• Silencing Txnip prompted TLR2-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production whereas the blockage of Txnip degradation by pharmacologically inhibiting the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase with heclin and AMP-dependent protein kinase with dorsomorphin effectively reduced such effects. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study evaluated the roles of PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation in vivo, using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin , which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
  • see RTKRas/MAP kinase signaling ), LIN-12 (see LIN-12/Notch signaling in C. elegans ), and WNT (see Wnt signaling ), as well as the functions of the SynMuv and mediator proteins (see Transcriptional regulation ). (wormbook.org)
  • CDK4 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (thermofisher.com)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (thermofisher.com)
  • Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • TAK-981, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of SUMOylation, pharmacologically reactivates IFN1 signaling and immune responses against cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mol Cell 37: 102-111, 1), an investigational small molecule that is a mechanism-based inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE), reveals a promising strategy of targeting E1/Ubl pathway for therapeutic purposes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Secondary ubiquitin molecules are always linked to one of the seven lysine residues or the N-terminal methionine of the previous ubiquitin molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • These 'linking' residues are represented by a "K" or "M" (the one-letter amino acid notation of lysine and methionine, respectively) and a number, referring to its position in the ubiquitin molecule as in K48, K29 or M1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first ubiquitin molecule is covalently bound through its C-terminal carboxylate group to a particular lysine, cysteine, serine, threonine or N-terminus of the target protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polyubiquitylation occurs when the C-terminus of another ubiquitin is linked to one of the seven lysine residues or the first methionine on the previously added ubiquitin molecule, creating a chain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we showed that Bonus SUMOylation is mediated by the SUMO E3-ligase Su(var)2-10, revealing that although SUMOylation of TIF1 proteins is conserved between insects and mammals, both the mechanism and specific site of modification is different in the two taxa. (elifesciences.org)
  • glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • SUMO1 N-glycyl-lys MDM2, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 ecNumber6.3.2. (reactome.org)
  • Ubiquitylation affects proteins in many ways: it can mark them for degradation via the proteasome, alter their cellular location, affect their activity, and promote or prevent protein interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment with proteasome inhibitors reversed GAS-induced Txnip degradation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Besides, the EGFR proteins were transported to lysosomes for degradation. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • In the present study, we show that benzoic acid derivatives isolated from Bjerkandera adusta promote the activity of the two main protein degradation systems, namely the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPP) and especially the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) in human foreskin fibroblasts. (mdpi.com)
  • Regulatory subunit of the IKK core complex which phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-kappa-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor. (cusabio.com)
  • SUMOylation, the covalent conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to protein substrates, has been reported to suppress type I interferon (IFN1) responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates protein function through covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • The process of SUMOylating proteins involves an enzymatic cascade, the first step of which entails the activation of a SUMO protein through an ATP-dependent process catalyzed by SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE). (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we describe the identification of TAK-981, a mechanism-based inhibitor of SAE which forms a SUMO-TAK-981 adduct as the inhibitory species within the enzyme catalytic site. (bvsalud.org)
  • Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family proteins regulate target-protein functions by post-translational modification. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, a potent and selective inhibitor targeting the SUMO pathway has been lacking. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we describe ML-792, a mechanism-based SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE) inhibitor with nanomolar potency in cellular assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a potent and selective SAE inhibitor, ML-792 provides rapid loss of endogenously SUMOylated proteins, thereby facilitating novel insights into SUMO biology. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anti-SUMO-2/3 mouse monoclonal antibody was raised against full-length recombinant SUMO-2 protein (Uniprot: P61956) combined with a proprietary mix of peptides that include CQIRFRFDGQPINE. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The antibody has been shown to recognize a wide range of SUMO-2/3-targeted proteins in HeLa cell lysate (Fig. 1B) and to detect sub-nanogram amounts of recombinant SUMO-2 (Fig. 1A). (cytoskeleton.com)
  • A protein modification that effectively crosslinks the N6-amino of a peptidyl lysine with the carboxyl-terminal glycine of a sumo (Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifier) protein. (reactome.org)
  • Clinical studies show immunotherapy (IO) being more potent compared to radiation throughout pre-treated, innovative non-small mobile carcinoma of the lung (NSCLC). (pimsignaling.com)
  • In conclusion, TAK-981 is a first-in-class SUMOylation inhibitor that promotes antitumor immune responses through activation of IFN1 signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • We further found that SET domain bifurcated 1 (Setdb1) was a SUMOylated protein and that SUMOylation promoted Setdb1 occupancy on the promoter locus of Pparg and Cebpa genes to suppress their expressions by H3K9me3. (deepdyve.com)
  • Ubl conjugation is catalyzed by a cascade of proteins including activating enzymes (E1), conjugating enzymes (E2), and in many cases ligation enzymes (E3). (bvsalud.org)
  • This highly complex 'protein biogenesis' process is assisted by a diverse network of folding catalysts and protein-modifying enzymes and is scrutinized by molecular chaperones and other 'quality control' factors which ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins exit the ER and proceed to distal compartments of the secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
  • Among these are energy-consuming enzymes such as GTPases, protein kinases, ATP-dependent RNA helicases, and AAA-type (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) ATPases, which suggests that the energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysis confers directionality to ribosome assembly. (silverchair.com)
  • Therefore, to unravel the mechanisms of ribosome formation, it is essential to identify the substrate proteins of these energy-consuming enzymes. (silverchair.com)
  • The peptide sequence is conserved in mammals, birds, and amphibians, giving the antibody broad species reactivity. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The carboxyl group of the C-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin (Gly76) was identified as the moiety conjugated to substrate lysine residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process most commonly binds the last amino acid of ubiquitin (glycine 76) to a lysine residue on the substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abiotic stresses basically trigger numerous pathways related to oxygen free radicals' generation resulting in a higher rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. (techscience.com)
  • Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. (hindawi.com)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as consequence of oxidative metabolism, activate signal transduction pathways, which contribute to cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction has been defined as a reduced efficiency of mitochondria to produce ATP given by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, alterations in the electron transport chain (ETC) function, with increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decrease in oxygen consumption. (biomed.news)
  • This patent pending technology uses artificial miRNAs, transcribed from a plasmid or viral vector, to specifically and stably eliminate protein expression for individual gene targets both in vitro and in vivo. (duke.edu)
  • In response to low temperature, many biochemical and physiological processes change in plants through regulation of cold responsive (COR) gene expression as well as through posttranslational protein modifications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ICE1-CBF-COR transcriptional cascade (inducer of CBF expression 1 and C-repeat binding factor transcriptional cascade) is the best characterized pathway for gene regulation under cold conditions in many species [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. (cancerindex.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • Because protein molecules are highly dynamic, constant chaperone surveillance is required to ensure protein homeostasis (proteostasis). (nature.com)
  • HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, we applied the C. elegans model to a drug repurposing screen by combining it with an artificial intelligence platform and cell culture system to identify small molecules that inhibit α-synuclein oligomers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Value Proposition Cancer therapy remains challenging, and the production of new inhibitor therapies is stinted by the need for clear successful targets that will block tumor cell proliferation. (duke.edu)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • TRIM13 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis by regulating NF-κB pathway in non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • Effect of Tat induced IDO on the Capability of Dendritic Cells to Stimulate T cell Proliferation The results presented above display that Tat protein, by acting in the cell membrane level, induced the production of IDO. (statpathway.com)
  • The conserved family of Transcription Intermediary Factors (TIF1) proteins consists of key transcriptional regulators that control transcription of target genes by modulating chromatin state. (elifesciences.org)
  • The result of this sequential cascade is to bind ubiquitin to lysine residues on the protein substrate via an isopeptide bond, cysteine residues through a thioester bond, serine and threonine residues through an ester bond, or the amino group of the protein's N-terminus via a peptide bond. (wikipedia.org)
  • We found that SET domain bifurcated 1 Since no difference in food intake was observed between adqcKO f/f (Setdb1) was a SUMOylated protein and that Senp2 de-SUMOylated Senp2 and Senp2 mice fedeitherwithNCD or HFD and regulated Setdb1 action in trimethylation at histone 3 lysine 9 (Supplementary Figure S2A). (deepdyve.com)
  • Proteins synthesized at the ER are subject to covalent modifications that include N- and O-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, and in some cases, proline and lysine hydroxylation. (stanford.edu)
  • Immunocytochemistry spot of STAT and PIAS To reveal the tissues accountable for the expression of STAT and PIAS proteins, immunocytochemistry experiments were carried out. (statpathway.com)
  • In sugar fed mosquitoes, although males presented STAT and PIAS immunolabeling in numerous physique elements, noticeably from the body fat physique, the two learn this here now proteins expression was weaker in sugar fed females. (statpathway.com)
  • Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins regulate a variety of important cellular processes by forming covalent conjugates with target proteins or lipids. (bvsalud.org)
  • Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
  • Membrane proteins must be threaded co-translocationally into the lipid bilayer to become membrane-integrated, often with complex topologies and typically form hetero- or homo- oligomers. (stanford.edu)
  • Ubiquitin (originally, ubiquitous immunopoietic polypeptide) was first identified in 1975 as an 8.6 kDa protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A heat-stable polypeptide present in these extracts, ATP-dependent proteolysis factor 1 (APF-1), was found to become covalently attached to the model protein substrate lysozyme in an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent process. (wikipedia.org)
  • CRMP2 is a protein that binds to NaV1.7 and transports it to the cell membrane, where sodium ions are then transferred into the cell. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Skach, W. R. Cellular mechanisms of membrane protein folding. (nature.com)
  • These data demonstrate that cell cell interaction c-Met inhibitor isn't sufficient to stimulate IDO induction in non Tat handled cells and propose that induction of IDO in MoDCs is rather mediated by a direct action of HIV one Tat protein following its action at cell membrane level. (statpathway.com)
  • The ability of neurons to manage the burden of misfolded proteins and to resist their accumulation into insoluble protein deposits depends critically on the functioning of molecular chaperones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The last dehydrated distillers' grain merchandise refined by simply ultrasound drying a richer coloration, an increased accessible protein, a greater digestible protein (the lowest chemical p cleaning agent insoluble primitive proteins), plus a better area account without having compromise about nutrients along with dietary fiber material. (pimsignaling.com)
  • Metformin, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial OXPHOS, has been indicated to reduce NSCLC morbidity and mortality in clinical studies. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Western blots of immunoprecipitated proteins were developed using 12F3 (A) or anti-TFII-I antibody (B). (A) Star (*) and circle (o) indicate heavy and light chains of antibodies. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Ubiquitylation (also known as ubiquitination or ubiquitinylation) is an enzymatic post-translational modification in which a ubiquitin protein is attached to a substrate protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent advances suggest that an age-related decline in proteostasis capacity allows the manifestation of various protein-aggregation diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. (nature.com)
  • Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) inhibits the activity of thioredoxin (Trx) to modulate inflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tripartite Motif Containing 13 (TRIM13), a member of TRIM proteins, is deleted in multiple tumor types, especially in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. (cancerindex.org)
  • TRIM/RBCC is an ancient protein family characterized by the presence of an N-terminal RING finger domain closely followed by one or two B-boxes and a coiled coil domain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Additional protein domains found at their C termini have been used to classify TRIM proteins into subfamilies. (elifesciences.org)
  • Moreover, we found that induction of the MYC oncogene increased the ML-792-mediated viability effect in cancer cells, thus indicating a potential application of SAE inhibitors in treating MYC-amplified tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, the ND-conjugated specific EGFR antibody cetuximab (Cet) can track the location and distribution of EGFR proteins of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • We used the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated protein TDP-43 as a primary model to investigate the effects of clusterin on protein aggregation and neurotoxicity in complementary in vitro, neuronal cell and Drosophila systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The binding affinity of ecdysteroids to in vitro- translated receptor proteins indicated that PxEcRB isoform bound specifically to ponasterone A, and the binding affinity was enhanced by co-incubation with PxUSP ( K d =3.0±1.7 nM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Khanna's prior research identified a protein, collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), and an enzyme, Ubc9, that both play a role in NaV1.7 activation. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), a vitamin D 3 -upregulated protein in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25[OH] 2 D 3 )-treated HL-60 cells ( 7 ), acts as an endogenous inhibitor of the antioxidant thioredoxin (Trx), which is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress, cancer development, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory processes ( 8 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Our results suggest that cold temperature significantly affects genes related to protein translation and cellular metabolism in this chilling sensitive species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But in the cellular environment, newly synthesized proteins are at great risk of aberrant folding and aggregation, potentially forming toxic species. (nature.com)
  • Figure 1: Competing reactions of protein folding and aggregation. (nature.com)
  • Ellis, R. J. & Minton, A. P. Protein aggregation in crowded environments. (nature.com)
  • We have examined in this study whether or not increased expression of clusterin is able to protect neuronal cells against intracellular protein aggregation and cytotoxicity, characteristics that are strongly implicated in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Abnormal accumulation of the protein α-synuclein and its aggregation into oligomers and fibril-containing inclusions, termed Lewy bodies, are also defining features. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., it is found ubiquitously. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reduction of Txnip protein facilitates tumor progression, whereas the overexpression of Txnip results in the inhibition of metastasis or further triggers cells undergoing apoptosis ( 9 , 14 , 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In vertebrates this subfamily contains four proteins: TIF1α/TRIM24, TIF1β/TRIM28, TIF1γ/TRIM33, and TIF1δ/TRIM66, while only one protein, Bonus (Bon), is present in Drosophila , making it an attractive model to understand the conserved functions of TIF1 proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • these include the LIM domain protein LIN-11 , the Pax2/5/8 protein EGL-38 , the zinc finger protein LIN-29 , and the Nkx6.1/6.2 protein COG-1. (wormbook.org)
  • There are primarily two types of lung cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and SCLC, and the former accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study explored the expression and potential role of TRIM13 in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). (cancerindex.org)
  • We found that TRIM13 mRNA and protein expression was reduced in NSCLC tissues and cell lines in comparison to paired non-cancerous tissues and a human normal bronchial epithelial cell line, respectively. (cancerindex.org)
  • TRIM13-induced NSCLC cell apoptosis was attenuated by a caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, suggesting that TRIM13 induced cell apoptosis partially through a caspase-3-dependent pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • Four genes in the human genome code for ubiquitin: UBB, UBC, UBA52 and RPS27A. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Ubiquitin is encoded in mammals by 4 different genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human protein shares 94% and 95% aa sequence identity with the mouse and rat orthologs, respectively. (rndsystems.com)
  • Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key protein that plays crucial roles for tumorigenesis and cancer therapy of lung cancers. (nycu.edu.tw)
  • G protein-coupled receptor 155 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Pseudouridimycin The ratio of ELR1-IN mRNA species to ELR1 mRNA was 12 approximately.5. (angiogenesis-blog.com)
  • The basic functions of ubiquitin and the components of the ubiquitylation pathway were elucidated in the early 1980s at the Technion by Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Rose for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2004. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vast majority of proteins entering the secretory pathway are synthesized on ribosomes docked at ER translocons and are co-transationally translocated into the ER lumen. (stanford.edu)
  • Our goal is to elucidate the functional networks that coordinate protein synthesis and quality control in the early secretory pathway. (stanford.edu)
  • Extracellular CLU-client protein complexes are susceptible to endocytic clearance by monocytes and hepatocytes, and this action is thought to form a central plank in the operation of a co-ordinated system to maintain extracellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ubc9 is an enzyme that tags CRMP2 with another protein - a small ubiquitin-like modifier protein - to specifically direct control of NaV1.7. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Here, we leverage a set of genome-edited human PLIN2 reporter cell lines in a series of CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens, identifying genetic modifiers that influence PLIN2 expression and post-translational stability under different metabolic conditions and in different cell types. (stanford.edu)
  • Because NaV1.7 is a human-validated target for pain, multiple attempts have tried to stop pain by using sodium ion channel inhibitors to block NaV1.7. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. (hindawi.com)
  • Human IKKgamma does not interact with mammalian Atg8-family proteins. (cusabio.com)
  • Taken collectively, these effects suggest that the manufacturing of IDO by Tat necessitates a direct make contact with of Tat protein with human dendritic cells. (statpathway.com)
  • Figure 6: Protein fates in the proteostasis network. (nature.com)