Species mammalian sex chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ohno's studies of Barr bodies in female mammals with multiple X chromosomes revealed that such females used Barr bodies to inactivate all but one of their X chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Mammals have different traits depending on sex, like antlers in male deer. (crick.ac.uk)
These probably serve as basic genetic triggers for the development of traits specific to each sex in all mammals. (crick.ac.uk)
As males are the heterogametic sex in mammals, such sex-specific patterns can be indirectly observed when Y chromosome polymorphism is combined with mitochondrial sequence information. (uzh.ch)
Sex Determination - ATRX, DMRT1, DMRT7 and WT1 [5] "One of the most puzzling aspects of monotreme reproductive biology is how they determine sex in the absence of the SRY gene that triggers testis development in most other mammals. (edu.au)
Although monotremes share a XX female/XY male sex chromosome system with other mammals, their sex chromosomes show homology to the chicken Z chromosome, including the DMRT1 gene, which is a dosage-dependent sex determination gene in birds. (edu.au)
Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the only extant mammalian outgroup to therians (marsupial and eutherian animals) and provide key insights into mammalian evolution1,2. (edu.au)
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes ( allosomes ) in mammals, including humans , and many other animals. (iiab.me)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the gene SRY , which by default triggers male development. (iiab.me)
Most therian mammals have only one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (iiab.me)
In mammals, the Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY , which triggers embryonic development as a male. (iiab.me)
The Y chromosomes of humans and other mammals also contain other genes needed for normal sperm production. (iiab.me)
[18] This re-estimation of the age of the therian XY system is based on the finding that sequences that are on the X chromosomes of marsupials and eutherian mammals are present on the autosomes of platypus and birds. (iiab.me)
In mammals, constitutive heterochromatin is mostly arranged at pericentromeric regions of the chromosomes, whereas vole rodents (subfamily Arvicolinae ) are a remarkable exception. (biomedcentral.com)
His group has been interested in a range of topics related to the functional evolution of genomes from primates (e.g., the emergence of new genes and their functions) and other mammals (e.g., the origin and evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes). (genomyx.ch)
In the framework of projects launched in 2009, his group has been producing large amounts of transcriptome and genome (e.g., epigenome) data for a unique collection of tissues from representative mammals and outgroup species (e.g., birds) using next generation sequencing technologies. (genomyx.ch)
The formation of the sex in mammals and other species is controlled by two special chromosomes - X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males possess one X chromosome and the much smaller Y chromosome. (mpg.de)
The scientists drew on high-quality genome sequences from 32 living species representing 23 of the 26 known orders of mammals. (bionity.com)
The Sex-determining Region Y ( Sry in mammals but SRY in humans) is a gene found on Y chromosomes that leads to the development of male phenotypes, such as testes. (asu.edu)
Scientists first scanned the Y chromosomes of several mammals for the presence of genes involved in testis formation. (asu.edu)
The team found a sequence on the Y chromosomes of several species of mammals. (asu.edu)
In the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. (asu.edu)
Like other mammals, humans have an XY sex-determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY. (solarnavigator.net)

In order to neutralize the large difference in gene dosage produced by differing numbers of sex chromosomes among the sexes, various evolutionary branches have acquired various methods to equalize gene expression among the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
Margarida Cardoso Moreira , Group Leader of the Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory at the Crick, and co-leader of the study with Henrik Kaessmann at Heidelberg University, said: "By taking an evolutionary approach, we've observed that sex differences evolve fast at the gene level but slowly at the cell level. (crick.ac.uk)
PAR1 evolutionary dynamics are predominantly governed by recombination processes with a strong impact on mutation patterns across all species. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence evolution of the pseudoautosomal region after the split between the avian and mammalian lineages, and leading up to extant mammalian species, involved the formation of several evolutionary strata mediated by recombination suppression between the sex chromosomes [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The nonrecombining female-limited W chromosome is predicted to experience unique evolutionary processes. (bvsalud.org)
Difficulties in assembling W chromosome sequences have hindered the identification of duck W-linked sequences and their evolutionary footprint. (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, our results have revealed a unique evolutionary pattern and an independent stratum evolutionary pattern for sex chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
This remarkable finding shows the evolutionary stability of the order and orientation of genes on chromosomes over an extended evolutionary timeframe of more than 320 million years," Lewin says. (bionity.com)
By present estimates, humans have approximately 20,000 25,000 genes and share 98.4% of their DNA with their closest living evolutionary relatives, the two species of chimpanzees. (solarnavigator.net)
We study evolutionary processes broadly, with a main focus on the evolutionary ecology of sex determination and sex chromosomes. (lu.se)

Dosage compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes. (wikipedia.org)
Because sex chromosomes contain different numbers of genes, different species of organisms have developed different mechanisms to cope with this inequality. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked genes per cell as do human males (XY), both sexes having essentially one X chromosome per cell, from which to transcribe and express genes. (wikipedia.org)
Some lineages have evolved dosage compensation, an epigenetic mechanism which restores expression of X or Z specific genes in the heterogametic sex to the same levels observed in the ancestor prior to the evolution of the sex chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
However, researchers didn't know when and where sex differences emerge, and which genes and cells are responsible for them. (crick.ac.uk)
The researchers then investigated the genes responsible for sex differences, finding that different genes are 'sex-biased' (expressed differently depending on sex) across species. (crick.ac.uk)
Only a very small number of sex-biased genes were shared across species, suggesting that sex differences have evolved quickly. (crick.ac.uk)
The few genes that were shared were usually located on the sex (X and Y) chromosomes. (crick.ac.uk)
Although sex-biased genes differed between species, the study showed that the types of cells that are sexually dimorphic are the same across species. (crick.ac.uk)
For example, in mice and rats, different genes were sex biased in the liver, but, in both cases, the sex-biased genes were active in the hepatocytes, the main type of cell in the liver. (crick.ac.uk)
Leticia Rodríguez-Montes, PhD student at Heidelberg University, and first author, said: "It was interesting to see that despite the fast evolution of sex differences, a few genes located on the X and Y sex chromosomes showed differences between the sexes in all mammalian species. (crick.ac.uk)
[7] All Y-linked genes are expressed and (apart from duplicated genes) hemizygous (present on only one chromosome) except in the cases of aneuploidy such as XYY syndrome or XXYY syndrome . (iiab.me)
Over time, genes that were beneficial for males and harmful to (or had no effect on) females either developed on the Y chromosome or were acquired through the process of translocation . (iiab.me)
It is thought that this is due to species differences in the organization of the Y chromosome, differences in the set of genes escaping X-inactivation, and the presence of species/lineage specific sex-linked genes with functions in development and reproduction. (pacb.com)
It is, therefore, not clear whether haploinsufficiency for Xp genes in XO cells or the overdose of MSY and PAR genes in Xi(Y) cells is the cause of abnormal sex determination and differentiation in these animals. (veteriankey.com)
Henrik Kaessmann's group performs integrated bioinformatics analyses pertaining to the functional evolution of mammalian genes (and potentially associated phenotypic changes) on the basis of publicly available genomic data as well as extensive data (e.g., large-scale transcriptome data) generated by the wet lab unit of the group. (genomyx.ch)
Topics of current projects that are based on these data include the origins and/or evolution of protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and sex chromosomes (e.g. (genomyx.ch)
For the first time, they were able to show that the MSL complex also controls essential developmental genes on other chromosomes. (mpg.de)
It has to be ensured that genes on these chromosomes are read equally to generate the same amount of output. (mpg.de)
While females have two X chromosomes in their somatic cells, males possess only one X and one copy of the Y chromosome, which contains only very few genes. (mpg.de)
In the early embryonic development of a female mammal, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated so that its genes are not read twice as often as in males. (mpg.de)
Flies do the opposite: if they are male, the genes on their X chromosome are read twice as much as in females. (mpg.de)
But instead of up-regulating the transcription of one entire X chromosome with several hundred genes, here it only targets individual genes. (mpg.de)
The team identified 1,215 blocks of genes that consistently occur on the same chromosome in the same order across all 32 genomes. (bionity.com)
The scientists found nine whole chromosomes, or chromosome fragments in the mammal ancestor whose order of genes is the same in modern birds' chromosomes. (bionity.com)
Starting in the early 1980s, research teams in London, UK led by Robin Lovell-Badge at the National Institute for Medical Research and Peter Goodfellow at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute sought to identify the genes present on the Y chromosome that induced male development. (asu.edu)
Three X-chromosome loci had plausible candidate genes, including AR (on Xq12), TSR2 and KLF8 (both on Xp11.21). (nature.com)
We have thus illuminated the origins and functional evolution of protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and sex chromosomes across organs and species, as well as associated phenotypic implications. (uni-heidelberg.de)
The study would also allow researchers to improve crops by learning how sex-linked genes and reproductive processes could control or enhance plant fertility. (oosteinde.info)
The X chromosome is larger and carries many genes not on the Y chromosome, which means that recessive diseases associated with X-linked genes, such as hemophilia, affect men more often than women. (solarnavigator.net)

There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. (solarnavigator.net)

The platypus is a unique egg-laying mammal and is not a common animal model of mammalian embryonic development. (edu.au)
The Sry gene, located on the short branch of the Y chromosome, initiates male embryonic development in the XY sex determination system. (asu.edu)
That research showed that mutations in the Sry gene halted the embryonic development of testes, resulting in organisms that possessed a Y chromosome but expressed female phenotypic characteristics. (asu.edu)
Robin Lovell-Badge and her team at the National Institute for Medical Research later confirmed Sry gene's role in sex determination in an experiment where researchers injected Sry gene sequences into chromosomally female (XX) mice embryos during early embryonic development, and the embryos developed into males. (asu.edu)

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. (jove.com)
It is a common knowledge that sex chromosome mutations are better tolerated and more viable compared to changes in autosomes. (pacb.com)
1995 K2 CSR) that measures the potential in vitro genotoxicity of LAS Na to cause mutations in mammalian cells shows that LAS Na was not mutagenic to Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells both in the presence and absence of S9. (europa.eu)
Studies from families with multiple melanomas and atypical nevi (familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma [FAMMM] syndrome, also known a sB-K mole syndrome) have identified germline mutations of the p16 gene ( CDKN2A ) on chromosome 9p21, which encodes a negative regulator of cell growth. (medscape.com)
Rather, somatic mutations of BRAF ( V600E ) on chromosome 7q34 have been detected in the majority of these nevi. (medscape.com)

For example, in humans, female (XX) cells randomly silence the transcription of one X chromosome, and transcribe all information from the other, expressed X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
This is the case in many mammalian organisms, including humans and mice. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers analysed gene activity in five species (human, mouse, rat, rabbit, opossum and chicken) and five organs (brain, cerebellum, heart, kidney and liver) into adulthood in the animals and up to birth in humans. (crick.ac.uk)
The researchers also found that, in all animals and humans, few sex differences occurred while organs were developing. (crick.ac.uk)
Despite recent evidence for Y chromosome introgression from humans into Neanderthals, we find that the Neanderthal PAR1 retained similarity to the Denisovan sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
The formation of such a unique chromosome complex may have been facilitated by the unusually extensive interactions between the multi-X and multi-Y chromosomes that are shared by the autosomal homologues in humans. (edu.au)
With a 30% difference between humans and chimpanzees, the Y chromosome is one of the fastest-evolving parts of the human genome . (iiab.me)
Humans have two sets of each chromosome, which are inherited from father and mother, respectively. (mpg.de)
To buffer the copy number differences between the sexes, humans, fruit flies as well as many other organisms rely on an epigenetic mechanism called dosage compensation. (mpg.de)
In humans the first step in the development of an organism's sex is the inheritance of an X chromosome from the mother, and either an X or Y chromosome from the father. (asu.edu)
Humans , or human beings , are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for 'wise man' or 'knowing man') under the family Hominidae (the great apes). (solarnavigator.net)
This, combined with an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make greater use of tools than any other species. (solarnavigator.net)
humans are the only known species to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologies . (solarnavigator.net)
Humans are a eukaryotic species. (solarnavigator.net)

However, there are also other less common forms of dosage compensation, which are not as widely researched and are sometimes specific to only one species (as observed in certain bird and monotreme species). (wikipedia.org)
Together with our echidna sequence, the genomes of the two species allow us to detect the ancestral and lineage-specific genomic changes that shape both monotreme and mammalian evolution. (edu.au)
We provide evidence that the monotreme sex chromosome complex originated from an ancestral chromosome ring configuration. (edu.au)

In this system gene expression of sex-specific loci is reduced in the heterogametic sex i.e. the females in ZZ/ZW systems and males in XX/XY systems. (wikipedia.org)
One logical way to equalize gene expression amongst males and females that follow a XX/XY sex differentiation scheme would be to decrease or altogether eliminate the expression of one of the X chromosomes in an XX, or female, homogametic individual, such that both males and females then express only one X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
Males have one Y chromosome and one X chromosome , while females have two X chromosomes. (iiab.me)
This is explained by relatively low gene density in both the X and the Y chromosome and by random X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females buffering the effect of X-aneuploidies. (pacb.com)
They studied how exactly a group of proteins and non-coding RNAs, namely the MSL complex increases the gene expression of the single X chromosome in male flies to achieve the same dosage as XX females. (mpg.de)

However, it is not well understood why apparently similar sex chromosome abnormalities, such as X-monosomy or certain Y chromosome rearrangements, result in different phenotypic effects in different species. (pacb.com)
The molecular changes (i.e., changes in protein/RNA sequences or expression levels) underlying these phenotypic shifts and the associated selective pressures have only recently begun to be investigated based on an increasing number of available mammalian genomes. (genomyx.ch)

She realized that the previous idea of Clarence Erwin McClung, that the X chromosome determines sex, was wrong and that sex determination is, in fact, due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. (iiab.me)
Most of these conditions are associated with abnormal sex determination and/or sexual development (for review, see Villagomez et al. (veteriankey.com)
Studies by University of Kansas zoologist Clarence Erwin McClung in Lawrence, Kansas at the turn of the twentieth century helped researchers focus on the roles of chromosomes for sex determination. (asu.edu)
Based upon her research on sex determination in insect species, Stevens concluded that the Y chromosome carries the genetic material that leads to male development. (asu.edu)
Stevens's work identified the Y chromosome as a heritable structure that somehow caused sex determination in the embryo. (asu.edu)
These techniques enabled researchers to describe the mechanisms that underlie developmental pathways, including the role of SRY gene in sex determination. (asu.edu)

The X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a pair of identical chromosomes, [11] [12] termed autosomes, when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the organism to be male. (iiab.me)
Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
Sex chromosomes evolve from ordinary autosomes through the expansion and subsequent degeneration of a region of suppressed recombination that is inherited through one sex. (oosteinde.info)

PAR1 has a crucial role in ensuring proper segregation of sex chromosomes during male meiosis, exposing it to extreme recombination and mutation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Why Sex and Recombination? (cshlpress.com)
Recombination and separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I and results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes. (jci.org)

Different lineages have evolved different mechanisms to cope with the differences in gene copy numbers between the sexes that are observed on sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute and Heidelberg University in Germany have shown that sex differences in animals vary dramatically across species, organs and developmental stages, and evolve quickly at the gene level but slowly at the cell type level. (crick.ac.uk)
This may explain why there are sex differences in drug processing in the liver. (crick.ac.uk)
Over the past decade, Y-chromosomal markers applied to human populations have revealed remarkable differences in the demographic history and behaviour between the sexes. (uzh.ch)
Current knowledge about the species differences in sex chromosome organization and function is limited, this despite the availability of reference genome assemblies for most domestic species. (pacb.com)
In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We are interested in various aspects of the genetics of sex differences, including sexual selection and sexual conflict, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)

Finally, using mouse PGCLCs as our model, we are investigating oocyte development, meiosis, and the effects of sex chromosome abnormalities on fertility. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

To provide new insights into the dispersal and demographic history of this iconic species, we sequenced the genomes of 57 platypuses from across the whole species range in eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania. (edu.au)
Using this approach, it is possible to derive two assemblies from an individual, accurately representing both parental contributions in their entirety with higher continuity and accuracy than is possible with other methods.Results We used trio binning to assemble reference genomes for two species from a single individual using an interspecies cross of yak (Bos grunniens) and cattle (Bos taurus). (pacb.com)

The model organism medaka comprises several species and deeply divergent lineages from the Oryzias latipes species complex. (elifesciences.org)
Hence, in this article we only use the term "medaka" when we collectively refer to lineages within the Oryzias latipes species complex in the context of the model system. (elifesciences.org)
Common or scientific species names are used to specifically refer to individual lineages as shown in this table. (elifesciences.org)

In this talk I will discuss comparative organization and function of animal sex chromosomes and related phenotypes proceeding from our research in horses. (pacb.com)

This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
Here, we report a draft sequence of its genome that allowed us to uncover an intra-species Y chromosome polymorphism representing-in real time-different stages of sex chromosome formation that display features of early mammalian XY evolution 'in action. (gephebase.org)

Invasive vertebrate species impact our environment, economy and society. (mdpi.com)
Both the maternal (yak) and paternal (cattle) assemblies contain over one third of the acrocentric chromosomes, including the two largest chromosomes, in single haplotigs.Conclusions These haplotigs are the first vertebrate chromosome arms to be assembled gap-free and fully phased, and the first time assemblies for two species have been created from a single individual. (pacb.com)

Many ectothermic vertebrates have no sex chromosomes. (iiab.me)

The reconstruction shows that the mammal ancestor had 19 autosomal chromosomes, which control the inheritance of an organism's characteristics outside of those controlled by sex-linked chromosomes, (these are paired in most cells, making 38 in total) plus two sex chromosomes, said Joana Damas, first author on the study and a postdoctoral scientist at the UC Davis Genome Center. (bionity.com)
they treated MPB as a ordered categorical trait with four levels, and identified 287 independent MPB-associated variants: 247 autosomal, and 40 on the X-chromosome 8 . (nature.com)

In 1949, Murray Barr and Ewert Bertram published data describing the presence of "nucleolar satellites, which they observed were present in the mature somatic tissue of different female species. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)

Simultaneously, Mary F. Lyon began investigating manipulations of X-linked traits that had phenotypically visible consequences, particularly in mice, whose fur color is a trait intimately linked to the X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

It appears that sequence assembly of the X chromosome in most species is rather patchy containing multiple gaps and possible misassemblies, being the poorest in the pseudoautosomal region and in regions containing putative lineage-specific sequences. (pacb.com)

We always wondered how dosage compensation as a process to equalize gene expression of one entire chromosome could arise in the evolution of these insects," explains Asifa Akhtar the main motivation of the study. (mpg.de)

Insights into Platypus Population Structure and History from Whole-Genome Sequencing [3] "The platypus is an egg-laying mammal which, alongside the echidna, occupies a unique place in the mammalian phylogenetic tree. (edu.au)

The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)

This deficit can be attributed to the difficulty of developing Y-specific genetic markers in non-model organisms and the general low levels of polymorphisms observed on the Y chromosome. (uzh.ch)

Recent progress in genome assembly of the sex chromosomes and the availability of population genomic datasets have now made it possible to study divergence and diversity processes of this important region in detail. (biomedcentral.com)
The nearly complete platypus genome assembly has anchored almost the entire genome onto chromosomes, markedly improving the genome continuity and gene annotation. (edu.au)
Here we present a de novo human genome assembly that surpasses the continuity of GRCh38, along with the first gapless, telomere-to-telomere assembly of a human chromosome. (pacb.com)

this is called X-inactivation), a two-fold increase in the transcription of a single male X chromosome (as observed in Drosophila melanogaster), and decreased transcription by half in both of the X chromosomes of a hermaphroditic organism (as observed in Caenorhabditis elegans). (wikipedia.org)

An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
More than a quarter of a million species of land plants serve as primary producers in terrestrial biomes, but most of the genomic data about land plants has so far focused on a few flowering plants. (oosteinde.info)

If not, in phenomena such as Haploinsufficiency, aneuploidy or other forms of chromosome abnormality, these gene dosage alterations can cause severe defects ultimately resulting in developmental failures and disease. (mpg.de)

However, with a few exceptions, genetic data tracing the paternal line are lacking in most other mammalian species. (uzh.ch)
Her results supported the theory proposed in the early 1890s by zoologist researcher Walter Sutton at Columbia University in New York City, New York and biologist Theodore Boveri at University of Würzburg in Würzburg, Germany, that chromosomes contain genetic material. (asu.edu)
In 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarthy, at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City, New York, discovered that chromosomes contain DNA, the molecule that encodes an organism's genetic information. (asu.edu)
We identify plausible genetic correlations between MPB and multiple sex-limited markers of earlier puberty, increased bone mineral density ( r g = 0.15) and pancreatic β-cell function ( r g = 0.12). (nature.com)
Overall, we provide genetic insights into MPB: a phenotype of interest in its own right, with value as a model sex-limited, complex trait. (nature.com)
We want to understand how observed genetic variation relates to species limits, how variation is maintained and distributed throughout populations or selected for within single infections. (lu.se)

The Y chromosome, on the other hand, is typically not included in the reference genome and is studied separately, whereas complete sequence assembly of the male-specific portion of the Y is not yet available for any domestic species. (pacb.com)

4 performed a GWAS case-control meta-analysis on over 22,000 males, finding 63 independent MPB-associated loci, with six on the X-chromosome. (nature.com)

Insights into Sex Chromosome Evolution and Aging from the Genome of a Short-Lived Fish. (gephebase.org)
On the Origins of Species: Does Evolution Repeat Itself in Polyploid Populations of Independent Origin? (cshlpress.com)

Building on work done by Ohno and his colleagues, Lyon eventually proved that either the maternal or paternal X chromosome is randomly inactivated in every cell of the female body in the species she was studying, which explained the heterogeneous fur patterns she observed in her mosaic mice. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, the lab has California Mice, which is a species of deer mouse. (missouri.edu)

There are three main mechanisms of achieving dosage compensation which are widely documented in the literature and which are common to most species. (wikipedia.org)

The infective forms of T cruzi are contained in the feces of the insect vectors and gain entry into its mammalian hosts through contamination. (medscape.com)
As with other parasites that infect both mammalian and insect hosts, the life cycle of T cruzi is complex (see image below). (medscape.com)

Moreover, a reliable in vitro study (Murie and Innes, 1997 K3 CSR) is available in which the potential of LAS Na to cause chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells was examined. (europa.eu)

The Y chromosome was identified as a sex-determining chromosome by Nettie Stevens at Bryn Mawr College in 1905 during a study of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor . (iiab.me)
Stevens proposed that chromosomes always existed in pairs and that the Y chromosome was the pair of the X chromosome discovered in 1890 by Hermann Henking. (iiab.me)
Stevens named the chromosome "Y" simply to follow on from Henking's "X" alphabetically. (iiab.me)
Nettie Maria Stevens, a post-doctorate researcher at Bryn Mawr College, located near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, expanded upon McClung's theory in 1905, observing that spermatozoa are of two distinct forms, containing either an X or a Y chromosome. (asu.edu)

Biogeographic patterns of globally widespread species are expected to reflect regional structure, as well as connectivity caused by occasional long-distance dispersal. (oosteinde.info)

This study demonstrates the power of whole-genome sequencing for studying natural populations of an evolutionarily important species. (edu.au)
Scientists have long sought a technology to humanely control populations of damaging invasive pests in a species-specific manner. (mdpi.com)
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a new species of Ceratodon arose via peripatric Here we evaluate the hypothesis that meiotic sex ratio variation can contribute to the biased sex ratios found in natural populations of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. (oosteinde.info)

The pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) is a 2.7 Mb telomeric region of human sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
The DNA in the human Y chromosome is composed of about 59 million base pairs. (iiab.me)
Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter? (nationalacademies.org)
Back in 2005, even the Human Rights Campaign referred instead to "birth sex" and "physical sex. (americanlibertywithbilllockwood.com)
This mechanism of transmission contrasts with that of the two subspecies of African trypanosomes that cause human disease, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , which are transmitted via the saliva of their vectors, and with the mechanism by which a nonpathogenic trypanosome found in the Americas, Trypanosoma rangeli , is transmitted to its mammalian hosts. (medscape.com)

The researchers discovered that the organs which are different between the sexes vary across species. (crick.ac.uk)

At that time, however, researchers couldn't detail the mechanism through which chromosomes work to induce changes in the cell. (asu.edu)

The sex chromosomes are one remarkable exception. (mpg.de)

Here, we show prominent epigenetic marks of the heterochromatic blocks in the giant sex chromosomes of female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

Y is normally the sex-determining chromosome in many species, since it is the presence or absence of Y that typically determines the male or female sex of offspring produced in sexual reproduction . (iiab.me)
Male pattern baldness (MPB) is a sex-limited, age-related, complex trait. (nature.com)
As a man who has come to understand sex/gender politics through radical feminism, I hope readers will not back away from the fight against institutionalized male dominance. (zlibrary-global.se)
The Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute has begun sequencing both a male (R40) and a female (GG1) laboratory isolate of the species. (oosteinde.info)

Anatomy67

Organisms28

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs23

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes154

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Mammals23

Evolutionary10

Genes30

Pair of sex chromosomes1

Embryonic development4

Mutations5

Humans14

Monotreme3

Females5

Phenotypic2

Determination6

Autosomes3

Recombination3

Differences7

Abnormalities1

Genomes2

Lineages3

Phenotypes1

Polymorphism2

Vertebrate2

Vertebrates1

Autosomal2

Somatic2

Traits1

Sequences1

Gene expression1

Echidna1

Cytogenetics1

Organisms1

Genome assembly3

Inactivation1

Genomic3

Developmental1

Genetic6

Sequence1

Loci1

Evolution2

Mice2

Dosage compensation1

Insect2

Aberrations1

Stevens4

Patterns1

Populations3

Human6

Organs1

Researchers1

Remarkable exception1

Epigenetic1

Pseudoautosomal1

Male4