Species carcinogenicity tests. Medical search. Frequent questions

In evaluating mutagenicity for potentially hazardous drugs, responses from multiple test systems are needed before precautions can be required for handling such agents. (cdc.gov)
No studies on mutagenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of saponins from Madhuca species have been identified. (thebeefsite.com)
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. (orffa.com)

aromatic amines or derivatives for long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity, J. Environ. (wikipedia.org)
No indications for adverse effects on the reproductive organs were derived from the repeated dose toxicity or carcinogenicity studies in various species after oral (rats, mice), dermal (rats) and subcutaneous route (dogs). (europa.eu)

To provide some background, the ICH S1 guidances (safety guidances on carcinogenicity studies) were issued in 1995 and 1997 that described a strategy to assess carcinogenic risk of new pharmaceuticals. (fda.gov)
Under the ICH umbrella, we participated in an expert working group that examined the retrospective analyses and conducted a prospective study to see if an alternative to the standard two-year rat carcinogenicity study would still adequately assess the carcinogenic risk of a pharmaceutical. (fda.gov)
The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. (astm.org)
There was no evidence that isofetamid was carcinogenic in mice and rats, and isofetamid was tested for genotoxicity in an adequate range of in vitro and in vivo assays and was negative. (tga.gov.au)

This strategy called for results from one long-term rodent study and a second short- or long-term supplemental study in another rodent species. (fda.gov)
There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in two rodent species at any dose tested. (growingvegetables.co)
When effects observed in rodent studies require further clarification/characterization in a second species, or when non-rodent species are deemed to be the most relevant choice based on toxicokinetic studies, dogs are the commonly used second species. (afsacollaboration.org)
Carcinogenicity studies are usually carried out in rodent species, where the test chemical is administered daily during the majority of their life span. (afsacollaboration.org)

N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, a diagnostic reagent derived from 1-naphthylamine, was selected for bioassay by the National Cancer Institute because of the suspected carcinogenicity of its parent compound, and the confirmed bladder carcinogenicity of the related compound 2-naphthylamine in humans. (nih.gov)
A bioassay for the possible carcinogenicity of N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)
5.2 Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of 3 to 7 ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. (astm.org)
A bioassay of 4-nitroanthranilic acid for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)
Under the conditions of this bioassay evidence was not provided for the carcinogenicity of 4-nitroanthranilic acid in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)

Seven additional reviews failed to clearly demonstrate utility in predicting human toxicological outcomes, such as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)

Reactions to the exposure of these products vary among species, making it difficult to extract data from animal tests and apply them to situations in which humans are exposed. (aavs.org)
There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of estazolam. (inchem.org)
Estazolam is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) . (inchem.org)
For some time, regulatory authorities, the Industry and academia agreed, that animal testing should be no longer mandatory - primarily because at the time of the beginning of such tests there is already sufficient information available from animal experiments to estimate a possible risk of cancer in humans. (invitrojobs.com)
In addition, in its reevaluation of carbon black, IARC concluded that "there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of carbon black. (hionsmart.com)
The requirement that animals be used in research and testing in order to protect humans was formalized in the Nuremberg Code and subsequent national and international laws, codes, and declarations. (biomedcentral.com)
This perspective is based on the observation that the hypothesis that animals are predictable for humans has never been scientifically tested [ 5 , 6 ], and that there are important differences between species in e.g. physiology, genetics, epigenetics and molecular biology [ 4 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Species differences in the toxicity of p-chloro-o-toluidine to rats and mice. (wikipedia.org)
Estazolam was tested for carcinogenicity in one experiment in mice and one experiment in rats by oral administration in the diet. (inchem.org)
Twenty-five rats of each sex and 50 mice of each sex were placed on test as controls. (nih.gov)
Mean body weight depression, in relation to controls, was apparent for both sexes of rats and mice, indicating that higher concentrations of the test chemical would not have been tolerated by these animals. (nih.gov)
A Replicative DNA Synthesis assay using male Fischer 344 rats given a single dose of 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg bw benzyl alcohol by gavage was negative at all doses tested (Uno et al. (europa.eu)
For rats 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as low dose controls and 25 animals of each sex were placed on test as high dose controls. (nih.gov)
There were no effects on normal development in rats and rabbits even at the highest dose tested. (growingvegetables.co)
Subacute (28-day) and subchronic (90-day) inhalation toxicity tests rely on rodents (preferably, rats), which are nose-only or whole-body exposed to the test substance using dynamic inhalation chambers, and sacrificed at the end of the exposure period. (afsacollaboration.org)
Acute (14-day), subacute (28-day) and subchronic (90-day) oral toxicity tests rely on rodents (preferably, rats). (afsacollaboration.org)
The oral repeated dose toxicity & carcinogenicity studies (12 -month studies in F-344 rats and C57BL/6 mice) with urea in the diet at concentrations of 4500, 9000 or 45000 did not reveal any treatment-related effects on the reproductive organs. (europa.eu)
No test material related tumor induction was observed and a NOAEL was set at 200 mg/kg body weight (nominal in diet, only concentration tested) in rats. (europa.eu)
Carcinogenicity was examined in Wistar rats over 24 months. (europa.eu)
There are three types of animal models: rabbits, rats, and other species. (bdnews55.com)

However, we take into account the dose for animal testing for reproductive and developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity testing. (cdc.gov)
In addition to dose, for carcinogenicity testing we look for tumors in more than one species and sex. (cdc.gov)
For decades, acute toxicity testing meant poisoning large numbers of animals in Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests, which are conducted until at least one half of the test animals die. (aavs.org)
1994). A Replicative DNA Synthesis assay using male B6C3F1 male mice given a single dose of 0, 400 or 800 mg/kg bw benzyl alcohol by gavage was negative at all doses tested (Miyagawa et al. (europa.eu)
The lowest tested dose or concentration of a substance which resulted in an observed adverse effect in exposed test organisms when all higher doses or concentrations resulted in the same or more severe effects. (cornell.edu)
For mice 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls for each dose group. (nih.gov)
However, this study is limited in that only two to six animals were tested at each dose level and no control data were presented. (cdc.gov)
In the 2-year carcinogenicity study with the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in CD-1 mice, an increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas was identified in the male high-dose group but was not observed in female mice. (bvsalud.org)

Systematic Reviews of Animal Experiments DemonstratePoor Human Clinical and Toxicological Utility Animal Consultants International, London, UK Summary - The assumption that animal models are reasonably predictive of human outcomes provides the basis for their widespread use in toxicity testing and in biomedical research aimed at developing cures for human diseases. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)

Workshop report: Chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity testing of respirable fibrous particles. (europa.eu)
In a key combined chronic/carcinogenicity study (Harbison et al. (europa.eu)
The global in vivo toxicology market is divided into acute, sub-acute, chronic, and sub-chronic test types. (bdnews55.com)
In 2021, the chronic test type segment led the market, followed by the sub-chronic test type. (bdnews55.com)
The chronic test form market is expanding as a result of increased research on pharmaceuticals used for long-term treatment, including as anti-cancer, anti-convulsive, anti-arthritic, and anti-hypertensive agents. (bdnews55.com)
People with chronic poisoning by well water often are reassured when testing labels their water "safe. (medscape.com)

these include extrapolation between doses, species (including strain and sex), routes of administration and exposure regimens (e.g., intermittent vs constant rate). (epa.gov)

Heinrich-Ramm R, Mindt-Prufert S, Szadkowski D. Arsenic species excretion in a group of persons in northern Germany-- contribution to the evaluation of reference values. (medscape.com)

The objective of the programme is to prepare, with the help of international working groups of experts, and to publish in the form of monographs, critical reviews and evaluations of evidence on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of human exposures. (who.int)
The aim of the Monographs has been, from their inception, to evaluate evidence of carcinogenicity at any stage in the carcinogenesis process, independently of the underlying mechanisms. (who.int)
The IARC Monographs are recognized as an authoritative source of information on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of human exposures. (who.int)

The EPA evaluations include the type of cells affected and in vitro versus in vivo testing [51 Fed. (cdc.gov)
For genotoxicity effects, we look at in vivo testing over in vitro testing. (cdc.gov)
However, adverse outcomes in several in vitro tests may be considered in our evaluation. (cdc.gov)
There are sufficient existing safety data as well as in vitro alternatives to make animal testing for cosmetic and household products obsolete. (aavs.org)
1990). A more recent in vitro micronucleus test (Fowler 2012) was negative. (europa.eu)
Also the other related benzyl derivatives (benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and the benzoate salts) were negative when tested in in vitro Ames tests with or without metabolic activation. (europa.eu)
ACuteTox set the very ambitious overall objective of developing an in vitro test strategy sufficiently robust and powerful to completely replace in vivo testing of acute toxicity of chemicals. (enhesa.com)
In general, in vivo genotoxicity tests are performed following positive in vitro results, and they aim to detect DNA strand breaks, and damages induced by chemicals to the chromosomes. (afsacollaboration.org)
Information on toxicity is based on both in vitro and in vivo trials, which show toxic effects across species, with the liver and kidney being the most affected. (orffa.com)

In the test, a substance is placed in one eye, with the other eye serving as a control. (aavs.org)
Here, we provide information about carcinogenicity tests - tests to determine whether a substance can cause cancer or not. (invitrojobs.com)
Pain relief is withheld on the basis that it could interact with the substance being tested and contaminate the study data. (afsacollaboration.org)
Dermal irritation, in terms of "reversible damage of the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours", is generally assessed by the potential of a certain substance to cause erythema/eschar and/or oedema after a single topical application on rabbit skin and based on the Draize score. (afsacollaboration.org)
The liquid test substance was dosed continuously in an evaparator separately for each treatment group, evaporated from the surface of a high-grade steel element the hat end of which was maintained at about 120°C, and channeled into the inhalation chambers with a continuous stream of fresh air (0.3 to 3 m3/h) in high-grade steel pipes. (europa.eu)
Before entering the inhalation chamber, the test substance vapor was combined with the fresh air in the chamber. (europa.eu)
Brief description of analytical method used: Gas samples were obtained continuously from all inhalation chambers, and test substance concentration was measured in an approximately 60-min cycle either by a gas infrared photometer (Miran IA, CT, USA, wavelength 8.3 um, 2.25 m length cuvette) or by a total hydrocarbon flame ionization detector. (europa.eu)
The relative standard deviation of the daily mean test substance concentration was 3.2 to 7.4 % of the theoretical concentrations. (europa.eu)
Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): test substance was mixed with normal feed at 2 g TS per kg feed. (europa.eu)

Also in the intervening years, there has been a concerted effort to reduce the use of animal testing in drug development studies. (fda.gov)
A greater understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenicity, the publication of several retrospective analyses indicating that two-year rat carcinogenicity studies might not add value to human risk assessment in some cases, and our commitment to patient safety, expediting drug development, and animal welfare, led us to consider how to amend the original S1B guidance. (fda.gov)
Toxicity studies and observations of toxic effects in feeding studies have been reported using crude total saponins or defatted seed meal from various Madhuca species. (thebeefsite.com)
We included reviews and all other types of "umbrella"-studies of meta-data quantitatively comparing the translational results of studies including at least two species with one being human. (biomedcentral.com)
The consistent application of formal validation studies to all test models is clearly warranted, regardless of their animal, non-animal, historical, contem- porary or possible future status. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)

In the in vivo Draize rabbit eye test, regulatory reference method, chemicals are applied to rabbit's eyes, and changes are monitored over time. (afsacollaboration.org)
The classical in vivo tests are conducted with tissues, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood cells, and hepatocytes of animals, using rodents. (afsacollaboration.org)
has been tested in any in vivo toxicity assay. (thebeefsite.com)
In-vivo testing is widely used in pre-clinical research. (bdnews55.com)
Primary in vivo toxicology testing aid in determining the effects of a medicine prior to first-in-human use. (bdnews55.com)
The worldwide in vivo toxicology market is divided into two segments: outsourced testing facilities and in-house testing facilities. (bdnews55.com)

According to a press report, a dermatologist who, EWG has determined, is a paid consultant for the sunscreen industry, dismissed the FDA-NTP findings on grounds the study tested the chemical on mice. (ewg.org)
Skin sensitization, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis, has traditionally relied on animal testing, such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA) in mice, and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). (afsacollaboration.org)
It is based on measurement of proliferative responses by draining lymph node cells induced following topical exposure of mice to test chemicals. (afsacollaboration.org)
In addition, no evidence of carcinogenicity was found in a lifelong skin painting study with n-butyl acrylate in C3H/HeJ mice by dermal exposure at approx. (europa.eu)

There is evidence suggesting a lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals for estazolam. (inchem.org)
therefore, no evidence for mutagenic carcinogenicity exists. (europa.eu)
The documents do mention the same evidence for carcinogenicity which was considered by the group. (cdc.gov)
The evaluations of IARC working groups are scientific, qualitative judgements about the evidence for or against carcinogenicity provided by the available data. (who.int)
Topics are selected on the basis of two main criteria: (a) there is evidence of human exposure, and (b) there is some evidence or suspicion of carcinogenicity. (who.int)

In a supporting carcinogenicity study (Kitano et al. (europa.eu)
The carcinogenicity in the rat was determined (no guideline followed) in a 24 month feeding study. (europa.eu)

It is therefore considered that urea is very unlikely to be a reproductive toxin and testing cannot be justified scientifically. (europa.eu)

John H. Draize, Ph.D., a scientist at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), developed the Draize eye test in 1944 to assess eye irritation caused by various chemicals. (aavs.org)
But scientists throughout the world who assess human carcinogenicity risks consider the government scientists' methodology to be the gold standard for research. (ewg.org)

At FDA and in CDER, we are looking toward ways to improve safety assessments and reduce animal testing, where it makes sense, without sacrificing the safety of human patients who will eventually use these medications. (fda.gov)
As a result, animal-based testing methods continue to fail legitimate human needs, while new discoveries in the field of alternatives have led to new and improved techniques that do not involve live animals. (aavs.org)
For years, the U.S. has lagged behind the European Union, which passed a law in 2004 that phased out the use of animals to test cosmetic products and ingredients, as well as the sale of products containing ingredients subjected to new animal tests. (aavs.org)
China has recently announced plans to limit mandatory animal testing for some cosmetic products. (aavs.org)
It would also ban the use animals testing cosmetics and their ingredients, as well as phase out the sale of cosmetic products containing animal tested ingredients. (aavs.org)
However, neither agency requires companies to use animal tests to access safety of their products. (aavs.org)
Unfortunately, many companies remain resistant to changing their testing techniques and U.S. agencies, like the FDA, continue to endorse animal testing methods as the gold standard. (aavs.org)
While no non-animal alternative has yet been approved as a replacement for the Draize eye test, two alternatives have been created to allow for partial replacement of animal tests in a tiered testing scheme. (aavs.org)
animal testing has been used as a surrogate. (ewg.org)
As you well know, FDA, NTP and other scientific institutions are working to develop sorely needed non-animal methods for toxicity testing. (ewg.org)
Until reliable non-animal models are available, animal tests are established, state-of-the-art methods for evaluating toxicity. (ewg.org)
Metabolism is extensive in various animal species. (inchem.org)
Significant teratogenic and/or embryocidal effects have been demonstrated for ribavirin in all animal species studied. (druglib.com)
However, the corresponding regulation is still not deleted and these tests, which are to a large extent highly stressful for the animal, are continued. (invitrojobs.com)
In some cases, animal testing may be entirely avoidable, while in others, numerous different animal tests may be expressly required before a new chemical, pesticide or medicinal product is authorized for sale. (afsacollaboration.org)
We further analyze the predictive value of animal models when used as test subjects for human response to drugs and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
We explore the use of animals for models in toxicity testing as an example of the problem with using animal models. (biomedcentral.com)
We conclude that the requirements for animal testing found in the Nuremberg Code were based on scientifically outdated principles, compromised by people with a vested interest in animal experimentation, serve no useful function, increase the cost of drug development, and prevent otherwise safe and efficacious drugs and therapies from being implemented. (biomedcentral.com)
Animal experimentation continued with Galen in the first century CE but modern animal use in research and testing dates to Claude Bernard in 19th century France[ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This incident led directly to the enactment of the US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 to mandate some animal testing[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Likely benefits would include, the greater selection of models truly pre- dictive of human outcomes, increased safety of people exposed to chemicals that have passed toxicity tests, increased efficiency during the development of human pharmaceuticals and other therapeutic interven- tions, and decreased wastage of animal, personnel and financial resources. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)

These included reviews of the clinical utility of experiments expected by ethics committees to lead to medical advances, of highly-cited experiments published in major journals, and of chimpanzee experiments - those involving the species considered most likely to be predictive of human outcomes. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)

WHO is not responsible, and does not accept any liability, for the testing of pesticides for compliance with the specifications, nor for any methods recommended and/or used for testing compliance. (who.int)
Carcinogenicity and pesticides : principles, issues, and relationships. (epa.gov)
RÉSUMÉ Étant donné l'utilisation largement répandue des pesticides en Égypte et l'incidence croissante de la leucémie et du lymphome, nous avons tenté d'évaluerl'exposition aux pesticides et d'autres variables sélectionnées en tant que facteurs de risque des maladies lymphoprolifératives (leucémie et lymphome non-hodgkinien). (who.int)

A 2011 survey found that 67% of Americans believe that companies should not test products like cosmetics and dish soap on animals, and 60% are more likely to buy products that have not been testing on animals. (aavs.org)
Other tests include the acute toxic class method and the up-and-down procedure, which typically involve the use of a smaller number of animals. (aavs.org)
An EWG analysis of the FDA data, described in EWG's 2010 Sunscreen Guide , concluded that the data suggested that retinyl palmitate, when applied to test animals' skin and exposed to sunlight, accelerated the development of skin lesions and tumors. (ewg.org)
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. (nih.gov)
4-Nitroanthranilic acid was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. (nih.gov)
Thus, benzene was shown to be a multipotential carcinogen that produced cancers in several species of animals by various routes of administration. (nih.gov)
After a one-week interval without any chemical treatment, test animals were given 0.1 % methylurea or 0.5 % Morpholine mixed into their diet and 0.15% sodium nitrite in their drinking water for 23 weeks. (europa.eu)
High activity of src measured as activity of its product, the pp60c-src kinase, was detected in the nervous cell systems of all groups of animals tested. (science-connections.com)
In toxicity tests, animals are (force-)fed, forced to inhale, injected with, or have chemicals applied to their skin or eyes. (afsacollaboration.org)
The number of animals used in a single test can range from fewer than 10 to more than 2,000 individuals. (afsacollaboration.org)
Assessors then use the results from these laboratory tests on animals to try to predict real-world effects on people and/or wildlife. (afsacollaboration.org)
The notion that testing chemicals on animals could be predictive of human responses and therefore should be legally mandated dates back to the 1930s, when the sulfa drugs were being introduced for infections. (biomedcentral.com)

10 As a consequence, they cannot be detected using genotoxicity tests. (invitrojobs.com)

Benzene was among the 400 or more chemicals that Maltoni and his associates tested for carcinogenicity. (nih.gov)

The present opinion deals with saponins in Madhuca longifolia and other Madhuca species as potentially undesirable compounds in feed. (thebeefsite.com)

In that test, which was according to OECD TG 487, no toxicity and either no induction of micronuclei was noted up to the maximum test concentration of 10 mM (1081 µg/mL) recommended in the guideline. (europa.eu)

Acute toxicity testing is used to determine the danger of exposure to a chemical by mouth, skin, or inhalation. (aavs.org)

The LD50 test is conducted infrequently now as it is being replaced by several new, but still lethal, options. (aavs.org)

With this in mind, we have worked to amend the safety guidance on testing for carcinogenicity of pharmaceuticals through collaboration with our partners at ICH and other stakeholders. (fda.gov)

Likewise, Ni 2+ has been demonstrated to be the toxic chemical species in the environment, and models have been developed that account for the influence of abiotic factors on the bioavailability and toxicity of Ni 2+ in different habitats. (mdpi.com)

Conclusion on genotoxicity A total of 12 benzyl derivatives in the group have been tested for genotoxicity. (europa.eu)

5.1 The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. (astm.org)

Benzyl alcohol was not mutagenic in several Ames tests with Salmonella typhimurium TA92, TA94, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 with and without metabolic activation (e.g. (europa.eu)
Persons who perform this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products. (astm.org)

For approval, these substances have to be tested first for its potential to cause cancer (carcinogenicity). (invitrojobs.com)
Spinosad is composed of spinosyns A and D, substances produced by aerobic fermentation of the actinomycete species Saccharopolysora spinosa . (growingvegetables.co)
These tests can also be performed to guarantee that the drug or product of choice is free of dangerous substances. (bdnews55.com)

Test chemical is administered by gavage, or via the diet or drinking water. (afsacollaboration.org)

The Draize eye test has been criticized for several reasons. (aavs.org)
Not only does this make the Draize eye test unreliable, but it also adds to the immense suffering caused by this test. (aavs.org)

However, no historical control data was provided, though obtained data on the background incidence of left-sided umbilical artery in rat foetuses in four other testing laboratories indicated they were likely incidental to treatment. (tga.gov.au)

many developed treatments fail during clinical testing. (biomedcentral.com)
many molecules that were promising during preclinical development fail during subsequent clinical testing [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

2-Nitrotoluene was identified as presenting an intermediate potential for exposure of individuals in Canada and had been classified by other agencies on the basis of carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. (gc.ca)

Adverse effects of mycotoxin contamination include impaired reproduction, digestive disorders, carcinogenicity and reduced performance. (allaboutfeed.net)
However, breakthroughs are being made all the time in mycotoxin control and prevention, mycotoxin testing and the impact of mycotoxins on livestock. (allaboutfeed.net)
Mycotoxin analysis from 2021 shows that approximately 74% of the tested feed samples were contaminated with enniatin B. (orffa.com)

Developed and maintained by the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), the AHPA Botanical Identity References Compendium is a centralized source of information on physical characteristics and test methods that can be used to determine the identity of plant species and articles of trade obtained from these plants. (enhesa.com)

Furthermore, the negative carcinogenicity test in two species via the route shows that there is no concern for the health risks from mutations in somatic cells. (europa.eu)

In 1944, Sardinia was used as a test site for eradicating native malaria-carrying mosquitoes ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

In 2021, the occurrence of beauvericin was already high, with a level of around 70% in the tested feed samples. (orffa.com)
In 2021, the outsourced testing facility segment held the biggest market share. (bdnews55.com)

Up to now, such tests have been performed on rodents. (invitrojobs.com)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Disciplines and Occupations1

Mutagenicity3

Toxicity or carcinogenicity2

Carcinogenic4

Rodent species4

Bioassay5

Teratogenicity1

Humans7

Rats13

Dose8

Toxicological1

Chronic6

Strain1

Excretion1

Monographs3

Vitro9

Substance9

Studies5

Vivo6

Mice4

Evidence5

Study2

Reproductive1

Assess2

Animal21

Outcomes1

Pesticides3

Animals12

Genotoxicity tests1

Chemicals1

Compounds1

Guideline1

Acute toxicity1

LD501

Pharmaceuticals1

Toxic1

Group1

Assay1

Ames2

Substances3

Chemical1

Draize2

Data1

Clinical2

Exposure1

Mycotoxin3

Methods1

Negative1

19441

20212

Rodents1