• Soviet Central Asia (Russian: Советская Средняя Азия, romanized: Sovetskaya Srednyaya Aziya) was the part of Central Asia administered by the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, a major turning point in all former Soviet republics, Central Asian and Caucasian countries began to reflect on their history and identities. (hurstpublishers.com)
  • START stands for "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty" and was originally the name of a document signed by US President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. (rt.com)
  • Objectives To identify British American Tobacco's (BAT) reasons for targeting the former Soviet Union following its collapse in 1991 and the initial strategies BAT used to enter the region. (who.int)
  • Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918-1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia - after its largest and dominant constituent state - continued to be commonly used throughout the state's existence. (wikipedia.org)
  • On 5 December 1936 it became the Kyrgyz SSR, one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. (wikipedia.org)
  • '[Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus Since the Fall of the Soviet Union ] is an ambitious yet concise account of the evolution of Islam in the Muslim-majority former Soviet republics, namely the five Central Asian states and Azerbaijan. (hurstpublishers.com)
  • Victory Day salutes were fired not just in the 'Hero Cities' (Leningrad, Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad) and sometimes the capitals of the republics, but also in Kaliningrad and Lviv, capitals of frontier regions incorporated into the Soviet Union during the Second World War. (eurozine.com)
  • In the mid-1920s, the borders of the five Soviet republics of Central Asia - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan - were created by the newly established Soviet state. (lossi36.com)
  • The Central Asian republics became integral to the Soviets' ultimately colonial modernising project: widely considered backward by Moscow because of their Islamic and nomadic cultures, Central Asians were paradoxically encouraged to develop their sense of national identity while simultaneously integrating into a relatively opaque "Soviet" identity. (lossi36.com)
  • Of all of the national republics that emerged out of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has had the most profound difficulties in determining its national identity. (journalofdemocracy.org)
  • Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (initially Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic) (30 April 1918 - 27 October 1924) was created from the Turkestan Krai of Imperial Russia. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • China is now being beaten with the same stick as the Soviet Union, and Russia. (countercurrents.org)
  • This study of collective representations in Soviet Russia concentrates on perceptions of Lenin's image, from a socio-anthropological rather than political view. (mellenpress.com)
  • 2021). Labour, Mobility and Informal Practices in Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. (lu.se)
  • This issue of NBR Analysis offers reflections on the current crisis in the Soviet Union by renowned Soviet experts James Billington and Herbert Ellison. (nbr.org)
  • The inability of the Soviets and Japanese to achieve a significant breakthrough on the dispute over the Kurile Islands stands as a recent example of how events in the Soviet Union touch upon its foreign policy. (nbr.org)
  • In the first essay, Dr. Billington views the transformation in the Soviet Union from a cultural perspective - as an ongoing search for a uniquely Russian identity compatible with democratic impulses of glasnost and perestroika. (nbr.org)
  • Professor Ellison argues that despite the conservative retrenchment in the Soviet Union in the latter half of 1990, resolution of the Kurile Islands dispute continues to be in long term Soviet interests and remains the key to a restructuring of the U.S.-Soviet security relationship in the Asia-Pacific. (nbr.org)
  • The breakup of the former Soviet Union and independence in the Central Asian states created a natural experiment on the impact of market reform on economic, social, and political development. (nceeer.org)
  • For fifty years relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were deciding factors in international affairs. (ecampus.com)
  • The Soviet Union itself was first smeared, its history rewritten in hostile foreign countries (to the extent that even the Soviet people themselves began doubting their own past and present), its internationalist duty discounted and dragged through mud. (countercurrents.org)
  • In the end it broke the spine of the Soviet Union, the country that had been skillfully maneuvered into the conflict by Washington, and which, against all practical sense, decided to rush to the rescue of the Afghan people. (countercurrents.org)
  • In fact, everything pure, heroic and positive that the Soviet Union represented, was spat on. (countercurrents.org)
  • Soviet Union. (nls.uk)
  • Brought back from the Soviet Union by Scottish Labour MP Arthur Woodburn after his visit there in 1932. (nls.uk)
  • A sophisticated account of the evolution of Islam in Central Asia and Azerbaijan since the collapse of the Soviet Union. (hurstpublishers.com)
  • As for the beginning of the war, it was dated to 22 June 1941, when the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union. (eurozine.com)
  • Changes of this kind were not the exclusive preserve of the Soviet Union and its sphere of influence. (eurozine.com)
  • In the satellite states, 9 May served primarily to express friendship with the Soviet Union and gratitude towards the Red Army. (eurozine.com)
  • To explore how British American Tobacco (BAT), having established cigarette imports, responded to the opportunities for investment in cigarette manufacturing in the former Soviet Union (FSU). (bmj.com)
  • This is the second of two papers that explore the tactics that British American Tobacco (BAT) used to enter the new markets of the former Soviet Union (FSU). (bmj.com)
  • This was especially important in Soviet Central Asia, located on the eastern periphery of the Soviet Union far from the ideologies that had been sweeping Europe since the end of the century. (lossi36.com)
  • When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Iran's strategic position and oil reserves became even more important to the Allied war effort than before. (kxcdn.com)
  • In August the British and the Soviets launched a joint invasion of the country , deposing the defiant Reza Shah and opening up a supply route to the Soviet Union . (kxcdn.com)
  • With the immediate threat from the West over, the People's Republic began to move away from its dependence on the Soviet Union. (omniatlas.com)
  • The Soviet Union - the country with the largest land mass in the world - has within its borders over a hundred ethnic groups speaking hundreds of languages and dialects. (forerunner.com)
  • MOSCOW (FR) - This is the hour of destiny for the Soviet Union! (forerunner.com)
  • Today the hope of a renaissance is being birthed in the Soviet Union. (forerunner.com)
  • It was good to talk with you and to hear first hand about the vision that you have to see a Forerunner-type newspaper established within the Soviet Union for Soviet students. (forerunner.com)
  • Through all of this upheaval, China and the United States' common enemy stayed the same: the Soviet Union. (kunr.org)
  • By the late 1970s, the Soviets had almost as many nuclear weapons as the Americans, and the U.S. was looking for means to confirm that the Soviet Union was abiding by arms control agreements. (kunr.org)
  • Firstly, the former Soviet Union which invaded Afghanistan in December 1979. (blogspot.com)
  • The then American President Jimmy Carter signed the CIA directive to arm the Afghan jihadists in July 1979, whereas the former Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December the same year. (blogspot.com)
  • Fact of the matter, however, is that the nexus between the CIA, Pakistan's security agencies and the Gulf states to train and arm the Afghan jihadists against the former Soviet Union was formed several years earlier. (blogspot.com)
  • The former Soviet Union was wary that its 40 million Muslims were susceptible to radicalism, because Islamic radicalism was infiltrating across the border into the Central Asian States from Afghanistan. (blogspot.com)
  • Therefore, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 in support of the Afghan communists to forestall the likelihood of Islamic insurgencies spreading to the Central Asian States bordering Afghanistan. (blogspot.com)
  • Incidentally, Trump also implied the reason why Soviet Union collapsed was due to the economic burden of the Soviet-Afghan War, as he was making a point about the withdrawal of American forces from Syria and Afghanistan. (blogspot.com)
  • Notwithstanding, in the Soviet-Afghan War between the global capitalist and global communist blocs, Saudi Arabia and the rest of Gulf's petro-monarchies took the side of the global capitalist bloc because the former Soviet Union and Central Asian states produce more energy and consume less. (blogspot.com)
  • An autobiography of a well-known American sociologist who first rose to prominence in the Soviet Union. (mellenpress.com)
  • The large population, proximity to China, scope to expand sales to women and, in Central Asia, a young population with high growth rates made the former Soviet Union particularly attractive. (who.int)
  • Conclusions BAT used the chaotic conditions in the immediate post-transition period in the former Soviet Union to exploit legislative loopholes and ensure illegal cigarette imports. (who.int)
  • Uzbekistan, a country in Central Asia and part of the former Soviet Union, faces challenges in controlling and preventing zoonotic diseases, which can spread between people and animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) has increased substantially in many parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly in those areas most affected by economic decline and failing health infrastructures (1). (cdc.gov)
  • His main research interests include banking and financial reform in emerging economies, SME access to formal finance, institutional economics, higher education reforms and economic transformation in the former Soviet Union in general and in the central Asian economies. (lu.se)
  • Lyme disease also occurs in Europe, across the former Soviet Union, and in China and Japan. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The recent visit to Japan by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev took place as the Soviet leader faced mounting opposition at home. (nbr.org)
  • The Helsinki Commission held its second hearing on Soviet aggression in Afghanistan six years after Soviet invasion in 1979. (csce.gov)
  • This Note examines the evolution of the Soviet-Vietnamese relationship over the past decade in three contexts: (1) Soviet behavior in supporting the Vietnamese troops during the invasion of Cambodia in late 1978 and in defending them during the Chinese incursion of Vietnam in early 1979, (2) the level of Soviet economic and military aid, and (3) the impact of General Secretary Gorbachev's "new thinking" on Soviet-Vietnamese relations. (rand.org)
  • Regarding the objectives of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the then American envoy to Kabul, Adolph "Spike" Dubs, was assassinated on 14 Feb 1979, the same day that Iranian revolutionaries stormed the US embassy in Tehran. (blogspot.com)
  • According to recently declassified documents [1] of the White House, CIA and State Department as reported by Tim Weiner for The Washington Post, the CIA was aiding Afghan jihadists before the Soviets invaded in 1979. (blogspot.com)
  • The Khorezm SSR only survived until 17 February 1925, when it was divided between Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast, the Turkmen SSR, and the Uzbek SSR as part of the reorganization of Central Asia by Moscow according to nationalities. (wikipedia.org)
  • More specifically, it discusses the canonization of Lahuti and Džambul within the Soviet literary system in 1935 and 1936, arguing that it occurred when each performed in Moscow and demonstrated his ability to serve Stalin's "friendship of peoples" both as a translated court poet and an embodiment of the East, which is to say as an untranslatable source text. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • MOSCOW (FR) - Two years ago, Eugene Mastratov worked as an oil prospector searching the northern reaches of Soviet Asia for natural gas and oil. (forerunner.com)
  • A visiting scholar at Carnegie, Washington, DC (2011 and 2014), Balci's research focuses on Islam in Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. (hurstpublishers.com)
  • Although an external observer still tends to label the five major countries of Central Asia's vast region (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) as 'Post-Soviet', it might just be the wrong prism to use. (centralasiaforum.org)
  • This article reports the results of a drug-susceptibility survey conducted by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in collaboration with local ministries of health, in northwestern Uzbekistan and northern Turkmenistan in Central Asia. (cdc.gov)
  • Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (2012) 32 (1): 40-56. (dukeupress.edu)
  • The perspective is historical, from the late Soviet era in Central Asia, and independence in East Africa. (lu.se)
  • From Moldova to Estonia, it would take Soviet forces several years to subdue anti-communist partisans. (eurozine.com)
  • Central to the commemorations were a number of exemplary heroes, chosen from the millions of dead to enter the Soviet pantheon as martyrs for the Communist and patriotic cause. (eurozine.com)
  • In addition to Communist party information, official documents, memoirs, and folklore, newly-opened secret reports of the soviet political police are used for the first time. (mellenpress.com)
  • China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia are five among the six surviving communist regimes in the world after the collapse of the Soviet bloc. (lu.se)
  • In this talk, I propose a historically grounded, regionally framed, and holistically constructed framework to examine the strengths and vulnerabilities of these surviving communist regimes in Asia. (lu.se)
  • Vu is the author or co-editor of eight books, including Vietnam's Communist Revolution: The Power and Limits of Ideology (Cambridge, 2017) and Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia (Cambridge, 2010). (lu.se)
  • The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran: The British have invaded southern Iran, occupying Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, and Hamadan. (kxcdn.com)
  • The status of 9 May was to undergo changes, both in the USSR and in central Europe, where the holiday calendar was not uniformly aligned on the Soviet model. (eurozine.com)
  • In 1954, it terminated the Soviet concessions in Xinjiang and in October 1955 the USSR returned full control of Port Arthur/Dairen to China. (omniatlas.com)
  • This article analyzes the lives of four stage personalities whose lives, career paths, and achievements connect us to the cultural makeup of Soviet Kyrgyzstan during the second half of the twentieth century. (dukeupress.edu)
  • Because the Soviet state was a multi-ethnic, universalizing Socialist state, Edgar argues, female emancipation and nationalism in Central Asia came to be seen as opposed to each other instead of forming mutually supportive components of modernity. (ucsb.edu)
  • That the CIA was arming the Afghan jihadists six months before the Soviets invaded Afghanistan has been proven by the State Department's declassified documents and admitted by The Washington Post, which is owned by Jeff Bezos, the owner of Amazon. (blogspot.com)
  • Pakistan's support to the Islamists with the Saudi petro-dollars and Washington's blessings, however, kindled the fires of Islamic insurgencies in the entire region comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Soviet Central Asian States. (blogspot.com)
  • Following my secondment to Charles University in Prague, I would like to briefly summarize some of the initial findings of my research on how to prevent corruption in the academic sector in Central Asia. (lu.se)
  • Central Asia was known for widespread corruption in the academic sectors and has recently become the region with the highest rate of predatory publishing. (lu.se)
  • Thus, the Soviet-led bloc was a net exporter of energy whereas the Western capitalist bloc was a net importer. (blogspot.com)
  • The course of this search and its outcome inevitably bear upon the conduct of Soviet foreign policy, the focus of Professor Ellison's essay. (nbr.org)
  • Deng and Turner agreed that their two countries would build and run spy stations in Western China to spy on the Soviet missile program, allowing the Americans to keep tabs on the Soviets, and for the Chinese to get technology they'd never had access to before. (kunr.org)
  • This study seeks to gain greater insight into the causes of state weakness by assessing eight socio-economic, political, and geographic variables in the five post-Soviet Central Asian cases. (iwu.edu)
  • the four regions with strong ties to Central Asian and Caucasian Islam in the years before Soviet occupation. (hurstpublishers.com)
  • History Doctoral Candidate Feruza Aripova publishes 'Tracing the Effects of Soviet Gender and Sexual Politics in Central Asia' in Central Asian Affairs. (northeastern.edu)
  • Adrienne Edgar shows that Central Asian Muslims under Soviet rule came to regard their family and religious traditions as central to their cultural and national identities in the face of the Soviet onslaught. (ucsb.edu)
  • Central Asian societies were subsequently transformed by Soviet rule, and architecture was no exception. (lossi36.com)
  • This article explores the indigenization of the representation of Soviet Central Asia in Russian-language literature by examining how two Central Asian literary figures-the "Tajik" poet Abulqasim Lahuti and the Kazakh bard Džambul Džabaev were promoted in Russian in the mid-1930s. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Central Asian Law: Legal Cultures, Governance and Business Environment in Central Asia. (lu.se)
  • To what extent has academic dishonesty contributed to the well-known gap in research performance between Central Asian countries and other post-Soviet states? (lu.se)
  • The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920 and officially declared on 26 April 1920. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under Gorbachev, not only does interventionism appear remote, but tangible results in reducing tensions in Southeast Asia already have been achieved. (rand.org)
  • Britain trying to enlist Asian countries in Southeast Asia security arrangements (page 3). (cia.gov)
  • Britain trying to enlist Asian countries in Southeast Asia security arrangements: Britain hopes to introduce at Geneva a proposal for India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, and Indonesia jointly to supervise and guarantee an Indochina settlement. (cia.gov)
  • According to the British official, Nehru has indicated that he would consider contributing troops to help guarantee the settlement and that he is thinking in terms of an "Asian Locarno," which eventually might be extended to all of Southeast Asia. (cia.gov)
  • Meanwhile, Britain is also exploring the possibility of having one of the Commonwealth prime ministers call a Southeast Asia defense conference after the Geneva talks. (cia.gov)
  • He has also authored numerous articles on the politics of nationalism, revolution, and state-building in East and Southeast Asia. (lu.se)
  • This shot below is not of a CCCP secret testing bunker, but I think it looks like one, at least according to my 1980's cold war Bond-shaped vision of the Soviet nuclear program. (stuckincustoms.com)
  • Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s. (wikipedia.org)
  • But it was public spaces that became the ultimate beacons of Soviet ideology: palaces of culture, opera houses, theatres - and indeed circuses - became integral parts of urban cultural life as Soviet citizens were increasingly expected to digest and regurgitate the ideology of the state. (lossi36.com)
  • The author examines the life of an individual who realized in his early youth the totalitarian character of the Soviet society but who did not dare fight the system. (mellenpress.com)
  • That the main manifestations of this cultural and ideological entanglement proved to be public spaces is therefore unsurprising: they were a reflection of both the ongoing cultural revolution and the shifting priorities of the Soviet state. (lossi36.com)
  • We will push a communique, but come back to you if the Soviets push hard on a declaration. (state.gov)
  • Communique or, as an acceptable concession to the Soviets, a declaration on period consultations: Summits, Foreign Ministers, Defense Ministers/Chiefs of Staff. (state.gov)
  • Communique reference to South Asia problem or maybe a separate joint statement. (state.gov)
  • Soviet agreement to negotiate actively on NSS (details will take several months) without prejudice to differences on size of UK NSS network, and some public acknowledgment in the communique of the progress already made. (state.gov)
  • Soviet commitment in communique to more access and freer flow of information and people in exchange programs (we have problems). (state.gov)
  • Professor Ellison, director of Soviet-Asian Studies at NBR, is co-principal investigator with Professor Donald Hellmann for an NBR project that explores the changing balance of power in the Pacific through a case-study of Soviet-Japanese relations. (nbr.org)
  • Comparing first-person ethnographic accounts of young people living, working, and creating relationships in cities across Asia, this volume explores their contemporary lives, pressures, ideals, and aspirations. (berghahnbooks.com)
  • Faced with the task of educating and indoctrinating an entire empire, the Soviets turned to propagandised forms of literary culture and entertainment to achieve their aims. (lossi36.com)
  • Literary Central Asia // An ancient account of Osh. (koryogroup.com)
  • Literary Central Asia // An agricultural economist in exile. (koryogroup.com)
  • On Friday, Toronto-based Centerra said that, in the space of 24 hours, the landlocked country in Central Asia passed a new law through parliament that allows the government to seize external control of mining assets granted under concessions when there are safety concerns. (republicofmining.com)
  • Having agreed to transfer the port to the People's Republic of China without compensation in 1950, Soviet troops left Dairen (formerly Port Arthur, now Lüshun). (omniatlas.com)
  • Specifically, by September of 1989, thousands of Vietnamese troops left Cambodia, thus fulfilling the third "precondition" set by China on the path to improved Sino-Soviet relations. (rand.org)
  • The Information Space of the Economy of Tajikistan and Other Post-Soviet States. (lu.se)
  • One of the main tools of Russian influence across Central Asia remains poorly understood. (thediplomat.com)
  • Victory Day was an occasion for speeches, ceremonies and sporting events that celebrated the Soviet army, its leaders and their pre-revolutionary predecessors. (eurozine.com)
  • In this respect, Victory Day belonged to a calendar that also included other military festivals such as Soviet Army and Navy Day, Tank Drivers Day or Air Forces Day. (eurozine.com)
  • The Berkshire Conference of Women Historians has recognized Professor Adrienne Edgar with its Annual Article Award for her article "Bolshevism, Patriarchy, and the Nation: The Soviet 'Emancipation' of Muslim Women in Pan-Islamic Perspective," Slavic Review 65 (2006), 252-272. (ucsb.edu)
  • Comparative Analysis of Higher Education and Research in Central Asia from the Perspective of Internationalization. (lu.se)
  • With state borders mostly non-existent in Central Asia before Soviet colonisation, their creation blurred the lines between cultural identity and the principles of the Soviet state. (lossi36.com)
  • All posters involved the usual motto of the Soviets, mostly in a bilingual text surrounding or around the state coat of arms and flags: "Workers of the world, unite! (khalkedonrarebooks.com)
  • The Soviets have hinted interest in a broad declaration of principles on the relationship, picking up on the [Page 561] 1972 Basic Principles. (state.gov)
  • Preliminary evaluation of new Soviet bombers (page 4). (cia.gov)
  • The greatest sacrifice in human history, that made by the Soviet people who fought for the survival of mankind, defeated Nazism, and later helped to de-colonize the world, has been belittled by the professional masters of disinformation in London, Paris and New York. (countercurrents.org)
  • Though the region's cities were relatively underdeveloped and isolated in the early Soviet period, radical urbanisation after the Second World War forced rural populations and nomadic peoples to abandon their traditions and move into communal apartment buildings. (lossi36.com)
  • The Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast was created on 19 February 1925 by separating lands of the ethnic Karakalpaks from the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. (wikipedia.org)
  • This said, it will be critically important to convey our perspectives and positions clearly and firmly to the Soviets so they know where we (and they) stand. (state.gov)
  • In a detailed examination of recent Soviet foreign policy in East Asia, Professor Ellison traces the achievements under ex-Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, such as the reconciliation with China and the opening of diplomatic relations with South Korea. (nbr.org)
  • Its skyline grows more fantastical by the year as landmark buildings, many of them by leading international architects, sprout along the wide boulevards in a variety of Asian, Western, Soviet and wacky futuristic styles. (lonelyplanet.com)
  • Official speeches stressed the continuity between the Soviet war effort and Stalin's post-war international policy. (eurozine.com)
  • BAT's task was made easier by the naivety of post-Soviet governments and by the international financial organisations' support for rapid economic reform. (bmj.com)
  • Conversely, Khrushchev's thaw saw Soviet citizens educated through cultural exchange at international exhibitions and conventions. (lossi36.com)
  • The record shows a Soviet disinclination to take risks in this region of the world, chiefly because of the proximity to China, even in the late 1970s during the height of Brezhnev's interventionism. (rand.org)
  • U.S. intelligence officials determined that one of the best places to spy on the Soviets is from high on the mountains of Western China, not far from the Soviet border and close to an important Soviet test site. (kunr.org)
  • By the end of the 19th century, Russian tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory that later would constitute Soviet Central Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast (Кара-Киргизская АО) was created on 14 October 1924 within the Russian SFSR from the predominantly Kazakh and Kyrgyz parts of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anti-Soviet, and even anti-Russian narrative has become absolutely bulletproof. (countercurrents.org)
  • He is an economic anthropologist specialising in Central and Inner Asia and has conducted extensive fieldwork since the early 1990s. (lu.se)
  • Under the Soviet system, religion was not openly practiced, and within schools atheism was the philosophical slant of the curriculum. (nceeer.org)
  • The new report suggests that he has been influenced by Church- ill's views on the desirability of countering Soviet imperialism by a system of alliances patterned on the Locarno pact. (cia.gov)
  • Unlike in Western countries, high-ranking officials in the post-Soviet states have often avoided resignation and other serious consequences of plagiarism, academic fraud, and similar offences. (lu.se)