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Cinchona AlkaloidsCinchonaRubiaceaeChloroacetatesAnhydridesQuinidineQuinineStereoisomerismEcosystemRisk FactorsTime FactorsConservation of Natural ResourcesPopulation DynamicsBiodiversityInformation Storage and Retrieval
QuinineGenusRubiaceaePubescensAlkaloidsCalisayaSouth AmericaOfficinalisMalariaEcuadorAndesSeed plantPlantationsMedicinal propertiesLinnaeusCoveted cinchona seedsPlantsCentral AmericaGeneraPhylogeneticFoundHybridsAmphibiansFeverWorld'sForestsTree speciesExtractNativeHumansDiversityWidelyIndiaTropicalIncludeVarietyWorldDataSmallFlowersHabitat
Quinine24
  • Cinchona has been historically sought after for its medicinal value, as the bark of several species yields quinine and other alkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The artificial synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and the emergence of alternate therapies eventually ended large-scale economic interest in Cinchona cultivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2005. The cost of quinine Cinchona pubescens control on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. (wikimedia.org)
  • 1988. The invasion of highlands in Galapagos by the red quinine-tree Cinchona succirubra . (wikimedia.org)
  • Curare comes from a tropical vine and quinine from the cinchona tree. (google.com)
  • species because its bark is naturally rich in Quinine, a molecule with powerful, scientifically shown and patented stimulating properties. (boots.com)
  • Several species of Cinchona are the natural source of quinine, which has long been used worldwide as a treatment for malaria. (efloras.org)
  • Peruvian bark (sometimes called cinchona and quinine) is only to be administered with proper professional knowledge. (crescentbloom.com)
  • Not long after French scientists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolated quinine from cinchona bark in 1820, the governments of Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru unsuccessfully attempted to embargo the exportation of cinchona seeds, seedlings, or trees. (cdc.gov)
  • The class of chemical compounds to which quinine belongs is called the cinchona alkaloids. (labonline.com.au)
  • In Bolivia his servant, Manuel Incra Manami, had spent four years collecting cinchona seeds, highly prized for their quinine but a prohibited export. (edu.au)
  • Plantations of the species, later named Cinchona ledgeriana , provided much of the world's quinine from 1900 to 1940. (edu.au)
  • Quinine and a host of related compounds are found in the bark of trees of the genus Cinchona, which grow on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes in some of the most forbidding and inaccessible landscapes on earth. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • Cinchona is a large and diverse genus, and the trees make different amounts and qualities of quinine. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • The small tree Cinchona pubescens, a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia . (adventurealternative.com)
  • Quinquinas (ken-key-nah) traditionally contained cinchona bark, which provides quinine. (diffordsguide.com)
  • The new frog species, most belonging to the genus Philautus, were found in remnant forests in a part of the island nation that had been largely deforested by British colonial planters to make room for plantations of tea, rubber, and cinchona, a tree whose bark is used to make the malaria treatment quinine. (harvard.edu)
  • repens refers to the plant's creeping stems and adventitious roots.Mitchella is classified in the madder family, Rubiaceae, and is therefore related to other Virginia native plants such as bluets (Houstonia), buttonbush (Cephalanthus), bedstraws (Galium), and a host of familiar tropical plants, including coffee (Coffea), quinine (Cinchona), and ipecac (Carapichea, formerly Cephaelis). (vnps.org)
  • Coffea, Cinchona as a source of quinine). (bergianska.se)
  • However, an absence of available genomic resources is essential for placing the Cinchona species within the tree of life and setting the foundation for exploring the evolution and biosynthesis of quinine alkaloids. (sciety.org)
  • present the long-read based assembly and annotation of the genome of fever tree (Cinchona pubescens), well known as the source of quinine alkaloids traditionally used to treat malaria. (sciety.org)
  • Most of you probably have not heard of Cinchona before but its key ingredient is quinine which you will know as an ingredient in tonic water? (drinkskitchen.online)
  • Nowadays, quinine is extracted from the cinchona bark and purified to form a white powder which delivers the astringent bitterness found in tonic waters. (drinkskitchen.online)
  • The term derives from cinchona bark, the natural source of quinine. (cdc.gov)
Genus11
  • Cinchona (pronounced /sɪŋˈkoʊnə/ or /sɪnˈtʃoʊnə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. (wikipedia.org)
  • the national tree of Peru is in the genus Cinchona. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linnaeus described the genus based on the species Cinchona officinalis, which is found only in a small region of Ecuador and is of little medicinal significance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nearly 300 species were later described and named in the genus, but a revision of the genus in 1998 identified only 23 distinct species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The febrifugal properties of bark from trees now known to be in the genus Cinchona were used by many South American cultures prior to European contact,Jesuits played a key role in the transfer of remedies from the New World. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the reference after an item is omitted, it will be found immediately below, with the last species or variety of the same genus. (fao.org)
  • The only other species in the genus, Mitchella undulata, from Taiwan, Korea, and Japan, is similar to our North American plant.Although edible, partridge berries are described as tasteless or, at best, mildly aromatic. (vnps.org)
  • In this paper, one new genus Anamalysia gen. nov., including six new species ( Anamalysia idiastimorpha sp. (pensoft.net)
  • The neotropical genus Cybianthus , as here interpreted, contains approximately 150 species in ten subgenera, including the subgenus Grammadenia here proposed. (nybgshop.org)
  • A Revision of the Genus Cinchona & Systematics of Erisma. (nybgshop.org)
  • A genus of mosquito, some species of which can transmit human malaria. (cdc.gov)
Rubiaceae4
  • citation needed] Cinchona plants belong to the family Rubiaceae and are large shrubs or small trees with evergreen foliage, growing 5 to 15 m (16 to 49 ft) in height. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Peruvian bark tree, also known as the Jesuit Tree or the fever tree, is a cinchona 1 of the family Rubiaceae, native to the western forests of the South American Andes. (cdc.gov)
  • The Rubiaceae is the fifth largest flowering plant familiy with over 13 000 species and mostly tropical or subtropical but with about five hundred species in the temperate regions. (bergianska.se)
  • Parts of the research have dealt particularly with Madagascar and its many endemic Rubiaceae species. (bergianska.se)
Pubescens3
  • Cinchona pubescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. (wikimedia.org)
  • 2004. The Control of a Highly Invasive Tree Cinchona pubescens in Galapagos. (wikimedia.org)
  • Impact of the introduced tree Cinchona pubescens Vahl. (wikimedia.org)
Alkaloids4
  • Cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona. (nih.gov)
  • In the same species, the amount of alkaloids is different in different organs of the plant and, moreover, varies depending on the phase of vegetation and environmental conditions. (medprep.info)
  • Usually, the sum of alkaloids in all Solanaceae species includes both main alkaloids, but in all possible proportions, one of them prevails. (medprep.info)
Calisaya6
South America4
  • Traditional medicine uses from South America known as Jesuit's bark and Jesuit's powder have been traced to Cinchona. (wikipedia.org)
  • In South America, natural populations of Cinchona species have geographically distinct distributions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cinchona is a tree from South America. (boots.com)
  • Cinchona is native to South America, where its species are not all well differentiated, are morphologically variable, and hybridize freely especially in cultivation, where numerous artificial hybrids have been created. (efloras.org)
Officinalis1
Malaria3
  • The traditional story connecting Cinchona species with malaria treatment was first recorded by Italian physician Sebastiano Bado in 1663. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drugs active against Plasmodium falciparum also are active against the other three malaria species that affect humans- P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale- with the exception of antifols, which work poorly against P. vivax . (nationalacademies.org)
  • Certain species native to the south of the country, for example, have saved humanity from serious epidemics such as Malaria, whose cure came from the bark of the Quina or Cinchona trees still present in the forests of Loja. (natureandculture.org)
Ecuador4
  • Habitat y distribución de las Cinchonas en el Ecuador. (wikimedia.org)
  • Ecuador is among the richest countries on the planet for its diversity of species. (natureandculture.org)
  • Biologists from Ecuador and around the world are racing against time to record the country's species. (natureandculture.org)
  • In recent years in southern Ecuador, particularly in the provinces of Zamora Chinchipe, Loja and El Oro, there have been multiple finds of great importance for the thickening of the national catalog of species. (natureandculture.org)
Andes2
  • About 30,000 species of Vascular plants live in the Andes, vascular plants include the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). (adventurealternative.com)
  • In the Andes about 3,700 species of animals can be found, including 500 species of mammals, 1,600 species of birds, 500 species of reptiles, and 300 species of fishes, and more than 100 species of amphibians. (adventurealternative.com)
Seed plant1
  • The dynamics of geographic patterning in seed plant species. (wikimedia.org)
Plantations1
  • Nonetheless, seeds of a number of Cinchona species made it to Kew Gardens and to far-flung parts of the British and Dutch empires where plantations were established. (timeshighereducation.com)
Medicinal properties2
  • The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree are thought to have been discovered by the Quechua, indigenous people from Peru and Bolivia. (cdc.gov)
  • One study examining 2253 Amazon tree species found 44% of them had beneficial medicinal properties. (labonline.com.au)
Linnaeus2
  • Linnaeus used the Italian spelling Cinchona, but the name Chinchón (pronounced [tʃinˈtʃon] in Spanish) led to Clements Markham and others proposing a correction of the spelling to Chinchona, and some prefer the pronunciation /tʃɪnˈtʃoʊnə/ for the common name of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • 16. Cinchona Linnaeus, Sp. (efloras.org)
Coveted cinchona seeds1
  • Many of the coveted cinchona seeds cling to twigs to the right of the flowers. (cdc.gov)
Plants8
  • Year-round moderate temperatures, abundant rainfall, and rich soils make tropical Latin America home to nearly 100,000 of the worlda (TM)s 300,000 known species of plants, and therefore home to untold numbers of potential cures. (google.com)
  • Her collection of 833 paintings, which portray more than 900 species of plants, comprises her life's work and is on permanent display in the Marianne North gallery at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. (cdc.gov)
  • As explained in the text, many species and varieties of plants are tolerant to methyl bromide, and those which have been injured are a small percentage of the total number tested. (fao.org)
  • In this first book on the Wardian case, Luke Keogh leads us across centuries and seas to show that Ward's invention spurred a revolution in the movement of plants-and that many of the repercussions of that revolution are still with us, from new industries to invasive plant species. (bookshop.org)
  • In Junghuhn Nature Reserve, there are suspiciously three kinds of cinchona plants. (unsoed.ac.id)
  • The diversity among the plants is intriguing to be evaluated as the study can contribute to the data pool of cinchona. (unsoed.ac.id)
  • The genetic diversity analysis of cinchona plants from Junghuhn Nature Reserve in this research was done using RAPD molecular marker. (unsoed.ac.id)
  • Scientists believe there are over 260,000 species of plants. (blueplanetbiomes.org)
Central America1
  • A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, and São Tomé and Príncipe off the coast of tropical Africa, and others have been cultivated in India and Java, where they have formed hybrids. (wikipedia.org)
Genera1
  • The phylogenetic hypotheses (resulting phylogenies) have been used as frameworks for assessing relationships among different species or groups of species, pinpointing the phylogenetic positions of enigmatic genera, basing new phylogenetic classifications, and addressing ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographical questions. (bergianska.se)
Phylogenetic1
  • 3) analyze the phylogenetic relationships of the species in Grammadenia , and (4) test the integrity of character states historically used in the classification of the family by extensive field, laboratory, and herbarium studies. (nybgshop.org)
Found5
  • The mixed deciduous forests of the Western Ghats region are home to a majority of plant species found in Tamil Nadu. (bharatonline.com)
  • In 2002, Meegaskumbura, together with other Sri Lankan scientists and researchers from Boston University, told the world what they found: as many as 100 new species of tree frogs in the high cloud forests and lowland rainforests of Sri Lanka. (harvard.edu)
  • Likewise, to the south of the Podocarpus National Park in the Numbala Nature Reserve , administered by Nature and Culture International, the same group of biologists from UTPL found 5 species of amphibians considered new to science that are in the process of description, one of them, according to its descriptors Diego Armijos and Paul Szekely will be named as the reserve in which they found it ( Pristimantis numbala ). (natureandculture.org)
  • A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. (lookformedical.com)
  • A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. (bvsalud.org)
Hybrids1
  • During the 19th century, the introduction of several species into cultivation in the same areas of India and Java, by the English and Dutch East India Company, respectively, led to the formation of hybrids. (wikipedia.org)
Amphibians1
  • This is true for the island's amphibians, and especially tree frogs, which have undergone a unique and explosive adaptive radiation numbering hundreds of species. (harvard.edu)
Fever2
World's1
  • Over 70% of the world's plant and animal species live in forests. (labonline.com.au)
Forests1
  • 32 new plant species have been discovered in the cloud forests near the San Francisco Station over the past 20 years - an impressive number according to David Neill, co-author of a book cataloguing Ecuador's plant species diversity. (natureandculture.org)
Tree species1
  • The database contains information about 600 tree species useful in agrofrorestry. (yale.edu)
Extract2
Native1
  • The database is searchable by country, native or exotics species, products and/or services provided, and by the first letter of the species. (yale.edu)
Humans1
  • As they recover internal and external balance, they will be able to be active agents in the regenerating process of ecosystems which will reduce conditions for the proliferation of pathogens that attack humans and other species. (traditionalmedicines.org)
Diversity4
  • In addition to the environmental services provided by the diversity of species as a whole, the food, medicines, fibers, some construction materials, drugs, industrial products that are used in the country all come directly from our biodiversity. (natureandculture.org)
  • This location diversity enabled us to find a rather large set of bird (and other animal) species in our week of traveling together. (fieldguides.com)
  • So far, studies on cinchona at the molecular level, especially genetic diversity, are rarely reported. (unsoed.ac.id)
  • Genetic diversity between Cinchona spp. (unsoed.ac.id)
Widely1
  • After the Jesuits learned about cinchona and brought it to Europe, its bark was widely used there to treat fevers starting in the 17th century. (cdc.gov)
India1
  • Another species, Atropa acuminata Roy, grows in India and is used in England. (medprep.info)
Tropical2
  • it is very common to see toucans, hummingbirds and many other colorful tropical species. (rutaschile.com)
  • FierroUrco is also an amphibian-rich area, 16 potentially new species were documented in a report by the UTPL Laboratory of Tropical Ecology and Ecosystem Services. (natureandculture.org)
Include1
  • European law dictates that vermouth must contain a minimum of 75 per cent wine, infused with herbs and spices which must include Artemisia, although the species and quantity is not specified. (diffordsguide.com)
Variety1
  • Further information on a wide variety of plant species is given in the "Handbook of Plant Tolerances to Methyl Bromide", USDA (1977). (fao.org)
World1
  • We took two boat trips on the river at Caño Negro, fabulous as always for photography and lots of birds - these cruises even enabled us to see all six species of New World kingfishers in one day (including the rare Green-and-rufous). (fieldguides.com)
Data1
  • The data was analyzed using UPGMA and Maximum Parsimony of the MEGA7 program to obtain the phenogram specifying genetic relationships among the samples.The result of the study shows that the RAPD profile of Cinchona spp. (unsoed.ac.id)
Small1
Flowers1
Habitat1
  • This reference refers to the rail population which lives in the habitat being invaded by this introduced species. (wikimedia.org)