Somatic human in vitro derivation of stem cells from cloned human embryos. Medical search. Frequent questions

The laws surrounding the two differ because while both have similar capacities in differentiation, their modes of derivation are not. (wikipedia.org)
In general, stem cells turn over slowly and display minimal physiological differentiation. (medscape.com)
[ 62 ] BASCs proliferate in response to naphthalene or bleomycin injury, and when purified cells were cultured appropriately, they demonstrated a high clonal growth capacity and differentiation potential to form both Clara cells and distal lung epithelium, composed of cells expressing type I and II cell markers. (medscape.com)
2. Brief report: benchmarking human pluripotent stem cell markers during differentiation into the three germ layers unveils a striking heterogeneity: all markers are not equal. (nih.gov)
9. Self-renewal and differentiation capabilities are variable between human embryonic stem cell lines I3, I6 and BG01V. (nih.gov)
11. Derivation of embryonic stem cell line from frozen human embryos and neural differentiation. (nih.gov)
13. Mesenchymal differentiation propensity of a human embryonic stem cell line. (nih.gov)
Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified several potential target genes of the miRNAs present in royal jelly, including those involved in developmental processes and cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Research is needed to determine the most viable stem cell lines and reliable ways to promote the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into specific cell types (neurons, muscle cells, etc. (jci.org)
In recent years, biomedical research has been significantly altered by technologies for the derivation of human cell lines capable of differentiation into any of the cells of the human body. (research-ethics.org)
Pursuing novel differentiation methods and mimicking embryonic development, we were able to generate long-term engrafting hematopoietic stem cells, a finding of great interest in the field, which was published in Cell Stem Cells and accompanied by several press releases. (ncl.ac.uk)
Following Yamanaka's seminar discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), our group was one of the first in UK and EU to embrace the technique and to use it successfully for studies of reprogramming, differentiation and disease modelling. (ncl.ac.uk)
Our parallel research programme aims to perfect the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to fully laminated retinal structures capable of recapitulating the function of a human retina in vivo . (ncl.ac.uk)
Funded by an ERC Consolidator Award, my group has established an efficient differentiation system to generate optic cup structures which undergo further differentiation to laminated neural retina containing all the retinal cell types. (ncl.ac.uk)
The betaIII-tubulin isoform is present dominantly in cells of neuronal origin and it is one of the earliest markers of neuronal differentiation. (thermofisher.com)
I will provide examples of the roles of Notch in control of stem/progenitor cell differentiation but also discuss how Notch signaling is important for cellular homeostasis in different organs. (hkstemcell.hk)
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, together with advances in 2D and 3D neuronal differentiation, offers a unique opportunity to overcome this challenge and generate a limitless supply of human neurons for in vitro studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The generation and neuronal differentiation of iPSCs from patients with dementia therefore offer a unique opportunity to create physiologically relevant in vitro models for mechanistic studies and preclinical drug discovery, and have been widely adopted by the field (Fig. 1 ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Critical Roles of Translation Initiation and RNA Uridylation in Endogenous Retroviral Expression and Neural Differentiation in Pluripotent Stem Cells. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. (lookformedical.com)

Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduce new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, somatic cell nuclear transfer, diabetes, and other medical conditions. (wikipedia.org)
and may not be used in combination with somatic cell nuclear transfer for the purposes of reproductive cloning of a human. (nih.gov)
Most commissioners agreed that there is no need (at least not yet) for the government to fund the creation of embryos solely for research purposes, whether it involves in vitro fertilization or the more controversial somatic cell nuclear transfer (which is commonly associated with cloning but could have the potential to provide genetically compatible stem cells). (nih.gov)
Fletcher proposed that the commission focus on the ethical issues involved in using tetal tissue and excess embryos as stem cell resources, arguing that the "scientific background" for reviewing other sources--i.e. embryos created for research or via somatic cell] nuclear transfer--is "too meager at this point to inform a thorough review. (nih.gov)
Embryos were prepared after in vitro maturation either by parthenogenetic activation or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique. (bvsalud.org)
Cloning in higher species involves somatic cell nuclear transfer, a process in which the nucleus of a somatic (non-germ) cell is taken out and inserted into an enucleated fertilized female germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
The first step to cloning these animals is a technique called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). (research-ethics.org)
Pluripotent stem cells may also be derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning). (ucdavis.edu)
For the cell lines, we include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) derived from fertilized embryos and from embryos obtained after nuclear transfer (NT) or parthenogenetic activation (PGA). (biomedcentral.com)

Belgium bans reproductive cloning but allows therapeutic cloning of embryos. (wikipedia.org)
Sweden forbids reproductive cloning, but allows therapeutic cloning and authorized a stem cell bank. (wikipedia.org)
Along the way we must reduce the emotional valence of phrases such as "therapeutic cloning" and "destruction of embryos. (jci.org)
Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and therapeutic techniques. (who.int)
This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
Despite this apparent setback, the field of embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning remains incredibly promising as demonstrated by some of our nation's leading scientists," says Daniel Perry, president of the Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research. (thenewatlantis.com)
After years of touting so-called "therapeutic cloning" - the idea that stem cells from cloned blastocysts would supply every sick person with his own "biological repair kit" - no one has achieved even the first step toward making this medical dream a reality. (thenewatlantis.com)
Most Americans, and most legislators, probably assume that there are at least established animal models for the use of ESCs from "therapeutic cloning. (thenewatlantis.com)
Some studies published by Advanced Cell Technology and others have been touted as showing benefits from stem cells harvested from cloned animal embryos - but in each case, the study had to achieve its therapeutic goal by implanting the embryo in an animal's uterus and growing it to the fetal stage, then killing the fetus for more developed fetal stem cells. (thenewatlantis.com)
Such "fetus farming" is now apparently seen by some researchers as the new paradigm for human "therapeutic cloning," and some state laws on cloning (e.g. (thenewatlantis.com)
It may be that "therapeutic cloning" cannot be made to work without conducting the "reproductive cloning" that almost everyone condemns - placing embryos in women's wombs, in this case in order to abort them later for their more developed tissues. (thenewatlantis.com)
The United States must change these laws to allow scientists to derive stem cell lines from donated embryos and therapeutic cloning. (ucdavis.edu)
Identifying the main alterations of the reproductive system in the human species and their therapeutic approaches, understanding and analyzing medical actions. (laboris.net)
In particular, one goal was to develop a better understanding of the molecular and cellular properties that make stem cells unique, so they might be manipulated rationally for therapeutic purposes. (nih.gov)
Dr. Thomson expressed serious doubt that therapeutic cloning using human oocytes would be used widely in the foreseeable future to produce human embryonic stem cells for transplantation, given the likely inefficiencies of the process and the high costs that would inevitably coincide with patient-specific cell therapy. (nih.gov)
Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)

France prohibits reproductive cloning and embryo creation for research purposes, but enacted laws (with a sunset provision expiring in 2009) to allow scientists to conduct stem cell research on imported a large amount of embryos from in vitro fertilization treatments. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we aimed to isolate EVs from the porcine oviductal epithelial cells (POECs) that were primed with steroid hormones including estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), mimicking the in vivo conditions of the reproductive cycle and studied their effects on in vitro produced embryonic development. (bvsalud.org)
Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
This is reproductive cloning, and can in theory be applied to any species of mammals, including humans. (who.int)
Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)

Furthermore, EVs from hormone-primed POECs improved the formation rate of porcine SCNT embryos compared to the control group. (bvsalud.org)

Unicellular organisms are primed to replicate (clone) themselves by nature. (who.int)
Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)

Because ES cells are cultured from the embryoblast 4-5 days after fertilization, harvesting them is most often done from donated embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. (wikipedia.org)
Specification of cell lineages in mammals begins shortly after fertilization with formation of a blastocyst consisting of trophectoderm,which contributes exclusively to the placenta, and inner cell mass (ICM), from which the embryo develops. (silverchair.com)

20. Rapid isolation of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells from extremely differentiated colonies. (nih.gov)

3. Primed pluripotent cell lines derived from various embryonic origins and somatic cells in pig. (nih.gov)
Here, we apply allele-specific RNA-seq on isogenic B6D2F1 mice to assay imprinted genes in tissues from early embryonic tissues between E3.5 and E7.25 and in pluripotent cell lines to evaluate maintenance of imprinted gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

12. Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features. (nih.gov)
We found that LIF and b-FGF were required for porcine cell reprogramming, but were not essential cytokines for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of piPSCs. (nature.com)
Human embryonic stem cells hold great interest because of their pluripotency-their capacity to give rise to the various specialized cells of the body-and because of their longevity-their ability to be propagated for many generations in laboratory culture without losing their pluripotency. (georgetown.edu)
or (4) by dedifferentiation of somatic cells back to pluripotency. (georgetown.edu)
In each of these four cases, the scientific standard by which success should be measured is only the desired functional capacity of the cells derived-stable pluripotency-and not their origin (embryos, adults, or artificial embryo-like clusters of cells). (georgetown.edu)
The experience of deriving human embryonic stem cells in 2003, led to a broader interest in the pluripotent stem cell biology, which enabled my team to describe for the first time the difference in transcriptional profile and signalling pathways between human and mouse embryonic stem cells and the intrinsic link between maintenance of pluripotency and cell cycle control. (ncl.ac.uk)
Altogether, our analysis provides a comprehensive overview of imprinted gene expression in pluripotency and provides a benchmark to allow identification of cell lines that faithfully maintain imprinted gene expression and therefore retain full developmental potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Induced pluripotency has emerged as one of the main methodologies to derive patient-specific pluripotent cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming of adult stem cells using defined reprogramming factors [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The pluripotent stem cell-specific transcript ESRG is dispensable for human pluripotency. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

At the present time, the production of new cell lines involves destruction of preimplantation embryos at the 100-200 cell (blastocyst) stage. (jci.org)

According to modern stem cell researchers, Spain is one of the leaders in stem cell research and currently has one of the most progressive legislations worldwide with respect to human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. (wikipedia.org)
In 2001, the British Parliament amended the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (since amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008) to permit the destruction of embryos for hESC harvests but only if the research satisfies one of the following requirements: Increases knowledge about the development of embryos, Increases knowledge about serious disease, or Enables any such knowledge to be applied in developing treatments for serious disease. (wikipedia.org)
Many in the international scientific community believe that the promise of stem cell-based studies or therapies will be realized only if we can derive new human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. (jci.org)
The Executive Order states that the Secretary of Health and Human Services, through the Director of NIH, may support and conduct responsible, scientifically worthy human stem cell research, including human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, to the extent permitted by law. (nih.gov)
While most hESC scientists view the human embryo as human cells with great biological and scientific potential, there are many members of our society who hold religious beliefs that define the human embryo as equivalent to a human life. (research-ethics.org)

During NT, the nucleus of a donor cell is introduced into an enucleated oocyte, after which ESC-NTs or EpiSCs-NTs are derived from the developing embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the genotype of the ESC-PGA cells is different from the female oocyte donor due to meiotic recombination occurring in the oocyte, subsequent matching of the ESC-PGAs based on the major histocompatibility complex antigens allows for engraftment of these cells in mouse recipients [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, we revealed a link between SMAD7 and GDF9-mediated oocyte paracrine signaling, an essential component of oocyte-granulosa cell communication and folliculogenesis. (bioscientifica.com)
Collectively, our results suggest that SMAD7 may function during follicular development via preferentially antagonizing and/or fine-tuning essential TGFβ superfamily signaling, which is involved in the regulation of oocyte-somatic cell interaction and granulosa cell function. (bioscientifica.com)

The NIH modified the definition to say that human embryonic stem cells "are cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage human embryos, are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers. (nih.gov)
Until now, these cells have been obtainable only from living human embryos [at the 100-to-200-cell (blastocyst) stage of development] by a process that necessarily destroys the embryos and that therefore makes this research ethically controversial. (georgetown.edu)

Derivation of bona fide porcine pluripotent stem cells is still a critical issue because porcine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not available yet, and most of the culture conditions to maintain porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are based on conditions for mouse and human iPS cells. (nature.com)
In this study, we generated a doxycycline-inducible porcine iPS cell line (DOX-iPSCs) and used it to screen the optimal culture condition to sustain the self-renewal of piPSCs. (nature.com)
The derivation of porcine iPSCs could not only broaden the platform of pre-clinical trials for human diseases 6 , but also provided a potential carrier for human organ production with less ethical questions 7 . (nature.com)
In conclusion, EVs derived from POECs cultured in hormonal conditions simulating the in vivo environment had a positive effect on porcine blastocysts formation, which will likely facilitate in the production of cloned embryos. (bvsalud.org)
To investigate the potential roles of RJEVs in cell viability, RJEVs were supplemented to apoptotic porcine kidney fibroblasts induced by ethanol 6% exposure for 30 min. (bvsalud.org)

Additionally, pPSC cell line isolated from 5.5 days blastocysts could be sustained in 3i medium and the expression of endogenous pluripotent genes OCT4 , ESRRB , and STELLA was significantly increased. (nature.com)
To create new cell lines, it is necessary to destroy preimplantation blastocysts. (jci.org)
Should blastocysts be protected under the same laws that govern research on human subjects? (jci.org)

While embryonic stem cells are taken from embryoblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated from somatic adult cells. (wikipedia.org)
Human embryonic stem cells offer the promise of a new regenerative medicine in which damaged adult cells can be replaced with new cells. (jci.org)
Also, the Guidelines discuss applicable regulatory standards when research involving human adult stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells constitutes human subject research. (nih.gov)
In the fetus, and even in an adult, stem cells can be found in many body tissues. (research-ethics.org)
Such cells are often called adult or tissue-specific stem cells. (research-ethics.org)
Adult stem cells are primer cells that reside in various organs and tissues and can differentiate into the various cell types indigenous to their body part. (ucdavis.edu)
Although some adult stem cells can transdifferentiate, they are generally limited to changing into the types of cells present in their host organ or tissue. (ucdavis.edu)
To promote interactions and discussions between researchers studying embryonic and adult mammalian stem cells and basic researchers working in other areas such as chromatin, gene expression, cell cycle, cell signaling, and development, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) hosted a workshop on the basic biology of mammalian stem cells on June 9-10, 2002 at the Pooks Hill Marriott in Bethesda, Maryland. (nih.gov)
The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)

Should stem cells obtainable by one or another of these methods turn out to have exactly the same properties and capacities as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), their value for scientific research should be no different from that of standard ESCs. (georgetown.edu)
Dr. Hwang Woo Suk and his colleagues, the only researchers in the world to convince the scientific community that they had cloned human embryos and derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from them, are now seen as having perpetrated a massive deception. (thenewatlantis.com)
Both ESCs and EpiSCs can be directed to differentiate into a wide variety of mature cell types. (biomedcentral.com)

Several sources of pluripotent stem cells have now been identified. (research-ethics.org)

Stem cells have been used to repair tissue damaged by disease. (wikipedia.org)
The primary legislation in South Africa that deals with embryo research is the Human Tissue Act, which is set to be replaced by Chapter 8 of the National Health Act. (wikipedia.org)
To conserve growth potential and to prevent genetic injury while vulnerable during mitosis, stem cells are thought to cycle slowly and to be recruited only as demanded by tissue turnover. (medscape.com)
Others see stem cells as a limitless source of transplantable tissue that could repair damage wrought by such chronic diseases as Parkinson's and diabetes. (nih.gov)
for example a stem cell encoding for skin tissue will eventually develop into skin tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue will eventually develop into heart tissue and so on. (who.int)
Yet the company announced its research as "the first proof that reprogrammed human cells can supply tissue for transplantation. (thenewatlantis.com)
Embryonic stem cells are usually derived from the undifferentiated cells of a five-day-old embryo that go on to form all the tissue types of the developing fetus. (ucdavis.edu)
These resident stem cells are important for purposes of repair and replenishment and come into play when tissue damage occurs. (ucdavis.edu)
One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)

And they said one reason to seek a federal policy that allows both the "derivation and use" of stem cells from embryos is because the NIH position, announced in January, rests on a "disingenuous" and legalistic separation of stem cells from their embryonic origins. (nih.gov)

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube. (lookformedical.com)

However, our progress in this area has been limited by the difficulties in generating in vitro and in vivo models that recapitulate these pathologies together with neuronal death. (biomedcentral.com)
In vivo delivery of TK-NTR and administration of prodrugs led to the effective killing of both targeted cells and surrounding tumor cells via TK-NTR-mediated conversion of co-delivered prodrugs into active cytotoxic agents. (regenerativemedicine.net)
In vivo evaluation of the bystander effect in mouse models demonstrated that for effective therapy, at least 1% of tumor cells need to be delivered with TK-NTR-encoding MCs. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The alveoli have a simple squamous epithelium, comprised of alveolar type I and II epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Work carried out in my group in collaboration with Prof. Figueiredo has resulted in the development of a GMP compatible culture system for expansion of limbal epithelial cells which have been transplanted into patients with unilateral limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency. (ncl.ac.uk)
Forbester JL, Lees EA, Goulding D… Powrie F, Dougan G. (2018) Interleukin-22 promotes phagolysosomal fusion to induce protection against Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in human epithelial cells. (hkstemcell.hk)
Base-Resolution Methylome of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Used in the First Trial of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Autologous Transplantation. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

Few subjects in biomedical science have captured the imagination of both the scientific community and the public as has the use of stem cells for the repair of damaged tissues. (jci.org)
The stem cells possess pluripotential characteristics, and can differentiate into various cells and tissues when nurtured and grown in different culture media. (who.int)
1998). This tool was quickly recognized as an opportunity to better understand normal and pathological human development, to identify and test new pharmacological therapies, and perhaps to even replace diseased tissues or organs. (research-ethics.org)
These cells are called pluripotent stem cells because they can differentiate to form a plurality of cell types that make up all of the tissues of the body. (ucdavis.edu)
The betaIII-tubulin is most abundant in cells of neuronal origin, but was also detected in Sertoli cells of the testis and transiently in non-neuronal embryonic tissues. (thermofisher.com)

I am a member of the Biosciences Institute and my work contributes to the Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Transplantation research Theme. (ncl.ac.uk)
To avoid an allogeneic immune response during transplantation of these cells, a matching genotype between donor and recipient cells is of key importance. (biomedcentral.com)

6. Derivation of three clones from human embryonic stem cell lines by FACS sorting and their characterization. (nih.gov)
18. Characterization of epithelial cell adhesion molecule as a surface marker on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
In this review, we summarize the role of EVs biogenesis and pathways that might have role on their structure, and the role of cryo-EM in characterization of EVs morphology in different biological samples and integrate new knowledge of the alterations of membranous structures of EVs which could be used as biomarkers to human diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Distinguishing embryonic stem cell derivation, culture, and characterization. (laboris.net)
On November 7, 2001, NIH posted the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry, a list of human embryonic stem cell lines at varying stages of characterization that meet the President's eligibility criteria. (nih.gov)

We started with a pool of 12 candidates that were reduced to 6, demonstrating that ectopic expression of the germ line-related genes PRDM1, PRDM14, LIN28A, DAZL, VASA and SYCP3 induced direct conversion of somatic cells (hFSK (46, XY) and hMSC (46, XY)) into a germ cell-like phenotype in vitro . (nature.com)
While in each EVs supplemented group (control EVs, H1 EVs, H2 EVs), the expression of cell reprogramming-related genes in cloned embryos showed a tendency of increase, the effect was stronger in H1 EVs and H2 EVs. (bvsalud.org)
Transcriptional modulation of genes involved in glycolysis, angiogenesis, pH homeostasis and apoptosis (i.e., anti-apoptotic genes) enables cancer cells to adapt to and survive in the hypoxic tumor environment. (biomedcentral.com)
Multi-omics approach reveals posttranscriptionally regulated genes are essential for human pluripotent stem cells. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

Eventually a stem cell becomes known as a "progenitor" or "precursor" cell, committed to producing one or a few terminally differentiated cells such as neurons or muscle cells. (jci.org)
Stem cells exist to act as a source for the development or replacement of differentiated cells such as cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin and neurons, which carry electrical impulses. (ucdavis.edu)
The resulting iPSCs can subsequently be differentiated into multiple cell types, including neurons. (biomedcentral.com)

The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)

The information presented here covers the legal implications of embryonic stem cells (ES), rather than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (wikipedia.org)
Genetic individuality indicates that the resultant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reserved from precursor cells enable personalized cell therapy and regenerative medicine 3 . (nature.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an attractive methodology to overcome these barriers in order to generate physiologically relevant models of neurological disease. (biomedcentral.com)
For successful disease modelling using iPSCs, it is essential to generate the cell type affected by disease in a quick and efficient manner with a high degree of purity. (biomedcentral.com)
CDK8/19 inhibition plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell induction from human iPSCs. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
Towards Precision Medicine With Human iPSCs for Cardiac Channelopathies. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo. (lookformedical.com)

To determine the signaling preference and potential role of SMAD7 in the ovary, we herein examined the expression, regulation, and function of SMAD7 in mouse granulosa cells. (bioscientifica.com)
We showed that SMAD7 was expressed in granulosa cells and subject to regulation by intraovarian growth factors from the TGFβ superfamily. (bioscientifica.com)

Stem cell laws are the law rules, and policy governance concerning the sources, research, and uses in treatment of stem cells in humans. (wikipedia.org)
The European Union has yet to issue consistent regulations with respect to stem cell research in member states. (wikipedia.org)
Whereas Germany, Austria, Italy, Finland, Portugal and the Netherlands prohibit or severely restrict the use of embryonic stem cells, Greece, Sweden, Spain and the United Kingdom have created the legal basis to support this research. (wikipedia.org)
Germany has restrictive policies for stem cell research, but a 2008 law authorizes "the use of imported stem cell lines produced before May 1, 2007. (wikipedia.org)
The new Spanish law allows existing frozen embryos - of which there are estimated to be tens of thousands in Spain - to be kept for patient's future use, donated for another infertile couple, or used in research. (wikipedia.org)
In 2003, Spain's laws state that embryos left over from IVF and donated by the couple that created them can be used in research, including ES cell research, if they have been frozen for more than five years. (wikipedia.org)
The United Kingdom is one of the leaders in stem cell research, in the opinion of Lord Sainsbury, Science and Innovation Minister for the UK. (wikipedia.org)
A new £10 million stem cell research centre has been announced at the University of Cambridge. (wikipedia.org)
This registry lists the cell lines that may be used in NIH-supported research. (nih.gov)
On December 7, 30 days after the posting of the Registry, and withdrawal of the old ES cell guidance ( NIH Guidelines for Research Using Pluripotent Stem Cells as Applied to Human ES Cells ), scientists may transfer government funds to obtain the cells, bring them into NIH labs, and begin research on them. (nih.gov)
2. Scientific Directors must report all ES cell acquisitions to the Office of Intramural Research by forwarding a copy of the approved memos of acquisition to the DDIR (Bldg. 1, Rm.114, NIH, 20892-0001). (nih.gov)
4. Every report of research on the cells, including your ZO1 annual report and all publications, must include the unique identifier for the cells used. (nih.gov)
In vitro research using cell lines that are already derived and established, and for which the identity of the donors cannot be determined, does not require IRB review and approval. (nih.gov)
Research using cell lines that are identifiable with a donor, including cells that retain links to coded information that would allow identification of donors, is generally considered human subjects research. (nih.gov)
However, recent discoveries about the potential curative powers of stem cells has, in the eyes of many--including members of the NBAC--changed the moral landscape of embryo research and provided strong ethical reasons for a substantial change in the law. (nih.gov)
see Washington Fax 1/20/99) Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala recently dispatched a letter to one of the authors of the embryo research ban defending NIH's legal authority to fund stem cell experiments. (nih.gov)
Some commission members, despite their support for stem cell research, also were critical of the NIH decision. (nih.gov)
President Clinton asked the NBAC late last year to consider the ethics of stem cell research after scientific breakthroughs in isolating them from fetuses and embryos sparked enormous excitement about the potential of stem cells as research tools and as the source of powerful new therapies for a host of conditions. (nih.gov)
This has led to an intense debate that threatens to limit embryonic stem cell research. (jci.org)
A stem cell is defined by two properties (see A stem cell research lexicon ). (jci.org)
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is hereby publishing final "National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research" (Guidelines). (nih.gov)
Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells. (nih.gov)
These Guidelines implement Executive Order 13505, as it pertains to extramural NIH-funded stem cell research, establish policy and procedures under which the NIH will fund such research, and helps ensure that NIH-funded research in this area is ethically responsible, scientifically worthy, and conducted in accordance with applicable law. (nih.gov)
Internal NIH policies and procedures, consistent with Executive Order 13505 and these Guidelines, will govern the conduct of intramural NIH stem cell research. (nih.gov)
Respondents felt the title of the NIH draft guidelines was misleading, in that it is entitled "National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research," yet addresses only one type of human stem cell. (nih.gov)
Others noted that because the stem cells eligible for use in research using NIH funding under the draft Guidelines are those cells that are subject to existing patents, there will be insufficient competition in the licensing of such rights. (nih.gov)
The Guidelines do not address the distribution of stem cell research material. (nih.gov)
It is, however, the NIH's expectation that stem cell research materials developed with NIH funds, as well as associated intellectual property and data, will be distributed in accordance with the NIH's existing policies and guidance, including "Sharing Biomedical Research Resources, Principles and Guidelines for Recipients of NIH Grants and Contracts" and "Best Practices for the Licensing of Genomic Inventions. (nih.gov)
http://www.ott.nih.gov/policy/policies_and_guidelines.aspx Even where such policies are not directly applicable, the NIH encourages others to refrain from imposing on the transfer of research tools, such as stem cells, any conditions that hinder further biomedical research. (nih.gov)
Notwithstanding our sometimes sharp individual ethical differences, we have recognized that all parties to the debates about embryo research have something vital to defend, and not only for themselves but for all of us. (georgetown.edu)
Accordingly, in an effort to find ethically uncontroversial ways to advance human embryonic stem cell research, the Council has recently been looking into specific proposals for obtaining pluripotent, genetically stable, and long-lived human stem cells by methods that would meet the moral standard of not destroying or endangering human embryos in the process. (georgetown.edu)
Having made a considered decision to use human stem cells, no use of those cells for the purposes of research, teaching, or testing should commence that is not explicitly part of an approved protocol or specifically waived under relevant regulations. (research-ethics.org)
If you are responsible for training others or if you observe indifference to considerations for responsible stem cell research, you should make attempts to initiate discussion, to identify relevant regulations, and to promote responsibility. (research-ethics.org)
However, because a necessary first step was to use and destroy human embryos such research raised serious questions for some members of the public, as well as some scientists. (research-ethics.org)
For many years now, under the Dickey amendment (1995), the U.S. Congress has agreed to federal restrictions on any research that would require harm or destruction of the human embryo. (research-ethics.org)
This restriction was partially lifted in 2001 by President Bush s announcement that research with stem cell lines existing as of August 9, 2001 could be eligible for federal funding. (research-ethics.org)
T he first obvious conclusion, as noted by the Washington Post , is that "the highly touted field of embryonic stem cell research is years behind where scientists thought it was. (thenewatlantis.com)
But in this case, Dr. Hwang's studies were the field of allegedly successful human cloning for research purposes. (thenewatlantis.com)
Human embryonic stem cell research has been touted as both the hero and monster of the next age in medical science. (ucdavis.edu)
Although worries over the treatment of human embryos are legitimate, a close examination of the practices associated with stem cell research shows that its use of human embryonic cells does not disrespect human life. (ucdavis.edu)
Current laws virtually preclude scientists from obtaining the stem cells they need to conduct research. (ucdavis.edu)
Stem cells have other characteristics besides their unspecialized nature that are important for research. (ucdavis.edu)
This limits their usefulness in research and may not even give researchers the six months necessary to establish a cell line. (ucdavis.edu)
Recognizing the fundamentals of basic research, emphasizing the lines of research related to Human Reproduction Developing a critical point of view on published papers. (laboris.net)
The primary approach in our research group is to use pluripotent stem cells to mimic human development using in vitro model systems. (ncl.ac.uk)
Embryoid bodies (EBs) were generated from the H9 embryonic stem cell line (WiCell Research Institute, WA09) using Gibco® KnockOut™ Serum Replacement. (thermofisher.com)
Experimental Cell Research 352: 304-312. (hkstemcell.hk)
In hosting the workshop, NIGMS aimed to learn how best to stimulate research that will advance the basic biology of mammalian stem cells, a field with the potential for rapid growth following the recent successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells and human embryonic germ cells in 1998 and the establishment of policies governing the use of human embryonic stem cells in Federally funded research. (nih.gov)
At this junction in time, NIH realized the importance of looking beyond merely listing the availability of the stem cell lines to encouraging the conduct of research that will help unite the fields of basic molecular and cell biological research with more biomedically applied stem cell biological pursuits. (nih.gov)
The workshop began with keynote speaker Dr. James Thomson, who gave an overview of the stem cell research field. (nih.gov)
This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)

This cell contains a different set of genetic instructions (resulting in an alternative pattern of gene expression) and is characterized by a reduced proliferative capacity and more restricted developmental potential than its parent. (jci.org)
Thus, physiologically relevant models, permitting the study of disease mechanisms in a human genetic context, with physiological gene expression levels and in the cell types specifically affected in disease would be a great asset for deepening our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD and the development of novel therapeutics. (biomedcentral.com)

These providers are prepared to establish collaborations and material transfer agreements with NIH scientists to convey the cells to us. (nih.gov)
In the meantime, intramural scientists who are prepared to begin work more quickly may proceed to make individual lab arrangements with cell providers. (nih.gov)
Scientists who want to work with these cells should discuss their plans with their Lab Chiefs and Scientific Directors and then contact the providers of the cells. (nih.gov)
For intramural scientists, this means you should determine with the provider whether the cells you seek can be linked to the donors. (nih.gov)
see Washington Fax 11/25/98) For example, some scientists believe stem cells, which possess the potential to become almost any cell in the body, could be used to quickly screen drugs for toxicity and efficacy. (nih.gov)
He argued that the commission, by recommending that federally funded scientists be allowed to extract stem cells from donated excess embryos, would be offering a public interested in the potential benefits a "morally acceptable" way to take advantage of stem cells. (nih.gov)
The concept of human cloning has long been in the imagination of many scientists, scholars and fiction writers [1]. (who.int)
We also explore, in a preliminary way, whether these alternative avenues of deriving and using pluripotent stem cells are likely to be embraced by scientists or to become eligible for federal funding. (georgetown.edu)
Many scientists viewed this as a potentially revolutionary approach to studying human biology. (research-ethics.org)
The truth surely lies somewhere between these extremes: the scandal implicates far more than a few Korean scientists, but it does not undermine science in general, unless one foolishly equates human cloning with all of science. (thenewatlantis.com)
By granting scientists access to embryos that would otherwise have been destroyed in fertility clinics or never come into existence, we ensure that scientists can use these embryos for the greater good in improving other lives. (ucdavis.edu)
Scientists often grow differentiated cells in culture, but after enough successive transfers from one plate to another, differentiated cells die. (ucdavis.edu)
The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)

Therefore, the fundamental issue in animal species, including pig, is how to fully convert the somatic cells into ESC-like and germline-competent pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). (nature.com)
Multi-cellular organisms and higher species replicate naturally through a reproduction mechanism involving male and female germ cells. (who.int)
We also know that within humans (and other animal species) there are cells called stem cells. (who.int)
Indeed, 11 beta-HSD enzyme is expressed in the placenta of humans and a range of other animal species. (bioscientifica.com)

They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. (lookformedical.com)

At this level, abundant experimental evidence points to basal cells as the main compartment containing stem and progenitor cells (TA cells). (medscape.com)
Basal cells in the ducts of SMGs also show stem/progenitor cell characteristics. (medscape.com)
2017) Haematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. (hkstemcell.hk)
2018) Defining murine organogenesis at single-cell resolution reveals a role for the leukotriene pathway in regulating blood progenitor formation. (hkstemcell.hk)
Yu Y, Tsang JC, Wang C… Dougan G, Liu P. (2016) Single-cell RNA-seq identifies a PD-1hi ILC progenitor and defines its development pathway. (hkstemcell.hk)

A common example of a stem cell is the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) which are multipotent stem cells that give rise to cells of the blood lineage. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to multipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and are thought to be able to give rise to all cells of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Multipotent, long-lived cells (stem cells) have been identified throughout airways and give rise to both TA and terminally differentiated daughters. (medscape.com)
Hence, the stem cells are multipotent because they can transform into multiple cell types, but are limited because they are more specialized than embryonic stem cells. (ucdavis.edu)

Embryonic stem cells were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998. (wikipedia.org)
Dr. Thomson stressed that significant differences exist between embryonic stem cells derived from mice and humans, cautioning that the use of murine embryonic stem cell models may be misleading in understanding the earliest events in human embryonic development and urging the need for continued study using non-human primate model systems. (nih.gov)

One of the greatest controversies triggered by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, particularly in genomics and biotechnology, has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)

Martin, 1981), and only in 1998 that the derivation of human embryonic stem cells was first reported (Thomson et al. (research-ethics.org)

Moreover, during their development germ cells suffer a complete germline-specific epigenetic remodeling that is essential to coordinate its development 4 . (nature.com)
Based on our knowledge of the murine germ line development, here we present a model for direct germ cell-like conversion from human somatic cells in vitro by genetic induction of selected key germ cell factors. (nature.com)
Respondents expressed concern that derivers of stem cells might profit from the development of hESCs. (nih.gov)
Crucial to this approach is finding a stage of early embryonic development at which (a) the removal of one or a few cells by biopsy can be carried out without harming the embryo, while (b) the cell or cells removed from the embryo are usable as a source of pluripotent stem cells. (georgetown.edu)
5. Main landmarks in embryo development. (laboris.net)
Yang W, Garrett L, Feng D… Yang Y, Gao B. (2017) Wnt-induced Vangl2 phosphorylation is dose-dependently required for planar cell polarity in mammalian development. (hkstemcell.hk)
Therefore, these cells are important models for pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. (lookformedical.com)
1 Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive,Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA. (silverchair.com)

The third approach comprises a variety of proposals for engineering "biological artifacts" possessing some of the developmental capacities of natural embryogenesis (but lacking the organismal character of human embryos) and containing cells from which pluripotent stem cell lines can be derived. (georgetown.edu)

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. (lookformedical.com)

He said that the NIH decision to legally de-couple stem cells from embryos isa "moral provocation" that could end up doing more harm than good by galvanizing the opposition. (nih.gov)
In addition, to satisfy the moral standard, only those once-frozen embryos that are thawed and that die spontaneously during efforts to produce a child will be eligible for post-mortem cell extraction. (georgetown.edu)

To engage in this debate, it is important to have an overview of stem cell biology. (jci.org)
Nature Cell Biology, 21(6): 687-699. (hkstemcell.hk)
Another goal was to explore the notion of employing stem cells as a model system for addressing fundamental problems in biology. (nih.gov)

By this view, any harm or destruction of the human embryo is tantamount to harm or destruction of a human life. (research-ethics.org)

Induced germ cell-like cells showed a marked switch in their transcriptomic profile and expressed several post-meiotic germ line related markers, showed meiotic progression, evidence of epigenetic reprogramming and approximately 1% were able to complete meiosis as demonstrated by their haploid status and the expression of several post-meiotic markers. (nature.com)

Italy has a 2004 law that forbids all sperm or egg donations and the freezing of embryos, but allows, in effect, using existing stem cell lines that have been imported. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy60

Organisms13

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment65

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities10

Information Science5

Health Care1

Differentiation20

Nuclear9

Therapeutic17

Reproductive5

SCNT1

Organisms are primed to replicate2

Fertilization2

Undifferentiated human pluripotent stem1

Pluripotent cell lines2

Pluripotency9

Preimplantation embryos1

HESC5

Oocyte4

Blastocyst stage2

Porcine5

Blastocysts3

Adult9

ESCs3

Sources of Pluripotent Stem1

Tissue9

Embryonic origins1

Mesenchymal1

Vivo3

Epithelial cells4

Tissues5

Transplantation2

Characterization5

Genes4

Neurons3

Possess pluripotential1

IPSCs6

Germ layers1

Granulosa2

Research51

Gene expression2

Scientists13

Species4

Differentiate1

Progenitor5

Multipotent4

Mice2

Genomics1

19981

Development10

Capacities1

Chromosomes1

Moral2

Biology3

Destruction1

Epigenetic1

Existing stem cell lines1