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In Situ Hybridization, FluorescencePaintMicrodissectionChromosomesChromosome MappingLaser Capture MicrodissectionChromosome BandingChromosome AberrationsX ChromosomeDNA ProbesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosome PaintingSex ChromosomesLasersChromosomes, HumanDissectionChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 7KaryotypingChromosome SegregationChromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9ColorBase SequenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Molecular Sequence DataChromosomes, PlantChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Nucleic Acid HybridizationChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, 1-3Polymerase Chain ReactionChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15Translocation, GeneticChromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastGenetic MarkersChromosomes, Human, 13-15AneuploidyGenetic LinkageDNACloning, MolecularFluorescent DyesChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YOligonucleotide ProbesRing ChromosomesChromosome InversionCentromereBlotting, SouthernChromosome PositioningChromosomes, Human, 4-5RNA, MessengerX Chromosome InactivationMolecular ProbesAmino Acid SequenceOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisSequence Analysis, DNAMicroscopy, FluorescenceMicrosatellite RepeatsChromosomes, InsectHybrid CellsSpectral KaryotypingMeiosisMutationChromosomes, Human, 19-20DNA PrimersPhenotypeChromosome StructuresMetaphaseMitosisLaser Scanning CytometryGene Expression ProfilingGenesIn Situ HybridizationDNA, BacterialRecombination, GeneticQuantum Dots

Fluorescence in situ hybriChromosomalBandingCytogeneticsRearrangementsApproachesYeastSpeciesCloselyGeneRecognizeHumanFISHIdentifyStudiesResearchMapsBiotinylated DNA probesHuman chromosomesFluorescencePartial chromosomeChromosomal subregionsLocus-specificKaryotypeMorphologyGenomicClosely related speciesCharacterizationConventionalComparativeBacterialLibrariesPotentiallyTechniqueDetectionSatelliteCellAnalysisTool

Fluorescence in situ hybri4

• This review is about "molecular cytogenetics" including 1) the historical perspective of its development from cytogenetics, 2) technical aspects, 3) available probe sets, and 4) variants and applications of the basic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach. (frontiersin.org)
• Pinkel D., Detection of aneuploidy and aneuploidy-inducing agents in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome specific DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
• Eastmond D.A., Rupa D.S., Hasegawa L.S., Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
• Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)

Chromosomal2

• Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
• Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)

Banding3

• The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
• Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
• The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)

Cytogenetics3

• The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
• Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

Rearrangements1

• Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)

Approaches2

• Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
• Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)

Yeast2

• Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
• Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)

Species5

• It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
• A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
• During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
• The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
• Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Closely1

• Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

Gene2

• He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
• Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)

Recognize1

• We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)

Human1

• The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)

FISH1

• The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)

Identify1

• Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies3

• Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
• Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

Research1

• The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)

Maps2

• Eggen A., Solinas T.S., Fries R.A., Cosmid specific for sequences encoding a microtubule associated protein, MAPIB, contains a polymorphic microsatellite and maps to bovine chromosome 20q14, J. Hered. (gse-journal.org)
• Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)

Biotinylated DNA probes1

• de Sario A., Vagnarelli P., De Carli L., Aneuploidy assay on diethylstilbestrol by means of in situ hybridization of radioactive and biotinylated DNA probes on interphase nuclei, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)

Human chromosomes2

• [ 101 ] It is based on overlapping microdissection libraries (partial chromosome paints [PCPs]) producing fluorescence profiles along the human chromosomes, which was first described using the example of chromosome 5 in 1999. (medscape.com)
• The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)

Fluorescence9

• Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
• 1. Complete cytogenetic characterization of the human breast cancer cell line MA11 combining G-banding, comparative genomic hybridization, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, RxFISH, and chromosome-specific painting. (nih.gov)
• 2. Cytogenetics of the chronic myeloid leukemia-derived cell line K562: karyotype clarification by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
• 6. Characterization of the human myeloid leukemia-derived cell line GF-D8 by multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, subtelomeric probes, and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
• 10. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a nontumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line that eventually turns tumorigenic: validation of an analytical approach combining karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, chromosome painting, and single-locus fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
• 12. Genomic alterations in lung adenocarcinomas detected by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
• 15. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of two primary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
• 17. Evaluation of 24-color multifluor-fluorescence in-situ hybridization (M-FISH) karyotyping by comparison with reverse chromosome painting of the human breast cancer cell line T-47D. (nih.gov)
• The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. (biosyn.com)

Partial chromosome1

• Besides whole chromosome painting probes (WCP), partial chromosome painting (PCP) probes can also be extremely helpful for the characterization of chromosomes of closely related species and their evolutionary relations to each other. (biomedcentral.com)

Chromosomal subregions1

• The identification of chromosomes and chromosomal subregions can be a challenging task. (biomedcentral.com)

Locus-specific2

• mFISH probe sets based on locus-specific probes can be created by every laboratory and many are commercially available. (medscape.com)
• [ 103-108 ] Some of the abovementioned chromosome bar codes were based on such locus-specific probes. (medscape.com)

Karyotype3

• [ 14 ] MCB/m-banding allows for differentiation of chromosome region-specific areas at the band and sub-band level at a resolution of 550 bands per haploid karyotype. (medscape.com)
• Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
• karyotype clarification by G-banding, whole chromosome painting, microdissection and reverse painting, and comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)

Morphology3

• Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
• The present method can be applied for generation of whole or region-specific DNA probes for species, where karyotyping of G-banded chromosomes is challenging due to similar chromosome morphology and/or chromosome banding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
• During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)

Genomic2

• MCB probes are established by chromosome microdissection followed by whole genomic DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
• 5. Evaluation of breast cancer polyclonality by combined chromosome banding and comparative genomic hybridization analysis. (nih.gov)

Closely related species1

• A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)

Characterization2

• [ 20 ] There is also an mFISH probe set that allows the simultaneous characterization of all human centromeres in one step, the centromere-specific mFISH. (medscape.com)
• [ 21 ] This probe set is especially useful for the characterization of the chromosomal origin of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC). (medscape.com)

Conventional2

• 14. Comparative study of renal cell carcinoma by CGH, multicolor-FISH and conventional cytogenic banding analysis. (nih.gov)
• Hybridisation sites of the digoxigenin- or biotin-labelled probes were detected using the conventional detection systems, anti-digoxigenin-rhodamine antibody, or streptavidin-Alexa 488 respectively, each at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative2

• Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
• In order to test whether the application of nanoparticle techniques could improve the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation on plant chromosomes, we conducted a range of comparative test experiments. (biomedcentral.com)

Bacterial1

• [ 9 ] At present, mainly bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes are used, as the necessary BACs can easily be tracked in genome browsers [ 109-111 ] and are offered commercially. (medscape.com)

Libraries2

• [ 15 ] For the MCB probe set, a molecular definition of all underlying microdissection libraries was performed, which converted MCB into a DNA sequence-anchored probe set. (medscape.com)
• This was partly due to technical difficulties in generating region specific DNA libraries/probes to be incorporated into mcb probe mixes. (biomedcentral.com)

Potentially1

• Hence it is possible to excite simultaneously QDs emitting at different wavelengths potentially facilitating a simpler handling of multicolor-labelled samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Technique1

• 7. Enhanced detection of chromosomal abnormalities with the use of RxFISH multicolor banding technique. (nih.gov)

Detection1

• In contrast, detection of QDs in in situ hybridisation of several plant chromosomes, using several high-copy sequences, was less sensitve than Alexa 488. (biomedcentral.com)

Satellite2

• Some mFISH probe sets are based on repetitive centromeric satellite probes. (medscape.com)
• For combined probing of rDNA and non-coding satellite DNA, in situ hybridisation was performed using 20 ng of digoxigenin-labeled 45S rDNA and 20 ng of biotin-labelled satellite DNA per slide. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell1

• Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)

Analysis2

• Probes and targets are finally visualized in situ by microscopy analysis. (biosyn.com)
• An optically stable, novel class of fluorophores (quantum dots) for in situ hybridisation analysis was tested to investigate their signal stability and intensity in plant chromosome analyses. (biomedcentral.com)

Tool1

• As MCB probes can unambiguously determine pericentric and paracentric inversions and map the breakpoints, they were immediately recognized to be a useful tool for studying chromosomal evolution. (biomedcentral.com)