North AmericaOutbreakEndemicAHSVJohannesburgSwineOutbreaks have occurredDonkeysVirusesEquidaeCape Town2001Africa'sBluetongue diseaseHighly infectiousGoats2023OnderstepoortLive attenuatedEquineCattleDiseaseSpeciesPretoriaCentral and SouEquinesEmerging InfectioWestern Cape DepartmentAffectsQuarantineMildSerotypesPeople and horsesVirusProvincesHumansAsiaEating infected horse meatInactiveDrawnMauritiusContinentProtocols2020EquestrianRidersVaccineEuropeMiddle EastLowersEnduranceBacterialInternationallyLivestockRidesMosquitoFamily
North America2
- In horses, the most common type in North America and Europe is type B (>85% of US cases), and in the western US type A has been reported in only two outbreaks, both in humans, known to have been caused by type F. Type G, isolated from soil in Argentina, is not known to have been involved in any outbreak of botulism. (merckvetmanual.com)
- It has affected people in four continents: Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. (cdc.gov)
Outbreak7
- Brugman believes he has hit upon a way to circumnavigate the dreaded route from South Africa to the UAE through Mauritius that De Kock and Herman Brown were forced to open up following the African Horse Sickness outbreak in South Africa in 2011. (thenationalnews.com)
- The wild ass population drastically dropped after to the outbreak of South African Horse Sickness. (tannedbrowngirl.com)
- The spread of EEV from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East and India is an example of the possible emergence of new pathogens in new niches, as was seen in the case of West Nile virus, and should be a reminder not to limit the differential list when facing a possible outbreak or a cluster of clinical cases. (iucc.ac.il)
- TRAGICALLY, as it stands, not many South African racehorses will be able to compete at the Dubai World Cup Carnival next year due to the restrictions imposed on South African exports after an outbreak in the African horse sickness in the control area of the Western Cape earlier this year, reports NICCI GARNER. (mikedekockracing.com)
- This protocol would demand that South African horses are exported only at the low-risk time of year (the winter months when the culicoides midge that transmits African horse sickness is inactive) and that the horses are exported from the African horse sickness free zone of the Western Cape, which has never had a recorded outbreak of the virus. (mikedekockracing.com)
- The latest update on the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in west Africa was released by the World Health Organization (WHO) today and it shows that there is a cumulative total of 218 clinical cases. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- An outbreak of the deadly parasitic disease, African sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis has been reported in Rufunsa District in Lusaka Province according to Member of Parliament Kenneth. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Endemic5
- The virus is considered endemic to the equatorial, eastern, and southern regions of Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- AHS is known to be endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread to Morocco, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
- The vaccines are used in many parts of Africa to help control this endemic disease but they are not licensed in Europe, due to safety concerns. (animalresearch.info)
- In this blog, Louise Carelsen of Limpopo Valley Horse Safaris talks about their struggles with African horse sickness (AHS), a highly infectious non-contagious, viral disease endemic to the African continent,affecting all species of Equidae. (inthesaddle.com)
- The three viruses investigated in the present study (VEEV, RRV, JEV) have significant impacts on the health of people and horses (summarised in [ 15 ]) in endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
AHSV3
- Antibodies to AHSV have also been reported in a number of other species, although there are sometimes inconsistencies between studies, such as hyenas, jackals, African wild dogs, cheetahs, lions and large-spotted hyenas, which might be exposed by feeding on infected zebras. (animalresearch.info)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by multiple serotypes of the dsRNA AHSV and is a major scourge of domestic equids in Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although EEV normally does not cause severe clinical disease, it should be considered important since it may indicate the possible spread of other related, much more pathogenic viruses, such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV). (iucc.ac.il)
Johannesburg3
- There was either a north or south route around Johannesburg. (endurance.net)
- The treatment we have used here in Botswana has evolved over the years and our vet, (based 5 hours away in Johannesburg - S.Africa) is always very generous with her time and advice to us. (inthesaddle.com)
- If you are in Johannesburg, South Africa, then you are never too far from quality nail supplies that are now offered in affordable price. (woman4um.com)
Swine2
- Tatarstan isn't considered a safe region regarding the African swine fever [ASF] anymore, claimed vice head of the Main Veterinary Office of the Tatarstan Cabinet of Ministers, Gabdulkhak Motygullin, on Dec. 21. (ceezad.org)
- Since the initial report of African swine fever (ASF) in Kenya in 1921, the disease has predominantly been confined to Africa. (bvsalud.org)
Outbreaks have occurred2
- Several outbreaks have occurred in the Equidae throughout Africa and elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
- African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, highly fatal viral disease that primarily occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa, but outbreaks have occurred in Egypt, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, Morocco, Spain and Portugal. (animalresearch.info)
Donkeys5
- It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] The common hosts of this disease are horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras. (wikipedia.org)
- African donkeys and zebras very rarely display clinical symptoms, despite high virus titres in blood, and are thought to be the natural reservoir of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Mild or horse sickness fever form Mild to subclinical disease is seen in zebras and African donkeys. (wikipedia.org)
- The wild ass belongs the family of 'equide' with cousins like horses, zebras and donkeys. (tannedbrowngirl.com)
Viruses2
- Although it has a less than 5% mortality rate, it unfortunately lowers the resistance of the horse to other viruses like AHS. (inthesaddle.com)
- In addition, genome sequences were generated for viruses from East African countries historically affected by genotype II (Malawi (MAL/04/2011) and Tanzania (TAN/01/2011)) and newly invaded southern African countries (Zimbabwe (ZIM/2015) and South Africa (RSA/08/2019). (bvsalud.org)
Equidae1
- Asiatic Wild Ass animal belongs to the family Equidae, and is a close relation of the Horse and of the African Zebra. (indianetzone.com)
Cape Town4
- Eight horses were used in the study and these were all housed at the SA MRC facility in Cape Town. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cape Town is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- The Cape Colony, part of modern South Africa, was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1652, with the founding of Cape Town. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- 5 Hafele Street, Durbanville, Cape Town, 7550, South Africa publishing(AT)aosis.co.za replace (AT) with @ All articles published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated. (aosis.co.za)
20011
- Indeed, testing in retrospect sera samples revealed that EEV had already been circulating outside of South Africa since 2001. (iucc.ac.il)
Africa's4
- Alan Winde, Minister of Finance, Economic Development and Tourism, will announce one of South Africa's future entrepreneurial stars at the Schools Entrepreneurship Conference. (westerncape.gov.za)
- Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Sadly, horses like South Africa's triple champion Igugu, who is co-owned by Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Maktoum, are not likely to compete at the Carnival because no agreement has been reached to allow South African horses to fly directly into Dubai. (mikedekockracing.com)
- Negotiations for a direct export route after a quarantine period are still underway between South African and various international veterinary authorities and Racing South Africa's Peter Gibson said on Tuesday that he had not given up hope that a deal could be struck before the beginning of October when horses being aimed at the Carnival would have to be put into quarantine. (mikedekockracing.com)
Bluetongue disease1
- First molecular identification of the vertebrate hosts of Culicoides imicola in Europe and a review of its blood-feeding patterns worldwide: implications for the transmission of bluetongue disease and African horse sickness. (cdc.gov)
Highly infectious2
- African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and often fatal disease caused by African horse sickness virus. (wikipedia.org)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious, notifiable viral disease which poses a substantial challenge to horse owners in sub-Saharan Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
Goats2
- A series of losses had he suffered until his horses, oxen, sheep, and goats, scarce counted altogether an hundred head. (free-translator.com)
- Botuvax® is a vaccine for the active immunisation of cattle, horses, sheep and goats against botulism. (msd-animal-health.co.za)
20231
- 25 Jul 2023 (Thailand) - The feminisation of historically masculine veterinary professions continues in South-East Asia (SEA). (woah.org)
Onderstepoort2
- A 3.5-year-old pregnant intact female Rottweiler was presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH), Pretoria, South Africa, with a three-day history of progressive lethargy, weakness and inappetence with acute onset dyspnoea. (scielo.org.za)
- Pre-vaccination sera were analysed by VP7 indirect ELISA at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute (ARC-OVI) in Pretoria, South Africa to determine prior exposure of the horses to AHS, either by vaccination with the currently used live attenuated vaccine (LAV) mixture produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), or by natural infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Live attenuated2
- While there are well established commercial live attenuated vaccines produced in South Africa, risks associated with these have encouraged attempts to develop new and safer recombinant vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
- I also remember how we had to vaccinate all 30 horses 2 doses 3 weeks apart as it's a live attenuated vaccine we had to keep it cool all the way from the vet to us, inject it as quickly as possible sub-cutaneous and then rest the horse during the middle week after each vaccine. (inthesaddle.com)
Equine3
- Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of horses. (iucc.ac.il)
- They also have to cope with different climatic conditions, food, water and handling at every stop, and the veterinary facilities in both South Africa and Dubai are superior to those in Mauritius, which does not have an equine hospital. (mikedekockracing.com)
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus circulates in enzootic cycles between rodent hosts and mosquito vectors in Mexico, Central and South America [ 16 ] and has a complex transmission cycle involving regular mutation of the virus, facilitating transmission to humans and horses through broadening of the vector and host ranges. (biomedcentral.com)
Cattle1
- Berenil® R.T.U. cures and prevents redwater in cattle and cures biliary fever in dogs and horses. (msd-animal-health.co.za)
Disease9
- Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, although a recent report has been made of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion. (wikipedia.org)
- To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are vaccinated against the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease is usually fatal to horses, the most susceptible species of all, killing up to 90 percent of infected horses. (animalresearch.info)
- Lyme disease did not seem to be a threat in South Africa. (endurance.net)
- Horses can also be infected with a combination of the above two types, the disease then shows itself initially by mild respiratory signs followed by the typical swellings of the cardiac form. (inthesaddle.com)
- Numbers of TB cases and disease incidence were highest in the South-east Asia and Africa regions. (embs.org)
- South Africa, disease ) A viral infection of horses causing swelling of parts of the head. (wordfinder.cafe)
- The situation in west Africa with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has shown increases in both clinically compatible cases and fatalities in Guinea, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) update today. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in Southeast and South Asia are attributed to different lineages of LSD virus (LSDV). (bvsalud.org)
Species1
- Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyaenidae, doglike nocturnal mammals of Africa and southern Asia, of which three living species are known. (free-translator.com)
Pretoria1
- Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Central and Sou1
- An infection caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides , which lives in parts of Central and South America. (cdc.gov)
Equines1
- Trypanosomosis is the most serious veterinary and animal production problem in sub-Saharan Africa and prevents the keeping of ruminants and equines over 10 millions of square kilometers of potentially productive land. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Emerging Infectio1
- As reported in a Letter to the Editor in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, a veterinary student in South Africa got sickened with West Nile Virus (WNV) last year after doing an autopsy on a 4 month. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Western Cape Department1
- The Western Cape Department, together with Wines of South Africa, recently hosted the second Beijing Wine Tasting in China. (westerncape.gov.za)
Quarantine6
- Like many of his former stablemates, Noah From Goa has had to undergo months of quarantine in South Africa, Mauritius and England but, finally, there could well be another way out of his homeland soon. (thenationalnews.com)
- Brugman plans to take up to 18 horses from the 21-day quarantine in South Africa that he hopes they start late next month direct to Newburgh in New York, where horses will be placed under lockdown for 60 days. (thenationalnews.com)
- If all goes well, the horses will be ready to be trained by an American handler from the end of May, which is before De Kock's horses will have even entered quarantine for next season's Carnival. (thenationalnews.com)
- The horses would be stabled in the vector-protected Kenilworth Quarantine Station for 60 days (much longer than the accepted incubation period) and be allowed limited exercise at certain "safe'' periods of the day. (mikedekockracing.com)
- The Mauritius transit route is clearly not ideal, not only because of the time it takes but because horses have limited exercise facilities in Mauritius, where they are resident for 90 days, the last 40 of which are in pre-export quarantine. (mikedekockracing.com)
- A challenge for South African riders internationally is always the fact that they have to compete on borrowed horses in Europe due to the stringent movement and quarantine protocols placed on African horses, due to African horse sickness. (extremeoutdoorsafrica.com)
Mild1
- While I was there one of the horses did indeed get the mild non dangerous form of it and I remember vividly as everyone monitored him carefully and treated him symptomatically. (inthesaddle.com)
Serotypes1
- All serotypes (1-9) are distributed throughout South Africa, although there is a variation in their temporal distribution. (animalresearch.info)
People and horses1
- This takes a little adjustment to get used to because, not only does traffic run in that manner but people and horses also move to the left when approaching another walker or rider. (endurance.net)
Virus4
- Statistical evidence of reassortment within the genomes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus field isolates identified in outbreaks in the AHS controlled area in Western Cape Province, South Africa, 2004-2014. (cdc.gov)
- AHS virus was first recorded south of the Sahara Desert in the mid-1600s, with the introduction of horses to southern Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- In 2003 when my husband and I moved to Mashatu as part of Limpopo Valley Horse Safaris I was to become further acquainted with this dreaded virus. (inthesaddle.com)
- This virus was first isolated from a horse in South Africa in 1967 and until 2008 was believed to be restricted to southern Africa. (iucc.ac.il)
Provinces2
- African horse sickness was confirmed in all provinces in South Africa except in those of the Eastern Cape and Western Cape. (thehorse.com)
- Not too long ago, it used to roam all across southern Pakistan, in the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan, Afghanistan and south-eastern Iran. (tannedbrowngirl.com)
Humans1
- including humans and horses, both of which are clinically affected. (biomedcentral.com)
Asia3
- Note: The striped hyena (Hyaena striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. (free-translator.com)
- Women are largely represented among Veterinary Services in South-East Asia. (woah.org)
- As noted in 2015, veterinary professions continue to feminise in South-East Asia. (woah.org)
Eating infected horse meat1
- Dogs often become infected by eating infected horse meat. (animalresearch.info)
Inactive1
- It is estimated that if a horse remains inactive for as little as 10 days they begin to lose bone density and muscle mass. (thenationalnews.com)
Drawn1
- As the early history of these horses was not well documented, blood samples were drawn from the animals prior to vaccination (day 0) in order to ascertain the pre-vaccination immune status of the selected animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Mauritius3
- The climate changes from South Africa to Mauritius and then to Britain in the winter and back to Dubai in one year must have an effect on the horses, in my view. (thenationalnews.com)
- The only "way out'' for South African horses is through Mauritius on a journey of nearly five months and Igugu's trainer, Mike de Kock - the most successful international conditioner in Dubai - has decided not to put his horses through the arduous trip. (mikedekockracing.com)
- Obviously, a single flight (rather than three - to Dubai via Mauritius and Europe) is far safer for the horses and much more economical. (mikedekockracing.com)
Continent2
- In South Africa, and most of the African continent, people drive on the left-hand side of the street. (endurance.net)
- Trypanosomosis transmitted by tsetse is widespread throughout of the African continent from the southern borders of the Sahara to approximately 20° south Latitude and is a major factor in holding back the development of these vast areas [6]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Protocols1
- In this regard, African Horse Sickness projects and international protocols have been the primary focus. (racingassociation.co.za)
20201
- Breeders of internationally competitive Thoroughbred race horses and winners of the "Outstanding Breeders Award" nationally and for the Western Cape 2020/2021. (oldlands.co.za)
Equestrian1
- Moreover, besides the inability to differentiate between natural and vaccine-induced immunity (non-DIVA), the LAV is restricted to use within southern Africa and this has significant implications for both the horse export industry as well as the equestrian sporting arena. (biomedcentral.com)
Riders3
- Tales of rides, riders and horses. (endurance.net)
- The covers financial aspects as well as education relating to the well-being of horses and riders. (racingassociation.co.za)
- We only had six days on the horses and it's very difficult to establish a bond with the horse in that time especially being a para rider because I can't use my legs and the horses are used to riders with functional legs. (extremeoutdoorsafrica.com)
Vaccine2
- Here, we report a similar response to the vaccine in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of the present study was to test the safety and immunogenicity of this VLP candidate vaccine in horses, and to consider ways in which the production platform could be scaled up in a cost-effective manner. (biomedcentral.com)
Europe1
- They returned to Europe but kept in touch with Fritz, the crazy Austrian (prior Formula One race car driver) who owned Okapuka, and eventually convinced him that he needed to expand his stable and horse riding operation, and they were just the ones to do it. (endurance.net)
Middle East1
- The cheetah is a large-sized feline inhabiting most of Africa and parts of the Middle East. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Lowers1
- Most people who get this infection already have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV or another condition that lowers the body's ability to fight germs and sickness. (cdc.gov)
Endurance2
- I don't know what gave me the idea to respond to a posting on the local endurance discussion list regarding an endurance race in South Africa, but I did. (endurance.net)
- Inger also has stallions and mares (Arabians of Egyptian breeding) and breeds horses for her business and for Endurance riding, of which she is one of us - hopelessly hooked on this sport. (endurance.net)
Bacterial1
- For the treatment of footrot, navel-ill, joint-ill and pneumonia in stock, coccidiosis and bacterial scours in calves and lambs and strangles in horses. (msd-animal-health.co.za)
Internationally1
- It also runs an internationally acclaimed laboratory which tests specimens taken from horses who participate at race meetings. (racingassociation.co.za)
Livestock2
- Trypanosomosis is the most important constraint to livestock and mixed crop-livestock farming in tropical Africa. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
- African livestock producers are administering an estimated 35 million curative and prophylactic treatments annually which costs the producers and the government at least 35 million US$ [2]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Rides1
- The health and welfare of the horses on our rides is of utmost importance to us. (inthesaddle.com)
Mosquito1
- Orbiviral infections in Africa and South America may be spread via mosquito bites. (medscape.com)
Family1
- South Africa ) A bird of the family Burhinidae. (wordfinder.cafe)