• This ability depends on their capacity for self-renewal, extensive proliferation and differentiation into the mature progeny. (atpjournal.org)
  • This includes the analysis of genes in germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
  • B-cell lymphomas arise from mutations affecting B-cell differentiation, particularly within germinal centers (GCs) where B-cells interact with T follicular helper cells ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • It has an essential role in B-cell development, influencing the transition of memory B-cells to plasma cells, while mutations in the TBL1XR1 gene have been observed to inhibit this progression and promote lymphomagenesis ( 7 , 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A single normal cell randomly acquires a series of mutations that allows it to proliferate and to be transformed into a cancer cell (i.e., founding clone), which initiates tumor progression and recurrence. (nature.com)
  • New somatic mutations arise and are selected if they confer a selective fitness advantage (e.g., proliferation, survival, etc.) to a founding clone in the context of a pre-existing genomic landscape (i.e., germline variants). (nature.com)
  • Mutation analysis indicated the presence of germline mutations in three genes and somatic mutations in two other genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The RUNX1 gene mutations associated with these diseases are somatic mutations and are not inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here, we find graded ERK phosphorylation correlating with cell differentiation in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids with and without KRAS mutations. (researchgate.net)
  • Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
  • The cells are hyperchromatic, with pleomorphic nuclei and frequent mitotic figures. (cap.org)
  • image: Development of the female gamete was observed over 20 hours, clearly showing the division of the nuclei and formation of the egg, central and synergid cells. (tutordale.com)
  • In humans, somatic (nongerm) cell nuclei normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • With the discovery of the polytenics in tapetum tissue, it was observed that in many other species of various angiosperm families the tapetal cells also display polytene, polyploid or both types of nuclei. (scielo.br)
  • Depending on the behavior of the sister chromatids, polytene nuclei can be divided into two structural types. (scielo.br)
  • These findings support that Nurr1 exerts a protective effect on adult mDA neurons in a cell-autonomous manner Indeed, several intrinsic mechanisms associated with Nurr1-mediated cell survival have been identified. (justia.com)
  • Researchers from the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Basel have now found that the fate of adult hippocampal stem cells is not only controlled by their local niche, but also by a cell-intrinsic mechanism. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Drosha degrades the messenger RNA for NFIB in the adult hippocampal stem cells and prevents the expression of this transcription factor which is necessary for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and thus blocks their development and therefore biases differentiation towards neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These are neural stem cells in the adult mouse hippocampus. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Abstract for "Multipotency of Adult Hippocampal NSCs In Vivo Is Restricted by Drosha/NFIB" by Chiara Rolando, Andrea Erni, Alice Grison, Robert Beattie, Anna Engler, Paul J. Gokhale, Marta Milo, Thomas Wegleiter, Sebastian Jessberger, and Verdon Taylor in Cell Stem Cell . (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) are defined by their inherent capacity to self-renew and give rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This persistence signature was also detected in two adult patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with decade-long remissions who received a different CD19 CAR-T cell product. (nature.com)
  • An exception was long-lived CAR-T cells in two adult individuals with a different cancer-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-in whom anti-CD19 CAR-T cells have persisted for almost a decade thus far 7 . (nature.com)
  • It is unclear whether one can generalize from two adult patients treated for CLL to other hematological malignancies and patient groups, in particular to childhood ALL, or to other CAR-T cell products. (nature.com)
  • Many studies have shown the utility of embryonic or adult stem cells for forming teeth and for regeneration of bone and soft tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • These cells are classified as totipotent and they can form any of the tissue types found in the adult body, in addition to having unlimited proliferation potential 6 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Adult stem cells are classified as pluripotent and are undifferentiated cells that remain quiescent in tissues until stimulated, when they can create cell types that are compatible with the tissue in which they reside. (bvsalud.org)
  • By definition, adult stem cells are capable of differentiation into at least two lineages and have the property of self-renewal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to the low abundance of MSCs in human adult tissues (about 1/10 6 cells in adult bone marrow and 1/10 3-4 cells in adipose tissue and umbilical cord) [ 16 ] , frequently ex-vivo expansion precedes therapeutic administration, to obtain a clinically relevant number of cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We are also interested in its role in AT1 cell homeostasis and injury in the adult lung. (mdanderson.org)
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
  • At the cellular level, aging is marked by depletion of adult stem cell reservoirs, the inability to maintain baseline homeostasis, a reduced response to stress, an increased accumulation of damaged DNA leading to telomere shortening, and mitochondrial dysfunction [ 1,2 ]. (karger.com)
  • B ) Histological cross section through an adult mouse testis depicting seminiferous tubules, the peritubular myoid cells, and the interstitium (space between tubules). (jci.org)
  • Seminiferous tubules constitute of at least75 % testicular mass in adult because of continuous cell multiplication. (superbgrade.com)
  • Campbell and his team also cloned a sheep from adult cells in 1996, which they named Dolly. (asu.edu)
  • Dolly was the first mammal cloned from specialized adult (somatic) cells with the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)
  • Cancer stem cells are a selective clonal subset of tumour cells that have avoided various cell regulatory mechanisms, including terminal differentiation, and yet have retained the self-renewal properties and proliferative potential of adult stem cells. (who.int)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)
  • Materials and Methods: Digital RNA quantification (Nanostring) of previously curated 188 B-cell lymphoma specimens across four subtypes, follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS), primary testicular lymphoma (PTL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), was reanalyzed with focus on TBL1XR1 and NCOR1 expression, juxtaposing them with 730 ontogenically linked genes. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The TBL1XR1-DDR genes connection offers insights into potential DNA repair roles, paving avenues for innovative therapies in B-cell lymphomas. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes depending on how a gene is defined. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The RUNX1 protein turns on (activates) genes that help control the development of blood cells (hematopoiesis). (medlineplus.gov)
  • While t(8;21) is important for leukemia development, a mutation in one or more additional genes is typically needed for the myeloid blasts to develop into cancerous leukemia cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. (plos.org)
  • Production of testosterone majorly depends on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis. (superbgrade.com)
  • Moore's experiments to create hermaphrodites in the laboratory contributed to the theory of a feedback loop between the pituitary and fetal gonadal hormones to control sex differentiation. (asu.edu)
  • Stem cells reside in niches that provide signals to maintain self-renewal, and differentiation is viewed as a passive process that depends on loss of access to these signals. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • A stem cell is an undifferentiated unit with powerful self-renewal properties that is capable of organizing other cell types in the body. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells that have precursor properties, are capable of forming many different cell types and have the property of unlimited self-renewal 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Stem cells are characterized by their ability to undergo self-renewal to maintain stem cell reserves, and, when required, to produce new, terminally differentiated cells. (karger.com)
  • To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)
  • Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on tissue scaffolds in the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose but is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term regenerative medicine is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although those involved in regenerative medicine place more emphasis on the use of stem cells or progenitor cells to produce tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, Langer and Vacanti also state that there are three main types of tissue engineering: cells, tissue-inducing substances, and a cells + matrix approach (often referred to as a scaffold). (wikipedia.org)
  • He proposed the joining of the terms tissue (in reference to the fundamental relationship between cells and organs) and engineering (in reference to the field of modification of said tissues). (wikipedia.org)
  • Stem cells have long been defined by their remarkable potential to repopulate tissue systems indefinitely. (atpjournal.org)
  • The relevance of these phenomena in stem cell biology and tissue repair is discussed. (unicyte.ch)
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells, another types of pluripotent stem cells derived from any tissue by reprogramming and are the homologous source of stem cells. (benthamscience.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a reservoir for tissue homeostasis and repair that age during organismal aging. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • These cells possess both differentiation plasticity (stemness) and tissue supportive functions (stromalness) that can coexist and overlap, with differences depending on tissue source, donor characteristics, culture conditions and delivery strategies, leading to alternative best fittings for the term "stem" or "stromal" [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • During aging of the organism, MSCs also age, and this implies an impairment of stem cell functions contributing to the progressive decrease in tissue maintenance and repair, a characteristic of the aging process. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • An organoid is a 3D organization of cells that can recapitulate some of the structure and function of native tissue. (mdpi.com)
  • In multiple organs, including the lungs, age-related tissue and organ dysfunction interferes with tissue regeneration, which requires functional stem cells. (karger.com)
  • Stem cells of all organs - including the lung, which harbors distinct stem cells for each separate tissue that makes up the lung as a whole - reside in niches described as a microenvironment that supports and maintains the 'stemness' of cells as a critical reservoir for maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The ability of stem cells to originate every tissue under the proper physiological or experimental conditions has made them a subject of great interest, particularly with respect to their therapeutic potential. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • UNIT-1 Laboratory requirements for tissue culture-culture media and their constituents-cell culture types and applications of cell culture-cell and organ differentiation-somoclonal variation tissue culture technology in India-protoplast cultureregeneration. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE CULTURE Definition: Culture of plant cell, tissue and organ on artificial medium under aseptic condition is called tissue culture. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Tissue culture is based on the concept of totipotency i.e. each cell has the ability to develop in to whole organism. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Sophisticated lab facilities are needed Plants cells, tissues and organs grown in artificial medium Optimum environmental conditions are provided Aseptic condition is maintained in tissue culture laboratory Plants are multiplied by asexual method/vegetative methods Progenies obtained are true to type because of asexual reproduction 5. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Cells cultured as 3D were embedded as tissue blocks. (frontiersin.org)
  • The tumor is heterogeneous with meningeal tumor cells, mainly a mixture of fibroblast like cells, and neuroepithelial cells in a background of connective tissue. (frontiersin.org)
  • Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell source due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated state for prolonged time and capability of differentiating to different cell types after induction. (wjgnet.com)
  • If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • The ovaries consist of different types of tissue ( epithelial , germ cells, and sex cord tissue), which may give rise to benign or malignant tumors . (amboss.com)
  • Transplantations of fetal tissue in the 1980s and 1990s provided proof-of-concept for the potential of cell replacement therapy for PD and some patients benefitted greatly from their transplants. (lu.se)
  • However, post-mortem analysis of transplanted tissue revealed accumulation of pathological Lewy bodies in a small subset of transplanted cells over time, revealing a host-to-graft disease propagation. (lu.se)
  • One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
  • Dazl can regulate the expression, transport and localization of target mRNAs of proteins which control the differentiation, growth and maturation of germ cells. (ijbs.com)
  • This change in gene activity blocks the maturation (differentiation) of blood cells and leads to the production of abnormal, immature white blood cells called myeloid blasts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They are composed of irregular nests of malignant cells with stromal invasion, often associated with a desmoplastic reaction. (cap.org)
  • Bone marrow appears to contain three stem cell populations: hematopoietic stem cells, stromal stem cells and endothelial precursor cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stromal cells are a mixed population that can create bone, cartilage and fat and also fibrous and connective tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • The foamy stromal cells between the capillaries stain positive for glial fibrillary acid protein and neuron-specific enolase. (medscape.com)
  • ERK levels are generally higher in cancer cells adjacent to stromal cells at the invasive front and lower in more central areas of cancer specimens. (researchgate.net)
  • Two such factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, RMP-4 and BMP-7, are expressed by ovarian stromal cells and/or theca cells and have recently been implicated as positive regulators of the primordial-to-primary follicle transition. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Stem cells are emerging as an important source of material for diseases in regenerative medicine. (benthamscience.com)
  • The study of biology of stem cells is the hallmark of the recent emerging field of regenerative medicine and medical biotechnology. (benthamscience.com)
  • Lung failure due to aging can be traced to loss of lung stem cell regenerative capacity within the distinctive stem cell niches found within each compartment of the lung. (karger.com)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
  • Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)
  • Once spermatogonia enter the "differentiation" pathway, they become known as A1 spermatogonia in the mouse and A- pale spermatogonia in humans and begin a series of irreversible differentiation steps leading to meiosis and spermiogenesis ( 1 ) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
  • These cells then proceed through meiosis II, wherein sister chromatids are separated into individual cells. (jci.org)
  • Germ cell licensing continues to be regarded as a gonad-independent and cell-autonomous event, predicated on observations that some PGCs, having migrated never to the gonad but towards the adrenal gland, non-etheless enter meiosis in a period body parallel to ovarian germ cells - and perform so whatever the sex from the embryo. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Predicated on the observation that meiosis and intimate differentiation may appear when primordial germ cells stray in to the section of the adrenal gland, the primordial germ cell continues to be regarded as responsible for its licensing. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The spermatogonia cells differentiate through meiosis to form sperm cells. (superbgrade.com)
  • It depends on a stage-wise developmental process that includes B cell activation, antigen processing and presentation to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, proliferation and somatic hypermutation in GC, selection and eventual differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) or memory B cells. (umontreal.ca)
  • Upon antigen exposure, B-cells in the GC undergo somatic hypermutation, promoting the evolution of high-affinity antigen receptors and differentiating into memory B-cells or plasma cells ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • B-cell receptor diversification, essential for adaptive immunity, depends on processes like V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the differentiation of somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs) in the Drosophila testis is actively promoted by PI3K/Tor signaling, as CySCs lacking PI3K/Tor activity cannot differentiate properly. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that CySCs secrete the Dilp-binding protein ImpL2, the Drosophila homolog of IGFBP7, into the stem cell niche, which blocks InR activation in CySCs. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The EBF transcription factor Collier directly promotes Drosophila blood cell progenitor maintenance independently of the niche. (sdbonline.org)
  • In the lymph gland , an hematopoietic organ in Drosophila larva, a group of cells called the Posterior Signaling Centre (PSC), whose specification depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier (Col) and the HOX factor Antennapedia (Antp), has been proposed to form a niche required to maintain the pool of hematopoietic progenitors (prohemocytes). (sdbonline.org)
  • They also showed that cross-regulation between col and eya in muscle progenitor cells is required for specification of muscle identity, revealing a new parallel between the myogenic regulatory networks operating in Drosophila and vertebrates. (sdbonline.org)
  • Blood cell production in the Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland , is controlled by intrinsic factors and extrinsic signals. (sdbonline.org)
  • The structure, regulation, and cell types of the mouse testis. (jci.org)
  • studies on cell cycle regulation and genome instability. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The Sertoli cells, in turn, promote the formation of spermatogonia, maintenance of muscle tropism, regulation of physical energy, cognitive and acute Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) response to dominance challenge, regulation of the amount of thromboxane A2 receptors that are present on megakaryocytes and platelets. (superbgrade.com)
  • Depending on the type of mutation, these conditions can be related to impaired regulation of gene activity or loss of normal gene function. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Next, we established cell lines with VEGFR2 OE to evaluate the effects of MSI2 on AKT signaling via VEGFR2 regulation. (researchgate.net)
  • In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)
  • Depending on the legal authority, the basis of regulation can be hazard, exposure, or risk. (who.int)
  • Previous studies have shown that B cell development and activation in GC are controlled by different molecular mechanisms, such as protein phosphorylation, transcription, microRNA, and epigenetic modification. (umontreal.ca)
  • Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • In the present review we focus on the extracellular vesicle-induced epigenetic changes in recipient cells that may lead to phenotypic and functional modifications. (unicyte.ch)
  • Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)
  • This time window correlates with an epigenetic transition of PGCs and cell cycle arrest involving E7.5-E9.5 [3,11].Loss of Mad2l2 deficient PGCs is caused by an intrinsic failureProper development of PGCs relies on their endogenous system as well as on exogenous signals emanating from surrounding somatic cells that assistance their induction, migration or survival in many organisms [414]. (bet-bromodomain.com)
  • In addition, the inherited germline variants from these gene signatures were predominately enriched in T cell function, antigen presentation, and cytokine interactions, likely impairing the adaptive and innate immune response thus favoring a pro-tumorigenic environment. (nature.com)
  • We research human embryonic stem (ES) cells, germline stem cells and somatic stem cells. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • He gonad throughout granulosa cell differentiation (Pyroptosis Accession Figure 1B). (bet-bromodomain.com)
  • Emigration to the dorsal mesentery did not occur, and consequently, gonad PRMT3 Gene ID primordia at E13.5 were devoid of germ cells (Figure 2A). (bet-bromodomain.com)
  • In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
  • Author Overview During embryonic advancement, stem cell-like primordial germ cells travel over the developing embryo towards the genital ridge, gives rise towards the gonad. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
  • In the context of relapsed and refractory childhood pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R B-ALL), CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells often induce durable remissions, which requires the persistence of CAR-T cells. (nature.com)
  • B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common type of childhood cancer and mostly derives from immature B cells that carry the cell surface antigen CD19 (ref. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • The advent of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in recent years has transformed the treatment of intractable ALL 2 . (nature.com)
  • Cell 137: 47-59) has identified an unexpected effect of Nurr1 which is expressed in glial cells in response to stimuli which trigger inflammation, and this Nurr1 suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause the death of mDA neurons, but does not suggest a therapeutic effect through induction of Nurr1 expression. (justia.com)
  • Meanwhile, it is known that glial cells with an M1 phenotype which set up a diseased environment can be converted into glial cells with an M2 phenotype which promote a therapeutic environment in which the survival and regeneration of neurons is set up. (justia.com)
  • Therefore, the present inventors have found that various neurologic disorders based on inflammation may be treated since transcription factors Nurr1 and Foxa2 interact with each other to convert glial cells from an M1 phenotype to an M2 phenotype which sets up a therapeutic environment, when the transcription factors are overexpressed in the glial cells. (justia.com)
  • Kuldip S. Sidhu , " Frontiers in Pluripotent Stem Cells Research and Therapeutic Potentials Bench-to-Bedside ", Bentham Science Publishers (2012). (benthamscience.com)
  • Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate or improve existing tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices ("scaffolds"), cells, and biologically active molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, glial cells in nerve tissues include astrocytes and microglial cells and are accessory cells that aid in promoting the functions and survival of neurons. (justia.com)
  • Examination of single T cell transcriptomes from a wide range of healthy and diseased tissues across children and adults indicated that the persistence signature may be specific to long-lived CAR-T cells. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, they can form specialized cell types from other tissues if they are transplanted 6 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The explant may be of single isolated cells or tissues or any plant organ. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • The degree of totipotency is maximum in undifferentiated cell tissues. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Stress-adaptive cell plasticity in target tissues and cells for plant biomass growth is important for yield stability. (frontiersin.org)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • Thus, we show that somatic cell differentiation is controlled by PI3K/Tor signaling downstream of InR and that the local production of positive and negative InR signals regulates the differentiation niche. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • In this Review, we briefly outline the roles that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone play in regulating spermatogenesis and describe our current understanding of how vitamin A regulates germ cell differentiation and how it may lead to the generation of both the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic wave. (jci.org)
  • Moreover, the combination of gene modification and directed differentiation of ESCs provides perfect tool for disease modelling and drug discovery. (benthamscience.com)
  • What is more, by deriving NT-ESCs from patient cells, the problem of immune rejection may be avoided. (benthamscience.com)
  • In female cells both X chromosomes remain activated in the na?ve ESCs while one chromosome XL-147 is randomly inactivated in the primed EpiSCs [1-3]. (ecolowood.com)
  • We found that EpiSCs and P19 ECCs typically exhibit a lower reprogramming potential than ESCs and F9 ECCs respectively demonstrating that cell types presenting na?ve pluripotency have a higher reprogramming potential. (ecolowood.com)
  • Results EpiSCs exhibit a low reprogramming potential ESCs and EpiSCs exhibit features of pluripotency as evidenced by the ability to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers [1 3 Though previous reports have thoroughly characterized the potential of ESCs to reprogram somatic cells using cell fusion [14 15 the reprogramming potential of EpiSCs have not been assessed yet. (ecolowood.com)
  • Carcinoid , or well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, of the ovary is uncommon but may occur as a monodermal teratoma or a somatic-type malignancy arising from a teratoma or dermoid cyst. (cap.org)
  • Haploid cells have one complete set of chromosomes, whereas the term monoploid refers to the number of unique chromosomes in a biological cell. (tutordale.com)
  • Both sperm and egg are only haploid cells. (tutordale.com)
  • Haploid cells are those that have only a single set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes. (tutordale.com)
  • and the unique differentiation of haploid cells (spermiogenesis) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
  • Scientists have observed ring canals in male and female germ cells across all types of species, from simpler organisms like sponges and fruit flies to more complex animals like mice and humans. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DAZ family proteins are located in the nucleus and/or in the cytoplasm of male and female germ cells at different developmental stages throughout the gametogenesis. (ijbs.com)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • P19 is an embryonic carcinoma cell (ECC) line derived from a 7.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) embryo that was transplanted into the testis [10]. (ecolowood.com)
  • Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
  • The process entirely depends on the presence of testosterone hormones in the testis. (superbgrade.com)
  • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into many cell types. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The key to these cells' utility is their ability to differentiate into many different cell types depending on the stimulus received and they have been used in treatments for diseases such as cancer and neural degeneration, in rehabilitation of tetraplegic and paraplegic patients and even in dentistry 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are cells isolated from blood and bone marrow that can differentiate into a variety of different specialized cells and suffer apoptosis 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • We show that human and chimpanzee cells differentiate in a similar man¬ner and that the difference in interspecies protein abundance is higher than transcript-level differences, suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a role in the difference between human and chim¬panzee brain development. (lu.se)
  • The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)
  • To this end we used a cell fusion protocol in which XL-147 distinct pluripotent cell types were used as fusion partners. (ecolowood.com)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • We are studying how lung endothelial cells respond to Vegfa during intussusceptive angiogenesis and whether and how the same Vegfa signaling elicits distinct responses from those during the well-characterized retinal sprouting angiogenesis. (mdanderson.org)
  • While much work has focused on the failure of epithelial cell populations as a key component of the aging process, additional studies have shown that aging, as a global phenomenon in the lung, also impacts resident endothelial, mesenchymal, and immune cell populations. (karger.com)
  • [ 2 ] Diagnosed in 50% of patients with VHL disease, these hemangiomas are composed of endothelial cells and pericytes. (medscape.com)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is a member of the VEGF family of receptor tyrosine kinase proteins, which are expressed on both endothelial and tumor cells, are one of the key proteins contributing to cancer development, and are involved in drug resistance. (researchgate.net)
  • Both 2D monolayer and 3D neurospheres were successfully cultured and characterized for proliferative potential, intrinsic plasticity, presence of cancer stem cells and the expression of stem cell markers. (frontiersin.org)
  • In vitro systems with reproducible cell plasticity can help to identify relevant metabolic and molecular events during early cell reprogramming. (frontiersin.org)
  • The maintenance of stem or progenitor cell fate relies on intrinsic factors as well as local cues from the cellular microenvironment and systemic signaling. (sdbonline.org)
  • Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
  • Replacement gene therapy is also becoming increasingly relevant, though ensuring efficient viral transduction of the hematopoietic stem cells remains a challenge. (atpjournal.org)
  • In particular, it plays an important role in development of hematopoietic stem cells, early blood cells that have the potential to develop into all types of mature blood cells such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Undifferentiated spermatogonia divide mitotically to both repopulate the testicular stem cell population and provide progenitor cells that undergo spermatogenesis. (jci.org)
  • However, these germ cells didn't undergo licensing and maintained qualities of PGCs instead. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • In contrast, evidence indicates a negative role for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH, also known as Mullerian-inhibiting substance) of pre-granulosa/granulosa cell origin in this key event and subsequent progression to the antral stage. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Studies on later stages of follicle development indicate positive roles for granulosa cell-derived activin, BMP-2, -5 and -6, theca cell-derived BMP-2, -4 and -7 and oocyte-derived BMP-6 in promoting granulosa cell proliferation, follicle survival and prevention of premature luteinization and/or atresia. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Changes in intrafollicular activins, GDF-9, AMH and several BMPs may contribute to this selection process by modulating both FSH- and IGF-dependent signalling pathways in granulosa cells. (reading.ac.uk)
  • But across many species, germ cells, those that become eggs or sperm, don't fully separate. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In addition to being an important step toward understanding the function and formation of ring canals, the researchers say, the new discovery may also yield insight into incomplete cell division that occurs in typical development across a variety of species and into diseases where incomplete cell division is implicated, such as colorectal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and some immunodeficiency syndromes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DAZ family proteins are found almost exclusively in germ cells in distant animal species. (ijbs.com)
  • Depending on the species, DAZL is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of both sexes. (ijbs.com)
  • Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
  • However, in male species spermatogenesis occurs at puberty due to the interactions of the Leydig cells, hypothalamus, and the pituitary glands. (superbgrade.com)
  • Dominant follicle selection in monovular species may depend on differential FSH sensitivity amongst a growing cohort of small antral follicles. (reading.ac.uk)
  • However, given the overlap- ping features of exosomes and microvesicles, and the vari- ability of content and biogenesis depending on cellular type, the term extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been sug- gested to include the different types of vesicles [10]. (unicyte.ch)
  • We have identified a key transcriptional regulator of this process, without which AT1 cells lose their molecular and cellular characteristics and the lung undergoes alveolar simplification as in BPD. (mdanderson.org)
  • There are very primitive creatures that, when they divide, make colonies that are attached with persistent cellular bridges, much like what we see with germ cells," said Cooley. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Alternate forms of the PolII transcription initiation machinery have been proposed to play a role in selective activation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs during cellular differentiation. (silverchair.com)
  • Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
  • In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • These observations suggest that P19 and F9 ECCs resemble different pluripotent states a feature that has been successfully used in cell fusion reprogramming experiments to decipher the mechanisms underlying cellular pluripotency and reprogramming [14 15 In the current study we investigated the relationship between the pluripotency state and the reprogramming potential. (ecolowood.com)
  • Our aim was to establish a live cell culture to enable the understanding of the cellular processes driving the non-malignant growth of these tumors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Initial analysis of Collier/Early B Cell Factor function in the lymph gland revealed the role of the Posterior Signaling Center (PSC) in mounting a dedicated cellular immune response to wasp parasitism. (sdbonline.org)
  • We find that an insulin peptide produced by somatic cells immediately outside of the stem cell niche acts locally to promote somatic differentiation through Insulin-like receptor (InR) activation. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we systematically analyzed CD19 CAR-T cells of 10 children with R/R B-ALL enrolled in the CARPALL trial via high-throughput single-cell gene expression and T cell receptor sequencing of infusion products and serial blood and bone marrow samples up to 5 years after infusion. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, TUNELpositive, SSEA1-negative cells having a higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio had been observed in the hindgut. (bet-bromodomain.com)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • The essential difference between endomitosis and the normal cell cycle is the absence of nuclear membrane dissolution in endomitosis, with the whole cycle occurring inside the nucleus. (scielo.br)
  • Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
  • Kondziolka and colleagues used N-Tera 2 cells derived from a lung metastasis of a human testicular germ cell tumour that when treated with retinoic acid generate postmitotic neurons that maintain a fetal neuronal phenotype indefinitely in vitro (LBS neurons). (bmj.com)
  • 10 11 Using a similar stereotactic approach implanting cells into the basal ganglia, Savitz and colleagues transplanted LGE cells (fetal porcine striatum-derived cells, Genvec) in five patients. (bmj.com)
  • Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has found extensive use in the management of both malignant and non-malignant haematologic diseases ranging from leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas to sickle cell anaemia and thalassemias. (atpjournal.org)
  • H - Ras cell proliferation are also linked with haematopoietic cel s. (who.int)
  • In diploid organisms, diploid cells contain the complete set of necessary chromosomes, while haploid have only half the number of chromosomes found in the nucleus. (tutordale.com)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • In this review, we examine aging as a process dependent on specific changes in molecular pathways within multiple lung cell populations. (karger.com)
  • Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
  • Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
  • Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. (tutordale.com)
  • A normal eukaryotic gamete organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. (tutordale.com)
  • A karyotype illustrates the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This process involves the ability of cells to change pheno- type depending upon specific signals. (unicyte.ch)
  • 2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)
  • Going forward, the researchers aim to identify the mechanisms that drive germ cells to remain connected. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
  • It is known to be a central component in the formation of GCs by binding and recruiting the majority of TBL1XR1/SMRT/NCOR1 complexes, a process mediated by B-cell lymphoma 6 ( BCL6 ) gene expression ( 5 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Information exchange between cells coordinates devel- opment and functional interplay in complex organisms. (unicyte.ch)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • Abstract In mouse embryos at mid-gestation, primordial germ cells (PGCs) go through licensing to be Loxapine gametogenesis-competent cells (GCCs), attaining the capability for meiotic initiation and intimate differentiation. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
  • A spontaneous cell line-like cell culture with high percentage of stem cells has been established from a DIG tumor for the first time. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rupture of a mucinous cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma leading to the spread of tumor cells throughout the peritoneum . (amboss.com)
  • Thus, our findings have implicated AT1 cell development and its regulator in the pathogenesis of BPD. (mdanderson.org)
  • In a new study, researchers uncover how it is that germ cells in fruit flies form these ring canals, a finding that they say will provide new insights into a widely shared feature of development and into diseases in which cell division is disrupted. (sciencedaily.com)
  • And while their purpose is not fully understood, there is evidence that ring canals are important for cell development, the researchers say. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • Clinical hallmarks of VHL disease include the development of retinal and central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas (blood vessel tumors), pheochromocytomas , multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys, and an increased risk for malignant transformation of renal cysts into renal cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings point to DcAOX1 and DcAOX2a as being reasonable candidates for functional marker development related to early cell reprogramming. (frontiersin.org)
  • The differentiation of cells is, and development of testicles as determined by various predisposing factors categorized as morphological, physiological, endocrinological, histochemical and biochemical. (superbgrade.com)
  • The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)
  • Characterization of a selection of candidates, using transgenic CRM-reporter assays, identified direct Col targets in dorso-lateral somatic muscles and specific neuron types in the central nervous system . (sdbonline.org)
  • Mucinous and squamous differentiation is common. (cap.org)
  • Mucinous cells cause gelatinous ascites and intraabdominal adhesions. (amboss.com)
  • Background/Aim: B-cell lymphomas are characterized by diverse genetic anomalies affecting B-cell differentiation. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The complexities in B-cell lymphoma, including the common diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) subtype, originate from accumulated genetic anomalies during this differentiation process ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast with this model, this study shows that genetic ablation of the PSC does not cause an increase in blood cell differentiation or a loss of blood cell progenitors. (sdbonline.org)
  • The male gamete , sperm, is a smaller, mobile cell that meets up with the much larger and less mobile female gamete , egg or ova. (tutordale.com)
  • In flowering plants, the sperm cell and egg cell meet and fertilization takes place in the flower. (tutordale.com)
  • While sperm cells are made in the pollen, egg cells are made in the ovule, the structure that becomes the seed. (tutordale.com)
  • Moore focused on the role of hormones on sex differentiation in offspring, the optimal conditions for sperm production, and the effects of vasectomy or testicular implants on male sex hormone production. (asu.edu)
  • The egg in humans contains two major protective layers the corona radiata containing follicular cells, and the zona pellucida. (tutordale.com)
  • We have generated conditional knockout alleles to test whether AT1 cells may also signal to mesenchymal cells such as myofibroblasts. (mdanderson.org)
  • 12 Bang and colleagues reported the safety and feasibility of intravenous infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with no reported adverse effects in five patients treated with intravenous MSCs. (bmj.com)
  • Transcription factor RUNX1 promotes survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These vesicles can transfer signals capable of altering cell function and/or reprogramming targeted cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • The cell phenotype is therefore determined by signals that target the cells received within a defined microenvironment. (unicyte.ch)
  • This concept is based on the observation that vesicles may transfer different types of signals between cells [7, 8]. (unicyte.ch)
  • The cell- ations in these signals (see Table 1 for a glossary of terms). (lu.se)
  • Summary: A new study reports hippocampal neural stem cells regulate their own cell fate via the protein Drosha. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • A research group at the University of Basel now describes for the first time a mechanism by which hippocampal neural stem cells regulate their own cell fate via the protein Drosha. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The team lead by Prof. Verdon Taylor was able to demonstrate for the first time a cell-intrinsic mechanism regulating stem cell fate . (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Our research results about the function of Drosha challenge the way we used to think about how stem cell fate is controlled», says cell biologist Taylor. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The fate of the cell is deter- mined by coordinated and dynamic interactions among a number of factors, acting in a defined microenviron- ment. (unicyte.ch)
  • In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
  • Right here we check the hypothesis that germ cell licensing is certainly cell-autonomous by evaluating the fate of PGCs in conditional mutant (cKO) mouse embryos. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Together, this study shows that the PSC is dispensable for blood cell progenitor maintenance and reveals the key role of the conserved transcription factor Col as an intrinsic regulator of hematopoietic progenitor fate. (sdbonline.org)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulate the interstitial cells that are found in the testes to produce testosterone hormones. (superbgrade.com)
  • TIF) pgen.1005019.s001.tif (1.4M) GUID:?7DA4691B-692C-4318-B0FD-9162455064E0 S2 Fig: Germ cells in cKO (soma-specific Cre) embryos usually do not express DAZL or MVH. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • TIF) pgen.1005019.s003.tif (2.4M) GUID:?6B67ED8C-7D8D-4CF1-A4AF-BB5037290D25 S4 Fig: Germ cells in KO embryos, but complete degeneration occurs by E15.5 [30]. (cancer-ecosystem.com)