• Crystal clear smooth stream flows through lush spring forest. (adobe.com)
  • The following can be listed as streams in natural channels : According to the time: Perennial: The one which flows continuously. (wikipedia.org)
  • These tributaries - the Gila River, San Juan River and Rio Nutria - are stressed by redirected flows, non-native invasive plants, droughts and growing water demand. (nature.org)
  • It includes allocation limits (the total volume of water that can be taken from a river, lake or groundwater) and minimum flows and levels (the amount of water that should be left in the waterbody). (nrc.govt.nz)
  • In streams, water always flows downhill, but the form that downhill movement takes varies with rock type, topography, and many other factors. (coursehero.com)
  • These are pieces of rock that are carried as solids as the river flows. (coursehero.com)
  • As a stream flows faster, it can carry larger and larger particles. (coursehero.com)
  • Fifty percent of the freshwater coming into the Bay comes from the Susquehanna River, which starts in New York State and flows through Pennsylvania and Maryland. (worldbank.org)
  • The river has returned to its original colour before it flows further down the stream. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Some 18 miles of the South Branch flows through the 5,000 acre George Mason River Retreat, a specially designated and managed area designed to ensure solitude for the river user. (nps.gov)
  • The upper portion flows through public lands, which offer a forested river valley consisting of a variety of forest types and topographic features in the fastest growing area of the state. (nps.gov)
  • This is small in comparison with river flows on other continents. (abs.gov.au)
  • Runoff then flows to lower areas which are usually a nearby stream, creek, river, lake, ocean or in the case of urbanized areas a storm drain structure. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • Protecting our water sources is a provincial government initiative but since water flows within watershed areas, and the flow is not restricted by municipal boundaries, the best way to manage influences on source water is on a watershed basis. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • From there the river flows northwest through the plain, is deflected north by the Mount Carmel ridge, and resumes a northwesterly course through the plain of ʿAkko (Acre) to the Mediterranean Sea in the Bay of Haifa . (britannica.com)
  • The Regional Water and Soil Plan contains detailed policies and rules that are designed to manage effects of activities on our rivers, lakes, groundwater and wetlands. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Examples include rules and policy on taking water from a river, lake or groundwater, the draining of land and the disturbance to the beds of lakes and rivers and wetlands. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Like the Water and Soil Plan it also contains rules on activities in the beds of lakes and rivers (such as dams, removing gravel or building structures), protection of wetlands, land disturbance and discharges to land or water. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • When the sheet runoff is concentrated in a channel, it forms a stream. (worldatlas.com)
  • Some people have argued that ephemeral streams are simply surface runoff. (worldatlas.com)
  • Nonpoint Source Pollution is a term for polluted runoff and other sources of water pollution that comes from numerous sources which makes it difficult to determine the exact origin. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • This sediment gets washed into rivers and streams by surface runoff. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • The key to preventing these contaminants from entering waterways, is to keep your soil where it is, reduce runoff to waterways, and to protect critical source areas. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • We also work with lakes, rivers and Baltic Sea estuaries, with particular focus on the fluxes of bioavailable nutrients, and on the impact of organic matter in river runoff on oxygen consumption in coastal marine ecosystems. (lu.se)
  • the rest from rivers, streams and groundwater sources. (worldbank.org)
  • For instance, most of us get our drinking water from surface water sources, like lakes, rivers streams, as well as groundwater sources, which can be easily contaminated or impacted by a number of different influences. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • In many regions of the world, intensive livestock farming has become a significant source of organic river pollution. (tudelft.nl)
  • The goal of this paper is to quantify the impacts of the international meat trade on global organic river pollution at multiple scales (national, regional and gridded). (tudelft.nl)
  • Using the biological oxygen demand (BOD) as an overall indicator of organic river pollution, we compute the spatially distributed organic pollution in global river networks with and without a meat trade, where the without-trade scenario assumes that meat imports are replaced by local production. (tudelft.nl)
  • 4. Know the sources of pollution that threaten Florida's waters. (sierraclub.org)
  • 1. Stop pollution at its source rather than allowing it to enter our waters. (sierraclub.org)
  • In contrast Point Source Pollution comes from well-defined discharges such as wastewater plant outfalls or industrial sites. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • In the US, agriculture is the main source of pollution in rivers and streams. (euromoney.com)
  • Perennial streams do not include stagnant water (pools and waterholes), reservoirs, cutoff lakes and ponds that persist throughout the year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inland waters (streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs) have been gradually recognized as important sources of greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere 17 . (nature.com)
  • Two subobjectives were created: 8-8a addresses the safety of rivers and streams, while 8-8b addresses the safety of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. (cdc.gov)
  • Rivers and streams complete the hydrologic cycle by returning precipitation that falls on land to the oceans (Figure 10.1). (coursehero.com)
  • Rivers are formed by the confluence of several streams and are larger, deeper, and longer than a stream and often empty into large water bodies such as oceans and lakes. (worldatlas.com)
  • Inland waters constitute a recently discovered net source of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, representing a flux that may be of the same order of magnitude as the net carbon uptake by the oceans, or of the terrestrial carbon sink. (lu.se)
  • Classification Streams, headwaters, and streams flowing only part of the year provide many benefits upstream and downstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • The source is known as the headwaters or the head of the stream. (coursehero.com)
  • In response, the Conservancy and its partners are protecting and restoring three important tributaries of the Colorado River, the West's iconic, wild river and a critical source of water for people and wildlife. (nature.org)
  • In the Red Mountain area, platinum-group metals (PGM) and gold were found in the Salmon River and its tributaries and along the beach from platinum to Chagvan Bay. (cdc.gov)
  • All of the eastern tributaries of the Salmon River that drain Red Mountain, and the beach along Kuskokwim Bay from platinum to the Salmon River, have high mineral development potentials for small placer mining operations. (cdc.gov)
  • A perennial stream is a stream that has continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall, as opposed to one whose flow is intermittent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rivers are channels for floodwaters, a function that is much needed with Northland's relatively high rainfall. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Streams derive most of its water from rainfall and snow. (worldatlas.com)
  • Intermittent streams are streams that only flow when significant rainfall occurs. (worldatlas.com)
  • Even in areas of high rainfall, large variability in flow means that, for local regional development, most streams must be regulated by surface storage. (abs.gov.au)
  • Indonesia is a tropical area with high rainfall, the area on land is connected by around 472 large and small rivers that flow into the sea. (who.int)
  • Such streams also play a vital role in preserving our drinking water quality and supply, ensuring a steady flow of water to surface waters and helping to restore deep aquifers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Perennial streams are streams that flow throughout the year and are common in the humid area where the ground and surface waters systems are connected. (worldatlas.com)
  • This study aimed to determine the total organic contents, total Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in the estuary waters of Maros as a source of brackish water for fish pond aquaculture in Maros Regency. (who.int)
  • The Regional Council is working with farmers and community groups to improve the health of our local rivers, lakes and estuaries. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • Increase the proportion of assessed rivers, lakes, and estuaries that are safe for fishing and recreational purposes. (cdc.gov)
  • The aquatic biogeochemical research at INES takes a broad approach in studies of the cycling of carbon and other elements at the soil-stream interface and across rivers, lakes, impoundments, estuaries and marine ecosystems. (lu.se)
  • In the absence of irregular, prolonged or extreme drought, a perennial stream is a watercourse, or segment, element or emerging body of water which continually delivers groundwater. (wikipedia.org)
  • Perennial streams have one or more of these characteristics: Direct observation or compelling evidence suggests that there is no interruption in the flow at ground. (wikipedia.org)
  • For a moving body of water to qualify as a stream, it must either be perennial or recur. (worldatlas.com)
  • The stream can be broadly categorized as perennial or intermittent streams depending on the characteristics of their flow. (worldatlas.com)
  • Qishon River , also spelled Kishon River, Hebrew Naẖal Qishon , stream, northern Israel , one of the country's few perennial rivers. (britannica.com)
  • The smaller of the two streams is a tributary of the larger stream. (coursehero.com)
  • The Manattee River and its largest tributary, the Braden River, are the principal sources of public supplies. (usgs.gov)
  • Historically, mussel beds in many of the large rivers of North America were widely distributed and abundant. (ucpress.edu)
  • In some parts of the world, especially North America and New Zealand, a stream is also known as a creek since it is difficult to differentiate between a creek and stream. (worldatlas.com)
  • Long a sanctuary for wildlife, the river offers a place for people to reconnect with nature. (nature.org)
  • 4. Orkun Ö, Karaer Z, Çakmak A, Nalbantolu S. Spotted fever group laboratory evidence establishing wildlife as the source of rickettsiae in ticks in Turkey. (cdc.gov)
  • Polluted water hurts the wildlife in creeks, streams, rivers and lakes. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • Rivers are ever changing because erosion is in progress all the time. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Stream erosion and deposition are extremely important creators and destroyers of landforms and are described in the Erosion and Deposition chapter. (coursehero.com)
  • Describe how surface rivers and streams produce erosion. (coursehero.com)
  • At flood stage, rivers flow much faster and do more erosion because the added water increases the stream's velocity. (coursehero.com)
  • The gradient of a stream is determined by its base level of erosion, a point at which the stream joins a water body. (worldatlas.com)
  • In between, the stream meanders due to erosion and deposition of bank material. (worldatlas.com)
  • All other streams, or parts of them, should be considered seasonal rivers or lakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent or seasonal: it occurs only in a certain time of the year when it receives ample water from springs or other ground source in mountainous areas, such as mountain snow melting. (wikipedia.org)
  • A stream may be permanent or seasonal depending on the source of its water and the climate and geography of its course. (worldatlas.com)
  • The intermittent streams are also referred to as seasonal streams. (worldatlas.com)
  • Water may be available from seasonal stream south of site. (nps.gov)
  • It is formed by small streams and seasonal watercourses (wadis), which rise chiefly in the Hare (Mountains of) Gilboaʿ to the south and west and the Nazareth Hills of Lower Galilee to the north. (britannica.com)
  • As such people going about their daily lives are a large source of stormwater pollutants. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • Dams change natural flow patterns while agricultural irrigation can remove all water from entire stream reaches. (nature.org)
  • Drainage and irrigation activities can change natural river characteristics. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Rivers and streams are rich environments for native plants, fish and insects, and provide important sources of water for people, industry and irrigation. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • A number of rivers and streams throughout Western Australia provide water for public use, as well as being used in irrigation and as a source of recreation and for hydropower. (wa.gov.au)
  • The Floridan aquifer is the major source of irrigation water in the county. (usgs.gov)
  • Natural stream-lake network has been significantly altered by dam constructions, ditching and water diversion for irrigation purposes. (lu.se)
  • A stream may have more than one sources and when two streams come together it's called a confluence . (coursehero.com)
  • These bivalves play important roles in freshwater ecosystems and were once both culturally and economically valuable as sources of food, pearls, and mother-of-pearl. (ucpress.edu)
  • Drinking water collected directly from outdoor freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, and streams that has not been adequately treated (i.e., to remove pathogens) can cause disease and outbreaks ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Fresh water in streams, ponds, and lakes is an extremely important part of the water cycle if only because of its importance to living creatures. (coursehero.com)
  • The turtles use rivers, lakes, ponds, streams other water sources and terrestrial habitats throughout their lives. (fws.gov)
  • [ 3 ] As it grows best at elevated temperatures, N fowleri has been isolated from warm-water bodies, including man-made lakes and ponds, hot springs, and thermally polluted streams and rivers. (medscape.com)
  • In spatiotemporal-variable and human-impacted rivers in the grassland region, simultaneous carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions and their relationships under the different land use types are poorly documented. (nature.com)
  • The Xilin river was observed to be a source of carbon dioxide and methane, and the lake was a sink for nitrous oxide. (nature.com)
  • The carbon station consists of models of natural carbon cycles, an oil pump, fossil-free energy sources, carbon dioxide lowering measures and an (annoying) volcano. (lu.se)
  • Disperse washing and cooking wastewater 70 adult steps (200 feet/60 meters) from camps and all water sources. (nps.gov)
  • We use a range of treatment processes to clarify and clean the wastewater before we irrigate onto our nutrient management farms or discharge it once treated, into the Waikato River (in accordance with our consent). (fonterra.com)
  • The water then goes through a filtration process where the microorganisms are returned to the treatment tanks, leaving clear treated process wastewater to be discharged to river or land as per our proposed resource consent. (fonterra.com)
  • Sampling was carried out at five stations based on water movements to the estuary, station A was located at the seawater, station B was located in the pond wastewater locations, station C was water sources from residential waste, station D was located in the river, and station E was the estuarine water. (who.int)
  • Any contamination of fresh water has wide ranging effects all the way through the ecosystem around the river. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • seven new cases likely source of contamination. (cdc.gov)
  • Birds are a known source of Campylobacter , and although no birds were present at the time of sample collection, the presence of the nest indicates birds could have been the primary contamination source that led to this outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Source water protection refers to efforts to protect our water resources and water source areas from contamination and overuse. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • Most of the major rivers have their outlets into harbours, with only a few discharging directly to the coast. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • This area encompasses 64,000 square-miles, 150 major rivers and streams and has a population of 15.1 million people. (worldbank.org)
  • The flow is the main component of the drainage of surface water through the bed of the river and the bank of the river. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the majority of Western Australia's drinking water comes from groundwater, the state's surface water is an important source of drinking water. (wa.gov.au)
  • A stream is a small water body with surface water flowing within the bed and banks of the channel. (worldatlas.com)
  • Communities that use surface water for their drinking supply must pay much more to clean up polluted water than communities with uncontaminated water sources. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • The water source for a PWS that is a combination of either ground, surface, or parent sources. (cdc.gov)
  • The river carbon cycle refers to the entire process of carbon sources from different sources in the terrestrial system entering the river network system in a variety of forms under the influence of machinery, biochemistry and human activities. (nature.com)
  • The stream can cycle from intermittent to perpetual through multiple iterations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recurring or intermittent streams have water at least some parts of the year. (worldatlas.com)
  • Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps (see makoro or mtumbwi ) or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing, and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous hunting of hippopotamus . (wikipedia.org)
  • The Amazon River, the world's river with the greatest flow, has a flow rate of nearly 220,000 cubic meters per second! (coursehero.com)
  • the Au Sable River area is also home to the world's only breeding population of the endangered Kirtland's Warbler. (nps.gov)
  • Recognizing the critical role of ecosystems in human survival, leaders and representatives from the world's three largest tropical biodiversity ecosystems - the Amazon, the Congo and the Mekong-Delta River basins - are meeting this week in Brazzaville to discuss the complex relationship between forest ecosystems and human well-being. (who.int)
  • A prominent feature of NAWQA is the development of long-term consistent and comparable information on streams, rivers, ground water, and aquatic systems. (usgs.gov)
  • For natural river, the greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir and sand land were both low. (nature.com)
  • The greenhouse gas emissions of urban rivers are more significant compared with natural rivers. (nature.com)
  • The Betsie is a designated State Natural River. (nps.gov)
  • Under study by the state for inclusion in State Natural Rivers System. (nps.gov)
  • The Boardman is a designated State Natural River. (nps.gov)
  • Source water protection plans are management strategies designed to minimize impacts from human and natural influences on the quality and quantity of water. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • The Ottawa River is an important part of the University campus and our community, and the efforts by the President's Commission on the River and the many partners are intended to enhance and preserve the natural legacy and future of the river to our environment," said Dr. Patrick L. Lawrence, UT associate professor and chair of geography and planning, who is chair of the commission. (utoledo.edu)
  • Antimony is released to the environment from natural sources and from industry. (cdc.gov)
  • We need to think about how we balance our energy sources and how we consume energy, while taking into account the Earth's natural carbon cycles. (lu.se)
  • Forests also provide other key services to human health such as acting as natural watershed wardens and regulators of both quantity and quality of water in our rivers, streams and lakes. (who.int)
  • 10.1099/00207713-48-3-839 revealed a common source of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Information on human exposure can then be linked to data on sources and epidemiological surveys, in order to inform research on the exposure-response relationships in humans. (researchgate.net)
  • This information is important because exposure to used mineral-based crankcase oil may cause harmful health effects and because these sites are potential or actual sources of human exposure to used mineral-based crankcase oil. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 1 ] PAM develops following several days of exposure to the contaminated water source and typically causes death within 1-2 weeks after admittance to the hospital. (medscape.com)
  • A new USGS study reports that 16 dissolved pesticides were consistently detected in small streams in 16 urban centers across five regions of the United States. (usgs.gov)
  • Expanding the Gila River Riparian Preserve beyond the 1,300 protected acres to encompass more than 150,000 acres under conservation management in the Upper Gila and Mimbres watersheds. (nature.org)
  • More importantly, our results show large spatial variability in local (grid-scale) impacts that do not correlate with local changes in BOD loading, which illustrates: (1) the significance of accounting for the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological processes along river networks, and (2) the limited value of looking at country-level or global averages when estimating the actual impacts of trade on the environment. (tudelft.nl)
  • Rivers are the largest types of stream, moving large amounts of water from higher to lower elevations. (coursehero.com)
  • A stream may create a pool where water slows and becomes deeper.The point at which a stream comes into a large body of water, like an ocean or a lake is called the mouth . (coursehero.com)
  • These are large tanks with boundaries built from mud, earth, stones and cement around a stream. (thehindu.com)
  • The Regional Stream Quality Assessment (RSQA) is studying the relations between stressors (chemical and physical) and stream ecology (fish, algae, and aquatic invertebrates) at small streams in five large regions of the United States. (usgs.gov)
  • Many large companies are now sourcing overseas. (dictionary.com)
  • It exists by itself and joins with other streams to form a large river. (worldatlas.com)
  • The Salmon River has a high mineral development potential for a large operation. (cdc.gov)
  • The council is guided in looking after the region's rivers and streams by a number of laws including the Resource Management Act, the Soil Conservation and River Controls Act and the Land Drainage Act. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Some of the water sinks into the soil by infiltration to form the groundwater, much of which re-enters the stream. (worldatlas.com)
  • Rain washes soil into streams and rivers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers and lakes have been shown to significantly contribute to global carbon and nitrogen cycling. (nature.com)
  • This research estimated greenhouse gas (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O) emissions in the Xilin River of Inner Mongolia of China using direct measurements from 18 field campaigns under seven land use type (such as swamp, sand land, grassland, pond, reservoir, lake, waste water) conducted in 2018. (nature.com)
  • Rivers are significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. (nature.com)
  • While there are many contrasting hypotheses about the source of these emissions, there is general agreement that they are driven by diffuse terrestrial leaching of CO 2 via groundwater, and of reactive organic carbon that has a potential to be degraded into CO 2 and CH 4 in the aquatic environment. (lu.se)
  • SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) models estimate the amount of a contaminant transported from inland watersheds to larger water bodies by linking monitoring data with information on watershed characteristics and contaminant sources. (usgs.gov)
  • Northland's narrow land mass means most of our rivers are relatively short with small catchments. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Action to clean up a small stream will have positive effects all the way downstream to the sea. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Users can access an online mapping tool to compare water quality at small streams across a region, see scorecards that summarize stream health at each stream site, and download data for hundreds of chemical compounds. (usgs.gov)
  • A good small stream for canoeing with very good fishing, including trout and salmon. (nps.gov)
  • Permanent rivers and streams flow in only a small part of the continent. (abs.gov.au)
  • Most streams in the county have small drainage basins and minimal flow. (usgs.gov)
  • The minor artesian aquifer is a highly developed source of water for small rural supplies. (usgs.gov)
  • Most sediment, phosphorous, and E. coli losses come from a small part of the landscape, called critical source areas. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • The two are often used interchangeably since both the river and the stream are moving water bodies. (worldatlas.com)
  • Once an element has completely dissolved, it will likely be carried to the ocean, regardless of the velocity of the stream. (coursehero.com)
  • Unlike dissolved load, the size of the particle that can be carried as suspended load is determined by the velocity of the stream. (coursehero.com)
  • If a stream has a steep slope or gradient , it will have a faster velocity, which means it will be able to carry larger materials in suspension. (coursehero.com)
  • Streams may also carry material such as sediment depending on its velocity. (worldatlas.com)
  • Exclude stock from the margins and beds of permanent waterways, and from critical source areas. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • The Northern Wairoa River is Northland's largest river, draining a catchment area of 3650 square kilometres, or 29 percent of Northland's land area. (nrc.govt.nz)
  • Conservation Halton works in partnership with Hamilton Conservation Authority to develop and coordinate the source water protection plan for their watershed area, which includes most of Halton, Hamilton, and parts of Peel and Wellington County. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • Other sources of phosphorous and E. coli in streams include fertiliser and animal waste. (hbrc.govt.nz)
  • We had to operate quickly and set up three dams at different sections of the river to block and filter the dyed water,' said a staff at the Cuiping district office. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Also included for stations located on the Red River of the North are hydrographs of daily mean discharges for the 3 years having the highest peak discharges and hydrographs of daily mean gage heights for the 3 years having the highest gage heights. (usgs.gov)
  • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces the CWA and formed the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program to control and monitor nonpoint source and point source discharges in order to uphold the regulations set forth in the CWA. (cityoffrederick.com)
  • Other streams may only flow only during and immediately after precipitation. (worldatlas.com)
  • For example, an artificial disruption of stream, variability in flow or stream selection associated with the activity in hydropower installations, do not affect this status. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's flowing from Guangdou Mountain, then it will flow to Yangtze River. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The groundwater supplies water to the streams even during dry seasons, ensuring that the streams flow all year round. (worldatlas.com)
  • A network of bamboo pipes of varying diameter, length and positioning is used to harvest water from hill springs or streams. (thehindu.com)
  • Title : Mosquito distribution and abundance in the Arkansas-White-Red River Basins States Personal Author(s) : McNeel, Travis E.;Ferguson, Frederick F. (cdc.gov)
  • Hotspots of biodiversity such as the Amazon, the Congo and the Mekong-Delta River basins are regions with extraordinarily high levels of species diversity and endemism. (who.int)
  • Rivers and streams are an important source of water for most households around the world. (worldatlas.com)
  • Streams are important components of the water cycle. (worldatlas.com)
  • Water is essential to every aspect of our lives, including drinking, swimming, fishing and agriculture, so it is incredibly important for us to protect our water sources to ensure that there is safe, clean water for us to use now and in the future. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • Since water is essential to everyone, and everyone has a role to play in protecting it, it is important to consult and involve a wide variety of stakeholders in the development of these source water protection plans-municipal partners, community members, Indigenous communities, business owners, community groups and public health to name a few. (conservationhalton.ca)
  • As our landscape changes, it impacts stream health, challenging the capacity of human communities to produce food and obtain drinking water. (who.int)
  • During the next 6 weeks, 13 additional cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection among persons exposed to the same water source were identified through laboratory testing (two by culture-independent confirmation and four by culture confirmation) or epidemiologic linkage (seven). (cdc.gov)