Somatic hypermutation in germinal centres. Medical search. Frequent questions

Upon antigen exposure, B-cells in the GC undergo somatic hypermutation, promoting the evolution of high-affinity antigen receptors and differentiating into memory B-cells or plasma cells ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
As B-cells proliferate, they undergo somatic hypermutation (mutation of the immunoglobulin gene) in order to enhance the binding affinity between the antigens and the antibodies. (medcell.org)

Lymph nodes contain a light-staining region (germinal center) and a peripheral dark-staining region. (medscape.com)
These follicles, having true germinal centers, are similar to the follicles of the spleen and lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
B cells that mediate normal, T cellCdependent, humoral defense responses must initial go through germinal centers (GCs) inside the cortex of antigenically stimulated lymph nodes. (informationalwebs.com)

It depends on a stage-wise developmental process that includes B cell activation, antigen processing and presentation to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, proliferation and somatic hypermutation in GC, selection and eventual differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) or memory B cells. (umontreal.ca)
The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)
T cellCdependent B-cell replies are seen as a germinal middle (GC) formation, comprehensive B-cell proliferation, affinity maturation, 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and Ig CSR.9 Thus, high-affinity memory B cells and Ig-producing plasma cells are formed. (thebiotechdictionary.com)

The variable region is diversified by somatic hypermutation while the constant region may be changed by class-switch recombination. (lu.se)
Here we compare the contributions of classs-witch recombination and somatic hypermutation to the diversification of the serum immunoglobulin repertoire and review evidence that suggests that, despite clear differences, the two processes may share some aspects of their mechanism in common. (lu.se)
Launch In germinal centers (GCs), B cell go through somatic hypermutation, affinity class-switch and maturation recombination to create longer resided storage B cells and plasma cells, which will be the way to obtain high affinity antibodies against pathogens (Shlomchik and Weisel, 2012a, b). (findadig.com)
B-cell receptor diversification, essential for adaptive immunity, depends on processes like V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Hirth G, Svensson C-M, Böttcher K, Ullrich S, Figge MT, Jungnickel B (2019) Regulation of the germinal center reaction and somatic hypermutation dynamics by homologous recombination. (leibniz-hki.de)
There is an absence of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), a lack of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutations, and lymph node hyperplasia caused by the presence of giant germinal centers. (lu.se)
These defects include 1) reduced class switch recombination, responsible for the generation of a secondary response of class switched antibodies, 2) reduced de novo somatic hypermutation of the antibody variable region, 3) reduced binding and neutralization capacity, as well as binding specificity, of the secreted antibodies, 4) increased epigenetic modifications that are associated with lower antibody responses, 5) increased frequencies of inflammatory B cell subsets, and 6) shorter telomeres. (biomedcentral.com)
Later in B cell development, usually after antigen-dependent activation of B cells, the genetic alteration processes of somatic mutation (SM), class switch recombination (CSR), and gene conversion further diversify the antigen-recognition repertoire as well as the effector function of encoded antibodies. (silverchair.com)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, malaria, immunodeficiency and spontaneous, somatic mutation can all contribute to the origin and maintenance of this cancer and their mechanisms are the subject of this review. (bmj.com)
Somatic mutation occurs in the somatic cells and is not passed on to the next generation. (microbenotes.com)
What is Somatic Mutation? (microbenotes.com)
Somatic Mutation can be defined as a mutation or genetic alteration occurring in the cells of somatic (bodily) tissue after fertilization. (microbenotes.com)
There can be several factors and stressors that can cause somatic mutation. (microbenotes.com)
The somatic mutation build-up rapidly occurs, making the DNA repair mechanism ineffective, hence contributing to the loss of function of the respective gene. (microbenotes.com)
Somatic mutation in early development can impair the respective cell line's phenotypic presentation and original function. (microbenotes.com)
Somatic mutation frequency refers to the rate at which any mutation occurs in a particular cell type or tissue. (microbenotes.com)
Studies have revealed that the frequency of mutation is higher in somatic cells than in germline cells. (microbenotes.com)
The accumulation of somatic mutation in cells occurs over time as cells go through a round of cell division, which is very well studied in the process of aging and might lead to cancer. (microbenotes.com)

Germinal-center B-cells undergo clonal expansion and activate the process of somatic hypermutation that introduces mutations at a high rate into rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes. (medscape.com)
Once a B cell has become activated by a viral infection "[The B cell] starts to copy itself in specialized regions of the immune system called germinal centers and randomly mutates the genes that encode for the antibody," he explains. (uvm.edu)
TET2 deficiency reprograms the germinal center B cell epigenome and silences genes linked to lymphomagenesis. (c3m-nice.fr)
Both function and localized appearance of the gene claim FANCE that it may are likely involved in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. (informationalwebs.com)
In this stage of B cell advancement, stage mutations accumulate inside the DNA of adjustable (V) gene sections in rearranged immunoglobulin genes, an activity referred to as somatic hypermutation (7C13). (informationalwebs.com)
Aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) was almost exclusively observed in M‐PTLD (8/12 vs. 1/8 P‐PTLD) and all three recurrent cases analysed showed additional mutations in genes targeted by ASHM. (columbia.edu)

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignancy of the germinal-center B cells that affects the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems. (medscape.com)
Germinal-center B-cells with unfavorable mutations are functionally crippled and undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). (medscape.com)
Although both genetic events can occur concurrently within germinal centre B cells, there are examples of each occurring independently of the other. (lu.se)
1 BL tumour cells usually express IgM, 13 - 15 B-cell markers such as CD19, CD20 and CD22 and markers of germinal centre (GC) centroblasts such as CD10, BCL6 4 and the human germinal centre-associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein. (bmj.com)
However, the tumour cells have undergone hypermutation, 21 23 a feature of the GC reaction during B-cell activation and differentiation. (bmj.com)
26 27 In contrast, the chromosomal breakpoint in sBL and HIV-associated BL occurs most commonly in the class switch region, 28 but since both somatic hypermutation and class switching are events that are normally confined to GC B cells and GC centroblast markers are expressed on BL cells, the BL progenitor cells most likely arise from B cells subjected to chromosomal rearrangements in the GC. (bmj.com)
B-cell lymphomas arise from mutations affecting B-cell differentiation, particularly within germinal centers (GCs) where B-cells interact with T follicular helper cells ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
The TET2 DNA hydroxymethyltransferase is frequently disrupted by somatic mutations in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), a tumor that originates from germinal center (GC) B cells. (c3m-nice.fr)
Normal GC B cells manifest a typical hypomethylation signature, which is caused by AID, the enzyme that mediates somatic hypermutation. (c3m-nice.fr)
The BCL6 regulatory sequences are also targeted by somatic hypermutation in germinal center (GC) B cells and in a fraction of all GC-derived lymphomas. (unipg.it)
Note the pale germinal center, which contains proliferating B-cells and follicular dendritic cells. (medcell.org)
The formation of germinal centres with normal somatic hypermutation after antigenic challenge also took place in these mice.46 These findings suggest that BAFF knockout mice possess more differentiated, mature B cells than was originally believed. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Most memory B cells have been thought to originate from the germinal center (GC) reaction. (osaka-u.ac.jp)
In the GC, the combined processes of somatic hypermutation and selection based on the affinity of the BCR for the antigen, are responsible for the generation of high-affinity antibody variants which ultimately differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or long-lived memory B cells. (osaka-u.ac.jp)
To produce such Abs, naïve B cells are activated in response to cognate antigen and subsequently undergo rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in germinal centers, specialized microanatomical sites in secondary lymphoid organs. (loccilab.com)
Thus far, the functional mediators utilized by Tfh cells to provide help to germinal center B cells are poorly understood. (loccilab.com)
Btk-deficient K/BxN mice were found to have small Peyer's Patches with reduced germinal center and IgA class-switched B cells. (wustl.edu)
Compact disc27?IgA+ cells talk about low replication background and prominent Ig and IgA2 make use of with gut lamina propria IgA+ B cells, suggesting their common origin from regional germinal center-independent replies (pathway 3). (thebiotechdictionary.com)

Antibody affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers (GCs) through iterative rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection. (ox.ac.uk)
Within germinal centers, antibodies with high affinity for antigen are then selected, while low-affinity antibodies are weeded out in a process termed affinity maturation. (silverchair.com)

Diehl continues - to this day - to use the platform to study antibodies to dengue virus, Zika virus, norovirus, and other pathogens in his research in UVM's Vaccine Testing Center. (uvm.edu)
Production of high affinity antibodies is a hallmark of the humoral immune response and occurs in the germinal center (GC). (umontreal.ca)

Reorganization of clonal hierarchy and new rounds of germinal center reactions, however, combined to maintain diversity and induce progressive maturation of the MBC repertoire against common Hu-1 and BA.1, but not BA.5-restricted, SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD epitopes. (bvsalud.org)
All PTLD with clonal Ig rearrangements showed evidence of germinal centre (GC) transit based on the analysis of Ig and BCL6 gene mutations, and 74% had a non‐GC phenotype (BCL6 ± MUM1+). (columbia.edu)

SM usually occurs within the specific microenvironment of germinal centers, which is thought to be critical for this process. (silverchair.com)

Ubiquitin-mediated fluctuations in MHC class II facilitate efficient germinal center B cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
Somatic brain mosaicism is widely used for neurodegenerative mutations in post-mitotic and stem cell neurons, including age-related mutations like Alzheimer's disease. (microbenotes.com)
Germinal centers (GCs)1 are sites of B cell advancement critical towards the mounting of regular humoral immune system replies Obatoclax mesylate cost (1C4). (informationalwebs.com)
Our group has demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2-encoding mRNA vaccines elicit robust Tfh and germinal center (GC) B cell responses in mice. (loccilab.com)
IgH CDR3 sequencing showed similar V gene diversity and somatic hypermutation frequency despite Btk deficiency but showed reduced CDR3 amino acid polarity, suggesting potential qualitative differences in the gut plasma cell repertoire. (wustl.edu)
Our results reveal individual germinal center-dependent and -unbiased B-cell memory development and provide brand-new opportunities to review these procedures in immunologic illnesses. (thebiotechdictionary.com)

The germinal center is key to the generation of a normal immune response. (medscape.com)
Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal center response in human SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. (stanford.edu)

To expand targeted therapies, an in-depth grasp of the molecular dynamics in the germinal center (GC) is vital. (iiarjournals.org)

Annually, the virus causes up to 10,000 deaths in adults 65 and older, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (uvm.edu)

Nous avons examiné le rôle des protéines CBL dans le développement et la différenciation des lymphocytes B du CG en utilisant des souris mutantes dans lesquelles l'expression des protéines CBL est, soit réduite conditionnellement avant l'initiation du GC (souris CBLdKO-Mb) ou pendant la réaction de formation du CG (souris CBLdKO-Cg). (umontreal.ca)
7] report that phospholipase C (PLC)-2 is necessary for effective formation of germinal center (GC) and Bmem. (cathepsin-s.com)

Somatic mutations accumulate over a period of time, thus contributing to the development of diseases such as cancer, sturge-weber syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, and many more. (microbenotes.com)

Somatic mutations are very frequent in an organism's life cycle and aging events due to spontaneous errors during DNA replication and repair mechanisms and also due to the effects of environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke, radiation, and chemicals. (microbenotes.com)

To produce such Abs, naïve B cells are activated in response to cognate antigen and subsequently undergo rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in germinal centers, specialized microanatomical sites in secondary lymphoid organs. (nih.gov)
Antibody affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers (GCs) through iterative rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection. (ox.ac.uk)

Variable (V) genes of immunoglobulins undergo somatic hypermutation by activation-induced deaminase (AID) to generate amino acid substitutions that encode antibodies with increased affinity for antigen. (nih.gov)
They found that mTORC1 was required for the genetic changes that produce high affinity antibodies in germinal centers-the sites within lymph nodes and the spleen where the processes of antibody gene rearrangement and mutation occur. (medicalxpress.com)
Upon immunization with T-cell dependent antigens, knock-in (KI) mice hypomorphic for mTOR function had decreased ability to form germinal centers, develop high-affinity specific antibodies, and perform SHM/CSR. (nih.gov)
Somatic hypermutation is a process This allows B cells to mutate the genes they use to make antibodies . (1200artists.com)
Class-switching recombination of antibodies Occurs before germinal center formation . (1200artists.com)
More recently, we found that NK cells also restrict the germinal center response after acute LCMV infection and significantly contribute to the delayed and weak induction of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies. (grantome.com)
and the DNA modifying enzyme activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID), which is needed for immunoglobulin class-switching and somatic hypermutation, a phenomenon that is required for the production of high affinity antibodies. (medilib.ir)
Germinal centers are sites within lymph nodes where mature B lymphocytes undergo somatic hypermutation, characterized by rapid proliferation, differentiation, and class switching of antibodies during a normal immune response to an infection. (picmonic.com)
Within the T cell population, a specific subset known as follicular B helper T cells (Tfh cells) play a crucial role in the formation and function of germinal centers, which are critical for the development of high-affinity antibodies. (tutorialspoint.com)
B cells undergo a process of affinity maturation and class switching in the germinal centre, which allows them to produce high-affinity antibodies that are specific for the pathogen. (tutorialspoint.com)
The researchers discovered that prolonged exposure to SARS-CoV-2 triggered modifications in antibodies called somatic hypermutations, equipping them with new binding arms that help block broad virus variants. (shashwatnagpal.com)
Notably, the immune response of B cells predominantly depends on the GC structure, including clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, affinity-based selection, and differentiation into plasma cells to produce protective high-affinity antibodies [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Germinal centers are areas in which B cells can evolve to make more effective antibodies. (nih.gov)
But six months later, your germinal centers are still working, and your antibodies are still getting better and better. (nih.gov)

4. DNA polymerases β and λ do not directly affect Ig variable region somatic hypermutation although their absence reduces the frequency of mutations. (nih.gov)
6. ATM is not required in somatic hypermutation of VH, but is involved in the introduction of mutations in the switch mu region. (nih.gov)
Germinal-center B-cells with unfavorable mutations are functionally crippled and undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). (medscape.com)
Somatic cells are diploid, which means they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from both parents.Somatic mutations can affect individuals, but they will not be passed on to future generations . (1200artists.com)
Upon encountering cognate antigen and appropriate T cell help within germinal centers activated B cells expose additional somatic mutations in their variable regions through the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and undergo Ig isotype switching through the process of class switch recombination (CSR). (morainetownshipdems.org)
Provides a list of recurrent somatic mutations and associated pathways in small B-cell lymphoma/leukemia. (paramedicalinfo.com)
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) cause distinct genetic alterations at different regions of immunoglobulin genes in B lymphocytes: point mutations in variable regions and large deletions in S regions, respectively. (silverchair.com)

B cell maturation requires immunoglobulin (Ig) somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) for high-affinity responses. (nih.gov)
V(D)J recombination is a mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in Formation of lymphocytes during early stages of T and B cell maturation . (1200artists.com)
Moreover, a detailed analysis of HIV-specific bnAbs reveals substantial mutation from the germ line immunoglobulin sequence, indicating that a sustained, determined germinal center response is likely required to facilitate sufficient affinity maturation of the HIV-specific antiboy response. (grantome.com)
A Mathematical Model for Germinal Centre Kinetics and Affinity * Maturation * * Model Status * * This is the original unchecked version of the model imported * from the previous CellML model repository, 24-Jan-2006. (nih.gov)
In 2002, * Iber and Maini published a mathematical model for germinal centre * kinetics and affinity maturation. (nih.gov)
They also show that the efficiency of affinity maturation * is highest if clones with a very high affinity antigen leave * the germinal centre for either the memory or the plasma cell * pool. (nih.gov)
It is further shown that the termination of somatic hypermutation * for several days before the end of the germinal centre immune * reaction is beneficial for affinity maturation. (nih.gov)
The complete original paper reference is cited below: * * A Mathematical Model for Germinal Centre Kinetics and Affinity * Maturation, Dagmar Iber and Philip K. Maini, 2002, Journal of * Theoretical Biology, 219, 153-175. (nih.gov)
Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to mRNA vaccination. (nih.gov)

3. A source of the single-stranded DNA substrate for activation-induced deaminase during somatic hypermutation. (nih.gov)
11. Isotype-switched follicular lymphoma displays dissociation between activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and somatic hypermutation. (nih.gov)
17. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is dispensable for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation in the immunoglobulin gene. (nih.gov)
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a putative RNA-editing cytidine deaminase, strictly expressed in activated B cells, and essential in both CSR and somatic hypermutation. (1200artists.com)
hypermutation by Activation-induced deaminase (AID) , an enzyme that catalyzes the targeted deamination of deoxycytidine residues in DNA. (1200artists.com)
Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is specifically induced in germinal center B cells (Muramatsu et al. (morainetownshipdems.org)
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is indispensable for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells. (rockefeller.edu)
Nuclear GTPase found in germinal center B-cells, where it may inhibit function of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase AICDA (PubMed:19734146). (nih.gov)

Both events occur in activated mature B lymphocytes such as germinal center cells, but outcomes of the events are apparently very different. (silverchair.com)

Isotype switched, CD27 + B cells are generated during germinal center reactions in secondary lymphoid tissues. (medscape.com)
Moreover, several studies have shown that high expression of the IgD-BCR may help physiologically autoreactive B cells survive in peripheral lymphoid tissues thanks to unresponsiveness to self-antigens and help their entry into germinal centers to redeem autoreactivity via somatic hypermutation. (creative-biolabs.com)
Follicular B helper T cells (Tfh cells) are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells that are found within the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen. (tutorialspoint.com)
Germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues following immunization. (biomedcentral.com)

somatic reorganization During bone marrow B cell development prior to antigen exposure . (1200artists.com)
Somatic reorganization occurs in Bone marrow (B cells) and thymus (T cells) in the absence of antigen, the antigen-independent stage. (1200artists.com)
2011 This latter process is known as the adaptive immune response and entails the introduction of somatic genome alterations to generate high affinity antigen acknowledgement. (morainetownshipdems.org)
Shortly after the first differentiation of centroblasts into * centrocytes, somatic hypermutation starts to act on the centroblasts * and changes the affinity of the B cell receptors for the antigen. (nih.gov)

We show here abundant nuclear FOXO1 expression in the proliferative compartment of the germinal center (GC), its dark zone (DZ), and PI3K activity, downregulating FOXO1, in the light zone (LZ), where cells are selected for further differentiation. (crick.ac.uk)

[ 4 ] It is generated from post-germinal center, SOX11-negative B cells that are IgVH hypermutated and is more genetically stable. (medscape.com)

The immunoglobulin diversification processes of somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination critically rely on transcription coupled targeting of AID to loci in activated B lymphocytes. (morainetownshipdems.org)
In B lymphocytes, this diversity is created by two relatively random processes: variable diversity and joining gene segment (V(D)J) recombination in the bone marrow during development, and somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells during adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)

Using laser beam microdissection and then era sequencing (NGS) we recorded significant intraclonal variety MSI-1436 lactate from the rearranged IGH gene and intensive interfollicular migration between germinal centers from the same lymph node aswell as between different lymph nodes. (moonphase2018.com)
There is an absence of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), a lack of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutations, and lymph node hyperplasia caused by the presence of giant germinal centers. (lu.se)

Which enzyme is required for both isotype switching and somatic hypermutation? (1200artists.com)

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignancy of the germinal-center B cells that affects the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems. (medscape.com)

Follicular lymphomas likely arise from germinal center B cells. (picmonic.com)
Tfh cells are also regulated by other cells within the germinal center, including follicular dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)

Dr. Fauci also introduced two Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) ad hoc members: Dr. Rafi Ahmed, director of the Vaccine Center in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Emory University, and Dr. Julie McElrath, director of the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. (nih.gov)
B Cell-Intrinsic mTORC1 Promotes Germinal Center-Defining Transcription Factor Gene Expression, Somatic Hypermutation, and Memory B Cell Generation in Humoral Immunity, The Journal of Immunology (2018). (medicalxpress.com)

UNG deficiency most severely reduces CSR efficiency and only modestly affects the somatic hypermutation spectrum in vitro. (aai.org)
Reduces somatic hypermutation in B-cells which may enhance genome stability (By similarity). (nih.gov)

However, in the niche of germinal centers, R837 increased somatic hypermutation in the canonical V H 1-72 gene that encodes NP-specific antibody. (nih.gov)
Following recent advances in microarray technology, two subgroups-the germinal centre (GC) B cell-like and the activated B cell-like-gene expression signatures have been identified. (bmj.com)
The somatic hypermutation (SHM) status of the clonotypic, rearranged immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) gene is an established prognostic and predictive marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (nih.gov)

16. Overexpression of human DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu) in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line affects the somatic hypermutation rate. (nih.gov)

Classical mantle cell lymphoma is generated from B cells that express SOX11 and is characterized by minimal IgVH somatic hypermutation and genetic instability. (medscape.com)

Recent reports have divided diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into germinal centre B cell-like and activated B cell-like subgroups with implicated differences in prognosis. (bmj.com)

Does class switching occur before somatic hypermutation? (1200artists.com)

The pathway used to process AID-generated U:G lesions determines the diversity of base substitutions observed during somatic hypermutation. (1200artists.com)

In what anatomical location does the process of somatic reorganization in B cells occur? (1200artists.com)

The germinal middle (GC) B-cell of source of FL can be put through ongoing somatic hypermutation (SHM) which outcomes within an intraclonal series heterogeneity of neoplastic clones [2]. (moonphase2018.com)

The Collaborative Research Center 1530 (SFB1530) is a network of internationally visible investigators with highly complementary technical expertise in innovative lymphoma models, cutting-edge genomics and proteomics platforms, comprehensively characterized, large cohorts of lymphoma patients, powerful bioinformatics and a successful clinical trial infrastructure. (sfb1530.de)
In doing so, the overarching goal of the Collaborative Research Center is to create and strengthen synergies towards the discovery of patho-mechanisms and the identification of innovative therapeutic strategies beyond the lymphoma cell-autonomous level. (sfb1530.de)
The close interactions with oncology centers of excellence in Cologne, Essen, Frankfurt, Berlin and Heidelberg and with major German lymphoma and leukemia study groups will allow for a rapid translation of major findings into clinical application. (sfb1530.de)

For example, CD10 is expressed on first-stage cells on B cell lineage like pro-B, pre-B cell, and germinal centers cells. (statpearls.com)
Mice with mTOR deleted in their B cell lineage (KO) also produced fewer splenic germinal centers and decreased high-affinity antibody responses. (nih.gov)

Hypermutation is restricted to germinal center B cells and cannot be recapitulated in ex vivo-activated splenic cells, even though the latter express high levels of AID. (nih.gov)
Tfh cells also provide critical signals for the selection of high-affinity B cells through a process known as somatic hypermutation. (tutorialspoint.com)
Upon closer look at what makes it so potent, they found that prolonged exposure for nearly two months to SARS-CoV-2 triggered the patients' germinal centers (GC) to introduce a high rate of changes called somatic hypermutations (SHMs), equipping NCV2SG48 with an extensive binding interface. (shashwatnagpal.com)

5. The role of HIRA-dependent H3.3 deposition and its modifications in the somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable regions. (nih.gov)
8. Histone modifications associated with somatic hypermutation. (nih.gov)

AID is targeted to variable regions in germinal center B cells by transcription. (nih.gov)

In previous work, a research team led by Dr. Ali Ellebedy at Washington University in St. Louis showed that activated B cells can persist for months after COVID-19 vaccination in regions of the lymph nodes called germinal centers. (nih.gov)

Preceding the discovery of AID transcription of target sequences had been implicated as a critical step in the hypermutation process. (morainetownshipdems.org)

14. The IgH 3' regulatory region controls somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells. (nih.gov)

What is the process of somatic cell reorganization? (1200artists.com)
However, the process of somatic reorganization remains poorly understood and difficult to study in higher model systems. (1200artists.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms9

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs70

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Undergo somatic hypermutation2

Lymph nodes3

Proliferation3

Recombination8

Mutation10

Genes6

Cells18

Affinity maturation2

Antibodies2

Clonal2

Occurs1

Cell6

Immune2

Molecular1

Prevention1

Formation2

Development1

Events1

Rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection2

Antibodies14

Mutations7

Maturation9

Deaminase8

Mature B lymphocytes1

Lymphoid4

Antigen4

Differentiation1

Post-germinal1

Lymphocytes2

Lymph node2

Isotype1

Malignancy1

Follicular2

Immunology2

Reduces2

Gene3

Affects1

SOX111

DLBCL1

Class1

Substitutions1

Occur1

Outcomes1

Lymphoma3

Cell lineage2

High3

Modifications2

Variable1

Activated B cells1

Transcription1

Regulatory1

Process2