microtubule associated protein, MAPIB, contains a polymorphic microsatellite and maps to bovine chromosome 20q14, J. Hered. (gse-journal.org)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
  • Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bahri-Darwich I., Vaiman D., Olsaker I., Oustry A., Cribiu E.P., Assignment of bovine synteny groups U27 and U8 to R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively, Hereditas 120 (1994) 261-265. (gse-journal.org)
  • A powerful new research application of FISH, called comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), now permits researchers to scan an entire test genome, and in the process, highlight DNA-sequence copy-number abnormalities on normal, reference metaphase chromosomes (3,4). (nih.gov)
  • Our ability to study chromosomes has been improved by the visualization of chromosomes in metaphase, by hypotonic solutions that cause nuclear swelling, and by staining techniques that label chromosome bands. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chromosomes are typically analyzed by collecting a living tissue (usually blood), culturing the tissue for the appropriate amount of time (usually 48 to 72 hours for peripheral lymphocytes), adding colcemid to produce metaphase arrest, harvesting the cells, placing the cell sediment on a slide, rupturing the cell nucleus with a hypotonic saline solution, staining with a designated nuclear stain, and photographing the metaphase spreads of chromosomes on the slide. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The banded metaphase chromosomes are arranged from largest to smallest. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In mammals, one of the female X chromosomes and all imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from a single allele in somatic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, X-linked genes are subject to silencing by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) on one of the two homologs in female somatic cells [ 2 ], and a subset of autosomal genes are subject to imprinting and expressed from either the paternal or maternal allele [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The heterochromatization of one of the X chromosomes in female somatic cells is initiated by the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Xist that coats the Xi in early embryogenesis and silences transcription by recruiting specific proteins that put in place repressive histone modifications such as tri-methylation of histone H3K27, ubiquitination of histone H2AK119, and de-acetylation [ 9 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies in hybrids detected multiple abnormalities of spermatogenesis and a high frequency of dissociation between the X and Y chromosomes at the meiotic prophase. (mdpi.com)
  • This has increased our understanding of the biological basis of meiotic errors and chromosome abnormalities. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In diploid cells, homologous chromosomes occupy separate territories, but expression from genes located on either the paternal or maternal homolog is usually similar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In many cases, specific genes that contribute to the phenotypes of cytogenetic syndromes are being pinpointed. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The red-labeled and green-labeled sets of DNA compete for binding to the normal chromosomes, permitting visualization through fluorescent microscopy and computerized imaging. (nih.gov)
  • 2012]. Current models of sex chromosome evolution propose that sex chromosomes originate from autosomes [Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 2000] and have done so multiple times independently in diverse lineages across the tree of life [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • The images of the 22 pairs of autosomes are arranged according to length, with the sex chromosomes in the right-hand corner. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • As MCB probes can unambiguously determine pericentric and paracentric inversions and map the breakpoints, they were immediately recognized to be a useful tool for studying chromosomal evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding revealed a pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 in 23 out of 25 analyzed metaphases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Locus-specific FISH analyses confirmed all deletions and the pericentric inversion of chromosome 2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identified a novel acquired pericentric inversion of chromosome 2, inv(2)(p23.3q24.3), as a sole cytogenetic abnormality together with four additional concurrent submicroscopic deletions in 2p23.3, 2p22.1, and 2q24.3 and 1p13.2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This created the necessity of generating MCB probes for the chromosomes of other species, potentially interesting from the cytogenetic point of view. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The product families 'XCyting Centromere Enumeration Probes' (XCE) (except XCE 8 and XCE 12), 'XCyting Chromosome Paints' (XCP), 'XCyting Multicolor FISH Probes' (XCyte mFISH), 'XCyting Multicolor FISH Banding Probes' (XCyte mBAND) and the two products XL Acro-p and XL 21q21/XCP 21 are offered for Research Use Only and are marked as RUO accordingly. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • For example, molecular techniques have permitted the identification of chromosome abnormalities, such as deletions (missing pieces of chromosome material), that affect regions as small as 10 kb. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This was partly due to technical difficulties in generating region specific DNA libraries/probes to be incorporated into mcb probe mixes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromosome abnormalities are responsible for a significant fraction of genetic diseases, occurring in approximately 1 of every 150 live births. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chromosome abnormalities are seen in 50% of first-trimester and 20% of second-trimester spontaneous abortions. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In this chapter we discuss abnormalities of chromosome number and structure. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Although it was possible to visualize chromosomes under microscopes as early as the mid-1800s, it was quite difficult to observe individual chromosomes and thus to count the number of chromosomes in a cell or to examine structural abnormalities. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present method can be applied for generation of whole or region-specific DNA probes for species, where karyotyping of G-banded chromosomes is challenging due to similar chromosome morphology and/or chromosome banding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, for many species there is a lack of available DNA probes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Besides whole chromosome painting probes (WCP), partial chromosome painting (PCP) probes can also be extremely helpful for the characterization of chromosomes of closely related species and their evolutionary relations to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, application of human MCB probes on chromosomes of evolutionarily distant species is challenging, and often not feasible. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sex chromosomes are fundamental in many species for the development of males or females, including vertebrates, and are known to play an important role in the evolution of sex ratios, sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sexual conflict in species with genotypic sex determination (GSD) [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • Growing data from non-model organisms are changing our understanding of sex chromosome evolution by challenging theoretical paradigms derived mostly from comparative karyotypic research on organisms with well-differentiated sex chromosomes, such as insects, mammals, and birds [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • Chromosomes occupy specific territories within the nucleus [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inactive X chromosome (Xi) becomes highly condensed compared with the active X (Xa) and forms the Barr body, often visible as a dense region within the nucleus [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approaches to visualize the 3D configuration of the whole nucleus and of entire chromosomes include Hi-C, a method to identify chromatin contacts within chromosomes (intrachromosomal) or between chromosomes (interchromosomal). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We exposed human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro to 0.3 and 1 Gy of 60Co gamma rays to evaluate whether the ability and sensitivity to detect chromosomal aberrations by chromosome painting is independent or not to the specific paint probes. (nih.gov)
  • Our results show that any combination of paint probes can be used to score induced chromosomal aberrations. (nih.gov)
  • FISH is now being used in routine prenatal screening for numerical chromosomal aberrations and diagnostic testing for chromosomal disorders in specific diseases such as acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. (nih.gov)
  • To compare the rate of chromosome translocations detected by the different pairs of chromosomes, data were normalized according to the fraction of genome painted and evaluated by unconditional logistic regression. (nih.gov)
  • However, the use of small chromosome probes is not recommended because of the high number of cells to be analyzed due to the small amount of genome painted and because it is more difficult to detect translocations in small chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, when an investigator wishes to map a new human cDNA to its chromosomal location, genome experts such as NCHGR's Mihael Polymeropoulos advocate first searching the sequence databases (to confirm that the gene or a homolog hasn't already been mapped), then generating oligo probes that can be hybridized to a series of known YAC markers that have been developed to span the entire genome. (nih.gov)
  • A single-step CGH comparison of a normal genome with an abnormal genome can highlight the copy-number differences for either individual whole chromosomes or regions of specific chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • As in EMA, comparative genome hybridization revealed putative macro XX/XY chromosomes in ESU (the 4th largest pair). (karger.com)
  • Probe map details based on UCSC Genome Browser GRCh37/hg19. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • Each chromosome appears to be painted with fluorescent bands of color, and the specific colors indicate differences in the ratio of normal to tumor DNA. (nih.gov)
  • FISH probes are known pieces of DNA bound to chemicals that fluoresce when excited with a certain wavelength of light. (nih.gov)
  • FISH probes may be gene- or locus-specific -- such as cosmids or yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) -- or may be probes that "paint" an entire chromosome (1,2). (nih.gov)
  • The labeled YAC can then be used to perform FISH within the now-known chromosome. (nih.gov)
  • Similarities were found between ESU and E. macquarii (EMA), such as identical chromosome number (2n = 50), a single and dimorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) localized in a microchromosome pair (ESU14) of both sexes (detected via FISH of 18S rDNA). (karger.com)
  • Displaying Multicolor FISH for chromosome 2 for Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL) . (metasystems-probes.com)
  • By applying a novel Hi-C method to map allelic chromatin contacts, we discover a specific bipartite organization of the mouse inactive X chromosome that probably plays an important role in maintenance of gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Displaying Mouse Chromosome Paints for chromosome X for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL) . (metasystems-probes.com)
  • 2011]. Sex chromosomes are defined by the presence of a sex-determining region containing a sex-determining factor, and strong selection favors the reduction of recombination in the heterogametic sex between the sex-determining region and nearby sexually antagonistic alleles that have differential fitness effects on males versus females [Bachtrog et al. (karger.com)
  • Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. (mdpi.com)
  • Alternatively, you can also use the site search on top to find probes by their order numbers, names, or by keywords from the descriptions. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • The system is based on the transmission of a transgene combination that causes embryo-specific lethality in the progeny. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discovery of sex chromosome systems in non-model organisms has elicited growing recognition that sex chromosomes evolved via diverse paths that are not fully elucidated. (karger.com)