Species botulinum antitoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Botulism is a rapidly fatal motor paralysis caused by ingestion or in vivo production of the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum types A-G. The spore-forming anaerobic organism proliferates in decomposing animal tissue and sometimes in plant material. (merckvetmanual.com)
Botulism, although rare, is a potentially lethal illness caused by the botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and other clostridial species. (medscape.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, C. botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: C. butyricum has produced type E toxin and C. baratii had produced type F toxin. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
Botulism is poisoning that is due to Clostridium botulinum toxin and that affects the peripheral nerves. (merckmanuals.com)
Botulism is classically caused by Clostridium botulinum , a bacterium that can produce some of the most potent neurotoxins known to science. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
BoNT-like gene clusters have not previously been identified in any bacterial species outside of Clostridium and no toxins of E. faecium have been reported before now," the authors said. (utoledo.edu)
Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
We now know much more about Clostridium botulinum thanks to whole-genome sequencing. (biologydictionary.net)
This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)
In World War II, US soldiers were immunized with an antitoxin before arriving in France due to fears of the German army using Clostridium botulinum as a biological weapon. (biologydictionary.net)
Botulinum neurotoxins, produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, are the causative agent of botulism. (hal.science)
Botulism is an acute severe neuroparalytic disease caused by bacterial exotoxins produced by distinct strains of Clostridium , mainly Clostridium botulinum . (biomedcentral.com)
Botulism is a rare, potentially fatal syndrome of diffuse, flaccid paralysis caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) which is elaborated by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (statpearls.com)
Identify the Clostridium species in the etiology of botulism. (statpearls.com)
Botulism is an acute neurologic disorder that causes potentially life-threatening paralysis due to a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or related species ( C baratii and C. butyricum) . (medscape.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a rare and potentially fatal cause of food poi soning. (amboss.com)

Purified botulinum toxin type A, in the form of BOTOX® purified neurotoxin complex, has been used therapeutically in the treatment of certain forms of strabismus, for cosmetic reasons (to reduce glabellar lines and smile lines), and in blepharospasm associated with facial dystonia, including benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)

Botulism generally is seen in four clinical scenarios, as follows: (1) the ingestion of preformed toxins in food contaminated with C botulinum, (2) contamination of wounds by C botulinum, (3) colonization of the intestine by C botulinum in infants younger than 1 year, and (4) iatrogenic botulism due to injection of botulinum toxin. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)
Five of the toxins affect humans: types A, B, E, and rarely F and F/A Hybrid (formerly labeled H). Botulinum toxins are highly poisonous proteins resistant to degradation by gastric acidity and proteolytic enzymes. (merckmanuals.com)
Botulism was suspected early in the course of disease and he received antitoxin (antibodies against the toxins), which probably played a key role in his response. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
[55] Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia . (wikipedia.org)
As the small animal decomposes, the powerful botulinum toxins are released and contaminate the surrounding feed and water. (sanfrananimal.com)
Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Botulinum neurotoxins, whether directly ingested, produced in a C botulinum contaminated wound, or produced by C botulinum colonization within the intestines, enter the vascular system and are transported to peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum elaborates 8 types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins (types A through G and F/A Hybrid). (merckmanuals.com)
Specifically, C. botulinum is responsible for the neurotoxins that result in generalized weakness, flaccid paralysis of the tongue, difficulty swallowing, and eventually respiratory failure. (sanfrananimal.com)
Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteases that block peripheral motor and autonomic nerves, leading to death when respiratory muscles are affected. (biomedcentral.com)

Administration of human-derived botulinum antitoxin in suspected infant botulism cases decreases the length of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant botulism (intestinal infection with toxin-forming C. botulinum), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with C. botulinum). (wikipedia.org)

Intensive supportive care and administration of botulinum antitoxin are vital. (medscape.com)
TDAV was identified during an outbreak of acute clinical hepatitis in horses, 6 weeks after prophylactic administration of botulinum antitoxin of equine origin ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)

C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
However, C. butryicum , not C. botulinum , was identified in his stool and it was confirmed that the bacterium was able to produce botulinum toxin E. (wormsandgermsblog.com)

Experimental studies have proven that botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) causes flaccid paralysis with a multi-step mechanism. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Because this 3-stage model had not been made to reproduce temporal adjustments in paralysis with different toxin concentrations, a fresh BoNT/A types and price (to a free of charge species that's with the capacity of binding. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Today's study was made to expand a data-driven minimal model produced by Simpson [15] that referred to the kinetics of botulinum neurotoxin Rabbit Polyclonal to DIL-2 serotype A (BoNT/A) in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in creating paralysis in vitro. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for several movement disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. (jneurosci.org)
BoNT/A-mediated cleavage of SNAP-25 in the FN is prevented by intracerebroventricular delivery of antitoxin antibodies, demonstrating that BoNT/A physically leaves the motoneurons to enter second-order neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Substantial experimental and clinical evidence indicates that not all botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) effects can be explained solely by the local action (i.e., silencing of the neuromuscular junction). (jneurosci.org)
However, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is the most potent toxin known to man. (hal.science)

IC botulinum is a heterogeneous group of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive microorganisms. (medscape.com)
C. botulinum is able to produce the neurotoxin only during sporulation, which can happen only in an anaerobic environment. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)

All patients have received the anti-botulinum serum. (utoledo.edu)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)

A horse in Nebraska, USA, with serum hepatitis died 65 days after treatment with equine-origin tetanus antitoxin. (cdc.gov)
Next, we experimentally infected 2 horses using a tetanus antitoxin contaminated with EqPV-H. Viremia developed, the horses seroconverted, and acute hepatitis developed that was confirmed by clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic testing. (cdc.gov)
Theiler's disease has been described in horses in many areas of the world after treatment with a variety of equine serum products, including tetanus antitoxin ( 3 - 8 ), botulinum antitoxin ( 9 ), antiserum against Streptococcus equi ( 4 , 10 ), pregnant mare's serum ( 4 ), and equine plasma ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
These include tetanus antitoxin, botulinum antitoxin, stem cell preparations and equine plasma products in general. (laboklin.com)
Second, any unbound toxin remaining in the animal must be captured and eliminated using Tetanus antitoxin injections. (bonitapetcareanimalhospital.com)

The botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to mankind, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3-2.1 ng/kg in humans. (wikipedia.org)
however, tetanospasmin causes rigid paralysis, whereas botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis. (bonitapetcareanimalhospital.com)

As oxygen is depleted in the decaying animal's body, C. botulinum will begin rapidly forming toxin-releasing spores. (sanfrananimal.com)
Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)

C. botulinum is divided into four distinct phenotypic groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven serotypes (A-G) based on the antigenicity of the botulinum toxin produced. (wikipedia.org)

Two lesser-known but potentially fatal bacteria that may be found in our food are campylobacter and C. botulinum. (isaluhospitals.com)
The organosulfur compounds of garlic exhibit a range of antibacterial properties such as bactericidal, antibiofilm, antitoxin, and anti-quorum sensing activity against a wide range of bacteria including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. (frontiersin.org)
These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)

If it is injected into an animal of the donor species then the injected antibodies will simply be removed through normal catabolic processes. (veteriankey.com)

We identified an unknown parvovirus in serum and liver of the dead horse and in the administered antitoxin. (cdc.gov)

It ranks third in potency after botulinum and diphtheria toxin. (bonitapetcareanimalhospital.com)

toxin, botulinum toxin is a zinc-binding metalloprotease that cleaves specific proteins in synaptic vesicles. (merckvetmanual.com)
One of the fundamental differences between group I and group II is that C. botulinum group I can lyse native proteins like coagulated egg white, cooked meat particles, whereas group II cannot. (wikipedia.org)

Occasionally, Botulism may occur from infection of a wound with C. botulinum. (sanfrananimal.com)
Wound cultures that grow C botulinum suggest the presence of wound botulism. (medscape.com)

We also created a quantitative romantic relationship between the starting point price of paralysis and enough time that's available to neutralizing antitoxins or various other non-permeable countermeasures to exert some inhibitory impact. (exposed-skin-care.net)

The normal bacterial flora in the healthy adult horse naturally inhibits C. botulinum sporulation. (sanfrananimal.com)

rarely, botulism has occurred after cosmetic injections (with botulinum toxin). (merckmanuals.com)

Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of therapeutic indications, many of which are not part of the approved drug label. (wikipedia.org)

Its strong affinity and high neutralising potency make this chimeric antibody interesting for immunotherapy treatment in humans in cases of poisoning, particularly as there is a probable limitation of the immunological side effects observed with classical polyclonal antisera from heterologous species. (hal.science)

Horses were the major source of these "antitoxins" because of their size and ease of management. (veteriankey.com)
In foals and adult horses, as well as humans, botulinum toxin causes profound neurological deficits. (sanfrananimal.com)

As discussed later, modern molecular techniques also make it possible to alter the nonantigen-binding parts of immunoglobulins so that they too are identical to the recipient species and almost completely eliminating their antigenicity. (veteriankey.com)

This theory is supported by the presence of integration sites flanking the toxin in some strains of C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)

Only botulinum toxin types A, B, E, F and H cause disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Group III is associated with the presence of botulinum toxin in animals, and Group IV with toxin production neither in humans nor animals. (biologydictionary.net)

The cascade of symptoms can begin within a matter of hours after ingestion of a significant amount of botulinum toxin or may take days to become evident, depending upon the exposure. (sanfrananimal.com)

Pathogenic species produce. (merckmanuals.com)

C. botulinum is one of several species of clostridia that cause human disease. (merckmanuals.com)

Health and Human Services, California (510-5402646), Botulinum antitoxin is generally not recommended for infants. (docshare.tips)

Botulism can occur when neurotoxin is elaborated in vivo by C. botulinum or when preformed neurotoxin is acquired in an external source. (merckmanuals.com)

C. botulinum produces heat-resistant endospores that are commonly found in soil and are able to survive under adverse conditions. (wikipedia.org)
It produces type G botulinum toxin that is proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)

However, all types of botulinum toxin are rapidly destroyed by heating to 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). (wikipedia.org)

The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Botulinum toxin E was found in his stool, and C. butyricum was isolated. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
C botulinum may be grown on selective media from samples of stool or foods. (medscape.com)

However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. (wikipedia.org)

Botulinum toxin specifically attacks glycoproteins in cholinergic nerve endings. (biologydictionary.net)

The relative was reported to have put her finger in the baby's mouth to soothe him at one point, and that would be a logical source of exposure, highlighting the need for good hygiene practices after having contact with animals and their environments, especially high-risk species such as turtles. (wormsandgermsblog.com)

If IgG is injected into an animal of a different species it will act as a foreign antigen and trigger an immune response. (veteriankey.com)
If the DNA that is introduced comes from a different species, the host organism is now considered to be transgenic. (pressbooks.pub)

C. botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California. (wikipedia.org)
However, these integrations sites are degraded (except for the C and D types), indicating that the C. botulinum acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)
The seven main types of botulinum toxin are named types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). [20] [22] New types are occasionally found. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs8

Clostridium26

Purified neurotoxin1

Toxins9

Neurotoxins4

Infant botulism2

Administration of botulinum antitoxin2

Bacterium2

BoNT7

Anaerobic3

Anti-botulinum3

Tetanus5

Flaccid2

Spores3

Toxin produced1

Bacteria3

Antibodies1

Serum1

Diphtheria toxin1

Proteins2

Wound2

Paralysis1

Sporulation1

Cosmetic1

Therapeutic1

Polyclonal1

Horses2

Antigenicity1

Strains1

Humans2

Ingestion1

Pathogenic1

Clostridia1

Infants1

Vivo1

Produces2

Rapidly1

Immunoglobulins1

Stool2

Oxygen1

Specifically1

Animals1

Different species2

Types3