Somatic cells germ cell differentiation occurs differentiation of cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

It thoroughly investigated the unique ability of mouse embryonic stem cells to develop into cells of any organ ("pluripotency"), created new tools for functional genomic studies and thus provided key knowledge to understanding the commitment of cells to differentiate into cells of a particular germ layer. (europa.eu)
FUNGENES identified the gene subsets that are active in self-renewing cells, during the exit from pluripotency and at specific stages of mouse ES cell differentiation. (europa.eu)
Moreover, we find that the distal NDRs are enriched specifically for binding motifs of the pluripotency and germ cell master regulators such as NANOG, SOX17, AP2γ and OCT4 in human FGCs, indicating the existence of a delicate regulatory balance between pluripotency-related genes and germ cell-specific genes in human FGCs, and the functional significance of these genes for germ cell development in vivo . (nature.com)
In contrast primed pluripotency occurs in cells such as epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) that can form teratomas but can rarely form chimeras [1-3]. (ecolowood.com)
These observations suggest that P19 and F9 ECCs resemble different pluripotent states a feature that has been successfully used in cell fusion reprogramming experiments to decipher the mechanisms underlying cellular pluripotency and reprogramming [14 15 In the current study we investigated the relationship between the pluripotency state and the reprogramming potential. (ecolowood.com)
We found that EpiSCs and P19 ECCs typically exhibit a lower reprogramming potential than ESCs and F9 ECCs respectively demonstrating that cell types presenting na?ve pluripotency have a higher reprogramming potential. (ecolowood.com)
Results EpiSCs exhibit a low reprogramming potential ESCs and EpiSCs exhibit features of pluripotency as evidenced by the ability to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers [1 3 Though previous reports have thoroughly characterized the potential of ESCs to reprogram somatic cells using cell fusion [14 15 the reprogramming potential of EpiSCs have not been assessed yet. (ecolowood.com)
To gain pluripotency, the reprogramming process typically involves transfecting adult somatic cells with certain pluripotency markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, in parallel, several groups have demonstrated the pluripotency of germ-line stem cells (GSCs) following SSCs culture in rodents, though, there is a debate about pluripotency of GSCs in primates and humans (5). (ijfs.ir)
We discuss what is known about the distinct metabolic states captured in vitro by the 2-cell-like, naïve, blastocyst-like, formative, and primed states of pluripotency. (conditionmed.org)
We explore the recently described metabolic surge event that occurs as pluripotency is lost and stem cells commit to differentiate. (conditionmed.org)
To establish protocols for the safe and efficient differentiation of healthy cells for therapies, we must develop a better understanding of the dynamic continuum of metabolic states that span pluripotency and differentiation, and how to influence them. (conditionmed.org)
Oct3/4 acts to keep pluripotency in the internal cell mass (ICM) from the blastocyst. (biopaqc.com)
Specialized iPSCs are reprogrammed from adult skin or infant cord blood cells and can become any cell type in the body - a condition called pluripotency that mimics the function of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (neurosciencenews.com)
Pluripotency can be tested to determine if iPSC lines are able to form what are called teratomas - benign tumors made up of different cell types (teeth, bone, brain, etc. (neurosciencenews.com)
Recently, several chromatin-related proteins have been shown to regulate ESC pluripotency and/or differentiation, yet the role of the major heterochromatin proteins in pluripotency is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we identify Heterochromatin Protein 1β (HP1β) as an essential protein for proper differentiation, and, unexpectedly, for the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Deletion of HP1β, but not HP1α, in ESCs provokes a loss of the morphological and proliferative characteristics of embryonic pluripotent cells, reduces expression of pluripotency factors and causes aberrant differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate an unexpected duality in the role of HP1β: it is essential in ESCs for maintaining pluripotency, while it is required for proper differentiation in differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst-stage embryo, are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body (pluripotency) and of maintaining the capacity for indefinite self-renewal without compromising their genomic integrity. (biomedcentral.com)

These achievements are part of a move in regenerative medicine towards the use of 'induced pluripotent stem cells' to treat disease. (scitechdaily.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
Stem cells are emerging as an important source of material for diseases in regenerative medicine. (benthamscience.com)
The study of biology of stem cells is the hallmark of the recent emerging field of regenerative medicine and medical biotechnology. (benthamscience.com)
In recent years, with increasing interest being directed toward cultured cell-based production of vaccines, and in vivo proteins such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies and cytokines, as well as cell grafts for use in regenerative medicine, greater focus has been placed on efficient and convenient methodologies for mass cell culturing. (justia.com)
Therefore, 3D HSA/TCP NPs scaffolds could be used for the reconstitu- tion of the artificial human somatic testicular niche for future applications in regenerative medicine for male infertility. (ijfs.ir)
We conclude by talking about open questions associated with these concepts and exactly how their quality might provide to fortify the guarantee of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medication. (biopaqc.com)
As the promise of using regenerative stem cell therapies draws closer, a consortium of biomedical scientists reports about 30 percent of induced pluripotent stem cells they analyzed from 10 research institutions were genetically unstable and not safe for clinical use. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate [2] "Upon the completion of the developmental stages of regeneration, when the regenerative organ known as the blastema completes patterning and differentiation, the limb regenerate is proportionally small in size. (edu.au)
This unique duality makes them an attractive system for potential regenerative medicine and cell therapies, but also for differentiation studies in vitro and for modeling diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)

Predicated on the observation that meiosis and intimate differentiation may appear when primordial germ cells stray in to the section of the adrenal gland, the primordial germ cell continues to be regarded as responsible for its licensing. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
We found that in the lack of the genital ridge, primordial germ cells migrate over the correctly developing embryo, but of going through licensing rather, these cells retain their primordial germ cell features. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
In brevity, the oogonium (the female primordial germ cell) undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid egg cells. (biologyonline.com)
Quintessentially, the spermatogonium (the male primordial germ cell) will go through meiosis to give rise to four haploid sperm cells. (biologyonline.com)

Its major objective was to produce a gene expression atlas covering the development of ES cells into all three germ layers (ecto-, meso-, and endoderm) and into somatic cells. (europa.eu)
During gastrulation, a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula reorganizes into two primary germ layers: an inner layer, called endoderm, and an outer layer, called ectoderm. (asu.edu)
As judged by the TUNEL assay (See Text S1), some SSEA1-positive PGCs undergoing cell death had been detected in E9.0 hindgut endoderm (Figure 2C). (bet-bromodomain.com)
Upon stimulation, all iPS showed ability to differentiate into the three primary germ layers via expression of lineage-specific markers for mesoderm ( MESP1 , OSR1 , HOPX ), endoderm ( GATA4 ) and ectoderm ( PAX6 , RAX ). (biomedcentral.com)
The main property that sets ESC apart from other cells is their pluripotent nature, meaning they can give rise/differentiate to cells of the three primary germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The fertilized oocyte is totipotent, with resultant blastomeres capable of generating all three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, in addition to the extra embryonic tissues. (conditionmed.org)
Although interspecies distinctions in cell-type particular factors exist, eventually and pursuing implantation and gastrulation, 3 specific germ levels emerge: endoderm (which forms the liner of organs), mesoderm (gives rise to bone tissue, muscle tissue, and vasculature), and ectoderm (that results the anxious system and epidermis). (biopaqc.com)
CACNA1C Later on, the internal cell mass provides rise towards the epiblast (cells that communicate Oct3/4 and Nanog) and endoderm (expressing Oct3/4 and GATA4). (biopaqc.com)
Teratomas, benign tumors containing the developing cells of different body parts, allowed researchers to see if the iPSCs could form the body's three basic germ cell lines - endoderm (gut region), ectoderm (epidermis, nerve tissue, etc.) and mesoderm (muscles, blood cells, etc. (neurosciencenews.com)
Being pluripotent means iPSCs can generate cells from each of the three basic germ cell lines that form the body - endoderm (gut region), ectoderm (epidermis, nerve tissue, etc.) and mesoderm (muscles, blood cells, etc. (neurosciencenews.com)

This time window correlates with an epigenetic transition of PGCs and cell cycle arrest involving E7.5-E9.5 [3,11].Loss of Mad2l2 deficient PGCs is caused by an intrinsic failureProper development of PGCs relies on their endogenous system as well as on exogenous signals emanating from surrounding somatic cells that assistance their induction, migration or survival in many organisms [414]. (bet-bromodomain.com)
Abstract In mouse embryos at mid-gestation, primordial germ cells (PGCs) go through licensing to be Loxapine gametogenesis-competent cells (GCCs), attaining the capability for meiotic initiation and intimate differentiation. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Germ cell licensing continues to be regarded as a gonad-independent and cell-autonomous event, predicated on observations that some PGCs, having migrated never to the gonad but towards the adrenal gland, non-etheless enter meiosis in a period body parallel to ovarian germ cells - and perform so whatever the sex from the embryo. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Right here we check the hypothesis that germ cell licensing is certainly cell-autonomous by evaluating the fate of PGCs in conditional mutant (cKO) mouse embryos. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
However, these germ cells didn't undergo licensing and maintained qualities of PGCs instead. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
We demonstrated that the silencing of the ambra1b gene determines a reduction of primordial germ cells (PGCs), a condition that, in the zebrafish, leads to the development of all-male progeny. (biomedcentral.com)
(a) By the end of larval development, approximately 100 primordial germ cells (PGCs) (red) populate the gonad and associate with cap cell precursor (dark green) and escort cell precursor cells (orange). (biomedcentral.com)
Depending on the species, DAZL is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of both sexes. (ijbs.com)

The complex cell signaling pathways of multicellular organisms such as plants and humans can make understanding the mechanisms of this inherited process very difficult. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding the genetic pathways underlying differentiation of ES cells to somatic cells would contribute to future therapeutic strategies for degenerative diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and Parkinson's. (europa.eu)
We also molecularly defined the development of Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular myoid cells during the perinatal period, allowing us to identify candidate signaling pathways acting between somatic and germ cells in a stage-specific manner during the perinatal period. (biologists.com)
A critical length of telomere repeats is required to ensure proper telomere function and avoid the activation of DNA damage pathways that result in replicative senescence or cell death. (nature.com)
Here, we focus on the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche and review recent studies that have begun to reveal how intricate crosstalk between various signaling pathways regulates stem cell maintenance, how the extracellular matrix modulates the signaling output of the niche and how epigenetic programming influences cell development and function both inside and outside the niche to ensure proper tissue homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
They have the capacity to control the expression of many downstream genes which can affect several cell regulatory pathways, such as cell growth, differentiation, mobility and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)

Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
In most human somatic cells except for stem cells and lymphocytes, telomerase activity is diminished after birth so that telomere length shortens with each cell division. (nature.com)
Intrinsically, a human somatic cell that has " differentiated " could never become a sex cell just as a sex cell could neither become nor give rise to a somatic cell. (biologyonline.com)

In order for epigenetic marks to be heritable, however, they must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable. (wikipedia.org)
Cell differentiation during embryonic-fetal development involves different epigenetic processes which, if altered, may affect either somatic or germ cells. (bmj.com)
Epigenetic alterations can occur in somatic cells at different stages of life, from fecundation to adulthood, and when germ cells are affected, such changes can even be passed on to future generations. (bmj.com)
This review summarises the main epigenetic processes that influence gene expression and cell specification at different stages of development. (bmj.com)
To sum this up, durable changes to the function of the cells would be passed on by the aberrant methylation that piggybacks on the normal imprinting mechanism that protects epigenetic markings from reversal or demethylation. (hormonesmatter.com)
Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
The chemical modification of RNA is a newly discovered epigenetic regulation mechanism in cells and plays a crucial role in a variety of biological processes. (biomedcentral.com)

The blastocyst comprises the inner cell mass (ICM), which gives rise to the three primary germ layers and consequently the fetus, and the trophectoderm (TE), which gives rise to the extraembryonic and placental tissue. (conditionmed.org)

Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
The existence of niches has long been predicted from mammalian studies, but identifying stem cells in their native environments in vivo has remained a challenge in most vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
The niche model is consistent with many observations made in mammalian cell transplantation experiments, but difficulties in unequivocally identifying individual stem cells within their native environment prevented further testing of this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Spermatogenesis is a vital developmental phenomenon in which the production of haploid male gametes from diploid spermatogonia occurs in mammalian testes. (ijfs.ir)
In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
Researchers also produced the first therapeutic proteins using mammalian cell cultures based on knowledge about the cell cycle and gene expression regulation. (mbpinc.net)

In this Review, we briefly outline the roles that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone play in regulating spermatogenesis and describe our current understanding of how vitamin A regulates germ cell differentiation and how it may lead to the generation of both the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic wave. (jci.org)
Undifferentiated spermatogonia divide mitotically to both repopulate the testicular stem cell population and provide progenitor cells that undergo spermatogenesis. (jci.org)
From this point forward, the steps and cell types of spermatogenesis are conserved between mice and humans. (jci.org)
Conversely, spermatogenesis (i.e. gametogenesis in males) occurs in the testes to yield sperm cells. (biologyonline.com)
Human testisderived cells (hTCs) are suitable candidates for the initiation of in-vitro spermatogenesis for these types of patients. (ijfs.ir)
As of 2004, several studies have shown that embryonic stem cells may restore the spermatogenesis and functional sperms in mouse and human, known as in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) (2-4). (ijfs.ir)
These elements include somatic cells (such as Leydig cells, myoid cells, and Sertoli cells), extracellular matrix (ECM) components (including laminin, collagen type IV and collagen type I), as well as growth factors and hormones [including bFGF, glial cell-derived nerve factor, glial cellderived nerve factor (GDNF), and testosterone] that are capable of forming a complex microenvironment where spermatogenesis occurs (6). (ijfs.ir)
Sertoli-Germ (Spermatid)-cell interactions affect spermatogenesis at the molecular, cellular and biochemical levels. (proteinlounge.com)
Spermatogenesis is the complex and tightly regulated differentiation process through which haploid spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. (biomedcentral.com)
It is expected that a highly organized intrinsic genetic network is responsible for controlling spermatogenesis in the testis, and that the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism will help us further understand male germ cell development. (biomedcentral.com)
Spermatogenesis provides cell multiplication and cell differentiation. (superbgrade.com)
However, in male species spermatogenesis occurs at puberty due to the interactions of the Leydig cells, hypothalamus, and the pituitary glands. (superbgrade.com)

Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq), we studied the development of ProSG, their SG descendants and testicular somatic cells during the perinatal period in mice. (biologists.com)
Cells harvested from the testicular sperm extraction (TESE) samples of the azoospermic patients were cultured on the 3D porous scaffolds containing human serum albumin (HSA)/tri calcium phosphate nanoparticles (TCP NPs) for two weeks. (ijfs.ir)
TESE samples were taken after obtaining written informed consent from two non-obstructive azoospermic patients (with the ages of 27 and 36 years) who had rare immotile spermatozoa in testicular biopsies with complete spermatogenic arrest, unremarkable spermatogonia, normal Leydig cells, and normal serum hormones. (ijfs.ir)
Seminiferous tubules constitute of at least75 % testicular mass in adult because of continuous cell multiplication. (superbgrade.com)

This complex process occurs in several steps and controls the development of pluripotent cells into highly specialised cells of an organism. (europa.eu)

Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
Genomic instability creates a permissive state in which a potential cancer cell is allowed to acquire enough mutations to become a cancer cell. (proteinlounge.com)
MSI occurs in approximately 15% of colon cancers and results from inactivation of the MMR (Mismatch Repair) system secondary to either MMR gene mutations or hypermethylation of MMR gene promoters. (proteinlounge.com)
This includes some cell lines contaminated with bacteria or carrying genes and mutations associated with cancer. (neurosciencenews.com)
All of these mutations reduce the amount of functional p27 that is available in the nucleus to regulate the cell cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
Somatic CDKN1B gene mutations have been identified in sporadic (nonfamilial) pituitary adenomas and in sporadic parathyroid adenomas, which are noncancerous tumors of the parathyroid glands. (medlineplus.gov)
Like the mutations that cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4, these genetic changes reduce the amount of functional p27 available to control cell division. (medlineplus.gov)

Once spermatogonia enter the "differentiation" pathway, they become known as A1 spermatogonia in the mouse and A- pale spermatogonia in humans and begin a series of irreversible differentiation steps leading to meiosis and spermiogenesis ( 1 ) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
Recombination and separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I and results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes. (jci.org)
These cells then proceed through meiosis II, wherein sister chromatids are separated into individual cells. (jci.org)
The spermatogonia cells differentiate through meiosis to form sperm cells. (superbgrade.com)
Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Leydig cells appeared hyperplastic, and Sertoli cells, identified by Wt1, have been mislocalized and highly vacuolated (Figure 1I) [37,38]. (bet-bromodomain.com)
On the other hand, if germ cells are forced to remain attached to the seminiferous epithelium for a period of time longer than necessary to complete their development, they will degenerate and eventually be phagocytosed by Sertoli cells and for this, proper regulation of germ cell migration in the seminiferous epithelium and at blood-testes barrier (abbreviated as BTB) is essential (Ref.1). (proteinlounge.com)
Testosterone causes physiological and psychological changes since it is the hormone responsible for the activation of Sertoli cells. (superbgrade.com)
The Sertoli cells, in turn, promote the formation of spermatogonia, maintenance of muscle tropism, regulation of physical energy, cognitive and acute Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) response to dominance challenge, regulation of the amount of thromboxane A2 receptors that are present on megakaryocytes and platelets. (superbgrade.com)

He gonad throughout granulosa cell differentiation (Pyroptosis Accession Figure 1B). (bet-bromodomain.com)
Emigration to the dorsal mesentery did not occur, and consequently, gonad PRMT3 Gene ID primordia at E13.5 were devoid of germ cells (Figure 2A). (bet-bromodomain.com)
Author Overview During embryonic advancement, stem cell-like primordial germ cells travel over the developing embryo towards the genital ridge, gives rise towards the gonad. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
The introduction of the bipotential gonad involves two occurring processes simultaneously. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Second, networks of genes and hormones regulate the advancement of sex determination and gonad differentiation, known as the gonadal sex phase. (lidsen.com)

Laterally, the mesoderm undergoes differentiation: para-axial (peripheral nervous system), intermediate (gonads and kidneys), and lateral, which further divides into splanchnic (gastrointestinal [GI] tract) and somatic (body wall). (medscape.com)

A germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues. (asu.edu)
Depending on the source, stem cells can be classified into two broad categories i.e. embryonic stem cells that are derived from embryos and non-embryonic stem cells that are derived from adult and fetal tissues. (benthamscience.com)
Mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) were first established in 2000, and then proved to be able to differentiate either in vivo or in vitro, and give rise to individual tissues through germ line transmission or tetraploid complementation. (benthamscience.com)
Without the self-renewing capacity of stem cells, these tissues quickly cease to function properly, leading to various conditions including infertility, anemia and immunodeficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
First proposed by Schofield in 1978 [ 3 ], the niche hypothesis posits that specific locations or microenvironments within tissues prevent the maturation of resident stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The related concept of Longevity Determination , however, is the result of a species-specific genomic expression during early development that positions the somatic tissues of an organism to survive long after its reproductive period has been completed. (agemed.org)
Germ cells contain other granules that may harbor translationally silenced mRNAs important for the development of other early embryonic tissues ( Navarro and Blackwell, 2005 ). (rupress.org)
This protein is found in cells and tissues throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)

The structure, regulation, and cell types of the mouse testis. (jci.org)
The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
Here we will focus on reviewing work describing the formation and regulation of the ovarian stem cell niche. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytoplasmic RNA granules in germ cells (polar and germinal granules), somatic cells (stress granules and processing bodies), and neurons (neuronal granules) have emerged as important players in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. (rupress.org)
The expression patterns, function and regulation of microRNAs in normal and neoplastic human cells are largely unknown but emerging data and their frequent location at fragile sites, common break-points or regions of amplification or loss of heterozygosity reveal that they may play significant roles in human carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation can occur through modification of the p27 protein's structure, its interaction with other proteins, or its localization within the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

These systems promoted the development of precursor blood stem cells which can differentiate into various blood components - white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and others. (scitechdaily.com)
The French flag model represents how embryonic cells receive and respond to genetic information and subsequently differentiate into patterns. (asu.edu)
P19 ECCs maintain a male euploid karyotype and can differentiate into all three germ layers indicating that they are pluripotent [10]. (ecolowood.com)
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the unique ability to differentiate into every cell type and to self-renew. (biomedcentral.com)

In female cells both X chromosomes remain activated in the na?ve ESCs while one chromosome XL-147 is randomly inactivated in the primed EpiSCs [1-3]. (ecolowood.com)
That means a sex cell would have half the number of chromosomes as that of a somatic cell. (biologyonline.com)
Hence, an egg cell or a sperm cell would have 23 chromosomes whereas a somatic cell would have 46. (biologyonline.com)
Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
In humans, somatic (nongerm) cell nuclei normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (msdmanuals.com)
A karyotype illustrates the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

2019). Akin to the dynamic nutrient requirements of the developing embryo, discrete in vitro cell states have distinct metabolic profiles (Zhou et al. (conditionmed.org)
It is only through understanding embryonic metabolism and development that we can derive and maintain different in vitro stem cell states for disease modeling and therapies. (conditionmed.org)
Ross Harrison developed the first cell culture techniques in vitro during the first decade of the 21 st century. (mbpinc.net)
Vitro study occurs in a controlled environment, like cell-culture plates. (mbpinc.net)
These researchers, among others, also designed the basic principles for plant and animal cell cultures in vitro. (mbpinc.net)
Cell culture is a cost-effective technique since researchers can carry out it in vitro (such as in cell culture plates and culture flasks). (mbpinc.net)
Due to the favorable controlled environment for the cells' growth in vitro, homogenous cells are produced. (mbpinc.net)
Researchers can study and manipulate the physiology and biochemistry of cells in vitro. (mbpinc.net)

Dazl can regulate the expression, transport and localization of target mRNAs of proteins which control the differentiation, growth and maturation of germ cells. (ijbs.com)
As a major part of differentiation, sperm undergo extensive post-meiotic maturation en route to the oocyte. (silverchair.com)

B ) Histological cross section through an adult mouse testis depicting seminiferous tubules, the peritubular myoid cells, and the interstitium (space between tubules). (jci.org)
This intermediate (I)-ProSG subset translocates from the center of seminiferous tubules to the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) 'niche' in its periphery soon after birth. (biologists.com)
It starts from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in the seminiferous tubules with gradual differentiation toward spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa (1). (ijfs.ir)
The processes are localized in two major morphological structures, the vascularized Leydig cells of the interstitium and the vascularized seminiferous tubules. (superbgrade.com)
The lining of seminiferous epithelium is unique in the complexity of its arrangement which consists of supporting somatic cells, a proliferating population of germ cells that are displaced centripetally from the spermatogonia to the base of spermatozoa in the central compartment. (superbgrade.com)

Created by Lewis Wolpert in the late 1960s, the model uses the French tricolor flag as visual representation to explain how embryonic cells can interpret genetic code to create the same pattern even when certain pieces of the embryo are removed. (asu.edu)
Recently, the importance of telomere maintenance in human stem cells has been highlighted by studies on dyskeratosis congenital, which is a genetic disorder in the human telomerase component. (nature.com)
It also is vital that - prior to being instructed to become a specific cell type - iPSC lines continuously renew and expand in a blank slate form without the introduction of genetic errors. (neurosciencenews.com)
The different methods included a variety of reprogramming genes, vectors (engineered viruses that deliver genetic material to cells), or the use of plasmids (small DNA molecules that can deliver reprogramming genes). (neurosciencenews.com)
Furthermore, a strong positive genetic interaction occurs between Gap1 and phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), an enzyme that generates inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, a precursor for IP4 and a second messenger for intracellular Ca2+ release. (sdbonline.org)

GSCs typically undergo asymmetric self-renewing divisions, producing one daughter stem cell that remains associated with the cap cell niche and a second daughter that is displaced away from the niche and as a result differentiates. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer A clonal growth (cells all descended from one ancestral cell) that undergo continuing mitotic divisions and are not inhibited in their growth when they come in contact with neighboring cells (contact inhibition). (agemed.org)

This is where stem cells are reverse engineered from adult tissue cells rather than using live human or animal embryos. (scitechdaily.com)
Study co-author Associate Professor Robert Nordon said he was amazed that not only did the device create blood stem cell precursors that went on to produce differentiated blood cells, but it also created the tissue cells of the embryonic heart environment that is crucial to this process. (scitechdaily.com)
Stem cells have attracted much interest in tissue engineering as a cell source due to their ability to proliferate in an undifferentiated state for prolonged time and capability of differentiating to different cell types after induction. (wjgnet.com)
Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
In modern science, epithelium is a type of animal tissue in which cells are packed into neatly arranged sheets. (asu.edu)
Induced pluripotent stem cells, another types of pluripotent stem cells derived from any tissue by reprogramming and are the homologous source of stem cells. (benthamscience.com)
Stem cells are essential for tissue homeostasis, particularly in organs that exhibit high rates of cellular turnover such as the skin, intestine and hematopoietic system. (biomedcentral.com)
Overproliferation of stem cells is equally undesirable and can disrupt normal tissue homeostasis, possibly contributing to tumor formation and growth. (biomedcentral.com)
The ovaries consist of different types of tissue ( epithelial , germ cells, and sex cord tissue), which may give rise to benign or malignant tumors . (amboss.com)
By means of scaffolds, cells, and growth factors, tissue engineering has provided enormous hope and interest in academia, industry, and the public to cure various disorders (7). (ijfs.ir)
8) indicates that tissue engineering might be helpful for the transplantation of germ cells by improving the cellular environment using scaffolds to enhance graft outcomes for prepubertal boys exposed to gonadotoxic treatments. (ijfs.ir)
International bi-monthly journal of cell signaling, tissue protection, and translational research. (conditionmed.org)
This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
The invasion of neoplastic cells into healthy brain tissue is a pathologic hallmark of Gliomas and contributes to the failure of current therapeutic modalities (surgery, radiation and chemotherapy). (proteinlounge.com)
Researchers can subsequently maintain them under carefully controlled conditions once isolation of the cells of interest from a living tissue has been done. (mbpinc.net)
Researchers may remove the cells from the tissue directly and separate them using mechanical techniques before cultivation. (mbpinc.net)

AMBRA1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, working as a scaffold molecule to coordinate, by protein-protein interaction, many cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis Programmed Cell Death (PCD). (agemed.org)
Signals to trigger apoptosis may come from within the cell or from outside, by stimulating suicide receptors in the cell's external membrane. (agemed.org)
Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)
This sample was resistant to ibrutinib-mediated inhibition of apoptosis and NF-B. Furthermore, we identified germ line variants in genes encoding regulators from the NF-B and BCR pathway previously implicated in lymphomagenesis. (nsdfu.org)
These small RNAs have been shown to contribute to the control of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, important features related to cancer development and progression. (biomedcentral.com)

This newly formed cystoblast undergoes four incomplete mitotic divisions to form an interconnected 16-cell cyst. (biomedcentral.com)
The developing embryo, from which pluripotent stem cells originate, undergoes a series of dynamic metabolic transitions synchronized to its molecular development. (conditionmed.org)

Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)

Second row (to remaining), in the past due mouse blastocyst Cdx2 positive cells bring about the extraembryonic ectoderm and ectoplacental cone. (biopaqc.com)

In particular, FUNGENES identified genes controlling the development of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells into heart cells (cardiomyocytes), nerve cells (neurons), smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, fat cells (adipocytes), liver cells (hepatocytes) and insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. (europa.eu)
These PanIN lesions are in turn associated with somatic alterations in canonical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. (proteinlounge.com)
The cells were generated with a variety of genes, methods and cells of origin, such as adult skin or infant cord blood cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

Many of the mechanistic insights into how niches regulate stem cell maintenance have been obtained using invertebrate models such as Drosophila . (biomedcentral.com)
The localization of DAZ family proteins suggests that they can regulate mRNA translation occurring in the cytoplasm. (ijbs.com)
It helps regulate the cell cycle, which is the cell's way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. (medlineplus.gov)

In another of these examples, we determined a book somatic mutation in (E39Q). (nsdfu.org)

Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
Global demethylation is a protective process which is believed to occur throughout somatic cell differentiation and happen only twice during development, in primordial germ cells and in the pre-implantation embryo. (hormonesmatter.com)
They demonstrated how a simulation of an embryo's beating heart using a microfluidic device in the lab led to the development of human blood stem cell 'precursors', which are stem cells on the verge of becoming blood stem cells. (scitechdaily.com)
Part of the problem is that we still don't fully understand all the processes going on in the microenvironment during embryonic development that leads to the creation of blood stem cells at about day 32 in the embryonic development," Dr. Li said. (scitechdaily.com)
Myogenesis is the formation of muscle that occurs throughout an animal's development, from embryo to the end of life. (asu.edu)
Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
Here, we consider the metabolism of the early embryo through development, and look at the nutrient milieu within the developing stem cell niche. (conditionmed.org)
2020). This places metabolism at the forefront of development and cell state decisions. (conditionmed.org)
Even the growth and development of every living organism depends on the growth and multiplication of its cells. (studyinnovations.com)
GCGs direct the timing of maternal mRNA translation to promote germ cell development in the early embryo and establish the germ line for the next generation. (rupress.org)
It was very surprising to us the high number of unstable cell lines identified in the study, which highlights the importance of setting safety standards for stem cell therapies," said Carolyn Lutzko, PhD, senior author and director of translational development in the Translational Core Laboratories at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. (neurosciencenews.com)
Exploring the origin and development mechanisms of tumour cells from the perspective of tumour biogenesis has always been a hotspot in the field of glioma research. (biomedcentral.com)
An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
The differentiation of cells is, and development of testicles as determined by various predisposing factors categorized as morphological, physiological, endocrinological, histochemical and biochemical. (superbgrade.com)
The development of highly differentiated sperm cells that are specialized for navigating to and fusing with an oocyte is essential for sexual reproduction. (silverchair.com)

The FUNGENES project aimed to achieve a detailed basic understanding of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. (europa.eu)
3. developed new embryonic stem cell-based approaches to screening of small candidate molecules for therapeutic applications in human diseases. (europa.eu)
New discoveries about embryonic blood stem cell creation made independently by biomedical engineers and medical researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney could one day eliminate the need for blood stem cell donors. (scitechdaily.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. (scitechdaily.com)
A somatic cell is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. (scitechdaily.com)
In another article, which was recently published in Nature Cell Biology , researchers from UNSW Medicine & Health revealed the identity of cells in mice embryos responsible for blood stem cell creation. (scitechdaily.com)
In the study detailed in Cell Reports , lead author Dr. Jingjing Li and fellow researchers described how a 3cm x 3cm (1.2″ x 1.2″) microfluidic system pumped blood stem cells produced from an embryonic stem cell line to mimic an embryo's beating heart and conditions of blood circulation. (scitechdaily.com)
She said that in the last few decades, biomedical engineers have been trying to make blood stem cells in laboratory dishes to solve the problem of donor blood stem cell shortages. (scitechdaily.com)
Basically, given the difference of telomere and telomerase activity in human and mouse cells, the telomere and telomerase status in stem cell populations is different between humans and mice ( Harrington, 2004 ). (nature.com)
A pluripotent stem cell is a cell capable of giving rise to various precursors that eventually will acquire specific identity and physiological function via a process called differentiation . (biologyonline.com)
Prospectively identifying these cells and determining how they differ from their normal stem cell counterparts will probably provide important insights into the origin and progression of malignancy. (biomedcentral.com)
The concept of the cellular niche represents one of the central paradigms in stem cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
This microscopic image shows a cross section from a teratoma, generated in the lab by authors of a June 9 study in Stem Cell Reports that tested the quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (neurosciencenews.com)
In a study published June 9 by the journal Stem Cell Reports , and funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the multi-institutional research team reports on the comprehensive characterization of a large set of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (neurosciencenews.com)
It gives scientists open access to data from the study to support their own research into potential iPSC-based stem cell therapies. (neurosciencenews.com)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)
The nature of the stem cell substates and their relationship to commitment to differ- entiate and lineage selection can be elucidated in terms of a landscape picture in which stable states can be defined mathematically as attractors. (lu.se)

Rupture of a mucinous cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma leading to the spread of tumor cells throughout the peritoneum . (amboss.com)
they are not inherited and are present only in tumor cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Because the reprogramming of adult human terminally differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) became possible in 2007, only eight years have passed. (biopaqc.com)

We conclude that licensing of embryonic primordial germ cells for gametogenesis would depend on signaling through the genital ridge. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Our body produces sex cells through the process called gametogenesis . (biologyonline.com)
Oogenesis (i.e. gametogenesis in females) takes place in the ovaries to produce ova or egg cells. (biologyonline.com)
DAZ family proteins are located in the nucleus and/or in the cytoplasm of male and female germ cells at different developmental stages throughout the gametogenesis. (ijbs.com)

As defined by the World Health Organization, ovarian insufficiency can be caused by a primary disorder in the ovary or it can occur as a result of secondary causes. (medscape.com)
Most women with POI retain intermittent ovarian function for many years, and, unlike women who are menopausal, pregnancies may occur. (medscape.com)
Aging is associated with a decline in the number of ovarian follicles, menstrual irregularities, ovarian hormonal deficiency, anovulation, decreased fertility, and, finally, a complete and irreversible cessation of menses known as menopause, usually occurring at a mean age of 51 years. (medscape.com)

With her research, Platt challenged then current theories about germ layers, the types of cells in an early embryo that develop into adult cells. (asu.edu)
The non-embryonic stem cells like adult stem cells are in clinical use for many years and embryonic stem cells are now emerging as an alternative source for the same purpose with huge potentials in drug discovery and toxicological studies. (benthamscience.com)
In fact, low levels of telomerase activity have been found in human adult stem cells including haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic stem cells such as neuronal, skin, intestinal crypt, mammary epithelial, pancreas, adrenal cortex, kidney, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
Twenty years following Schofield's seminal publication, Xie and Spradling provided compelling experimental evidence that a cellular niche supports the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila adult ovary [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)

For culturing of adherent cells, a range is limited within a scaffold in which the cells grow during the course of their division and proliferation, and therefore with continued proliferation it is unavoidable that they eventually reach the limit of proliferation in the scaffold. (justia.com)
The current study aimed to assess the proliferation of hTCs through the cell culture on the three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds. (ijfs.ir)
The proliferation/viability of the cells was assessed using the MTT assay, along with H&E histological staining method. (ijfs.ir)
Following our previous animal studies performed on mice (9, 10), the aim of this study was to evaluate the viability and proliferation of the cells derived from human TESE samples, which were cultivated on a novel threedimensional (3D) nano-scaffold containing human serum albumin (HSA)/tri calcium phosphate nanoparticles (TCP NPs), as examined by MTT and H&E histological staining assays. (ijfs.ir)
In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Amputation-induced proliferation occurred predominantly within the epidermal and intestinal epithelium, as well as wound-adjacent muscle fibers, where clusters of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle were found. (mdpi.com)

and the unique differentiation of haploid cells (spermiogenesis) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
In humans, a sex cell may be identified from a somatic cell in being a haploid cell. (biologyonline.com)

Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
We also profiled lncRNA and mRNA expression in three mouse male germ cell-related cell lines (F9, GC-1 and GC-2). (biomedcentral.com)

Even though some interspecies distinctions in both cytoarchitecture and molecular equipment do can be found between mouse and guy, rodent models have got illuminated Palomid 529 key root systems of lineage limitation to a number of cell types. (biopaqc.com)
Such a review cannot be comprehensive due to space constraints and I focused on the commitment of the female cell lineage and avoided discussing the male cell lineage. (lidsen.com)
This requirement strongly limits the number of solutions or entiation and lineage-specification, programmed cell death, and ``states'' for the system. (lu.se)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)

Two processes take place during cell reproduction. (studyinnovations.com)
Although the technology to produce safe and effective iPSCs exists, study authors report they encountered an unexpected number of wobbly production processes for the cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
It may also take other processes like differentiation when you get particular types of cells after their transformation. (mbpinc.net)

In particular, the female sex cell is referred to as the ovum (also called egg cell) whereas the male sex cell, the sperm cell. (biologyonline.com)

The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in animals by which two adjacent cells within an organism use a protein named Notch to mechanically interact with each other. (asu.edu)
In multicellular organism also, new individual develop from a single cell. (studyinnovations.com)
Cell culture is a technique by which the cells are removed from a living organism and grown in a favorable environment. (mbpinc.net)
The cells derived from an organism are placed in a fluid medium. (mbpinc.net)

Platt followed the paths of cells in developing mudpuppy embryos to see how embryonic cells migrated during the formation of the head. (asu.edu)
TIF) pgen.1005019.s001.tif (1.4M) GUID:?7DA4691B-692C-4318-B0FD-9162455064E0 S2 Fig: Germ cells in cKO (soma-specific Cre) embryos usually do not express DAZL or MVH. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
TIF) pgen.1005019.s003.tif (2.4M) GUID:?6B67ED8C-7D8D-4CF1-A4AF-BB5037290D25 S4 Fig: Germ cells in KO embryos, but complete degeneration occurs by E15.5 [30]. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

Malrotation occurs in the setting of developmental anomalies, in which the intestine fails to return to the nascent abdominal cavity, such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia as well as abdominal wall defects. (medscape.com)
1. The Developmental Roots of the Anxious System: A SYNOPSIS The procedure of neurodevelopment can be spatiotemporally controlled and necessitates sequential, intensifying limitations in cell destiny. (biopaqc.com)
Figures ?Statistics11 and 2(a) describe developmental procedures involved in standards from the 3 germ levels. (biopaqc.com)

The mudpuppy is an aquatic salamander commonly used by embryologists because its large embryonic cells and nuclei are easy to see. (asu.edu)

Carrel's ideas about cellular immortality convinced his many contemporaries that cells could be maintained indefinitely. (asu.edu)
In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
Telomerase can add telomeric repeats onto the chromosome ends, and prevents the replication-dependent loss of telomere and cellular senescence in highly proliferative cells of the germline and in the majority of cancers ( Blasco, 2005 ). (nature.com)
mitotically active cells of intact segments do not significantly contribute to the blastemal cellular sources. (mdpi.com)
GBM originate from poorly differentiated glial cells and have the characteristics of nuclear atypia, cellular polymorphism, and a high degree of mitotic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell culture is also best for cellular agriculture. (mbpinc.net)
Cellular agriculture is a process by which animal-based products are produced from cell cultures rather than directly from animals. (mbpinc.net)

Early progenitor cells, which are designated A spermatogonia in the mouse and A- dark spermatogonia in humans, are defined as "undifferentiated. (jci.org)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

Intrinsic aging or senescence occurs silently from within starting at the molecular level, in the same sense that termites, if unchecked, will, sooner or later, destroy the structural integrity of even the largest wooden house. (agemed.org)
Researchers also compared the molecular and functional characteristics of iPSCs to human embryonic stem cells, which are used sparingly as a gold standard for benchmarking quality. (neurosciencenews.com)
And if you are looking for high-quality molecular bioproducts like cell culture plates, we also provide the best products in the industry at very competitive rates. (mbpinc.net)

All these diseases are characterised by the irreversible loss of functional cells. (europa.eu)

UNSW researchers have recently completed two studies in this area that shine new light on not only how the precursors to blood stem cells occur in animals and humans, but how they may be induced artificially. (scitechdaily.com)
Haploidy in sex cells is important in order to maintain the chromosomal integrity in humans across generations. (biologyonline.com)

P19 is an embryonic carcinoma cell (ECC) line derived from a 7.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) embryo that was transplanted into the testis [10]. (ecolowood.com)
Analysis of male germ cell-related cell lines (F9, GC-1 and GC-2) revealed that some of the testis-specific lncRNAs were expressed in each of these cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results revealed that all of them were expressed exclusively in the testis, and 23 of the 26 showed germ cell-specific expression. (biomedcentral.com)

These cells have the potential to become gametes but have not yet committed to the process. (jci.org)
Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
The germ layers develop early in embryonic life, through the process of gastrulation. (asu.edu)
Around the proper period of their appearance, the primordial germ cells gain the capability to attempt sexual meiosisa and specialization process called germ cell licensing. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
Stem cells are not specialized and the process of their specialization is called differentiation. (benthamscience.com)
Subculturing is absolutely indispensable to promote cell growth and is an important process regardless of the purpose and method, but the operations of treating the cells with trypsin or collagenase to remove them from the scaffold, and reseeding them via a cell suspension, not only run the risk of contamination but are also time consuming, while stress exerted on the cells is another factor that cannot be overlooked. (justia.com)
In the mouse, a transporting epithelium is established around the 8-16-cell stage through a process known as compaction where cell definition is lost and the outer cells of the embryo form tight junctions, giving rise to the blastocyst. (conditionmed.org)
Transformed glial cells share the common attributes of the invasion process, including cell adhesion to ECM (Extracellular Matrix) components, cell locomotion, and the ability to remodel extracellular space. (proteinlounge.com)
In Caenorhabditis elegans , this process is called sperm activation, and it transforms immotile spermatids into migratory fertilization-competent cells. (silverchair.com)
Cell culture refers to the process used by researchers to grow cells under controlled conditions in a laboratory setting. (mbpinc.net)
Studies suggest that p27 is also involved in controlling cell differentiation, which is the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions. (medlineplus.gov)

Resolution of these problems has been approached in Drosophila by carrying out an in vivo functional analysis of Drosophila Gap1 in the context of cone cell determination in the developing Drosophila eye. (sdbonline.org)

DNA is wrapped into a DNA-protein complex called chromatin in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
In pluripotent and differentiated cells HP1β is differentially localized and differentially associated with chromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
The minor fraction of HP1β that is chromatin-bound in ESCs is enriched within exons, unlike the situation in differentiated cells, where it binds heterochromatic satellite repeats and chromocenters. (biomedcentral.com)

Representative germ cells positive for DAZL are indicated by arrows. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
TIF) pgen.1005019.s004.tif (6.5M) GUID:?FFFFF7FB-539F-4C86-9C35-6C7EC5CB2568 S5 Fig: Germ cells in hJAL cKO (soma-specific Cre) cultured UGRs usually do not express DAZL or MVH. (cancer-ecosystem.com)

The somatic cells, in turn, are the cells in the body that have varying functions, such as nourishing the sex cells as well as keeping the body thriving and functional. (biologyonline.com)
Cells with a shortage of functional p27 can divide too quickly or in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)

Germ cell movement within the epithelium is vital because germ cells, if induced to release into the tubule lumen prematurely, will be unable to fertilize the ovum. (proteinlounge.com)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can grow infinitely and give rise to all types of cells in human body, thus of tremendous therapeutic potentials for a variety of diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and diabetes. (benthamscience.com)
Moreover, the combination of gene modification and directed differentiation of ESCs provides perfect tool for disease modelling and drug discovery. (benthamscience.com)
What is more, by deriving NT-ESCs from patient cells, the problem of immune rejection may be avoided. (benthamscience.com)
The ground na?ve pluripotent state refers to cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that can form teratomas and contribute to chimeras. (ecolowood.com)

Anatomy65

Organisms15

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs69

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Pluripotency20

Regenerative11

Primordial germ4

Endoderm10

PGCs8

Pathways8

Human somatic3

Epigenetic8

Primary germ layers1

Mammalian6

Spermatogenesis12

Testicular4

Pluripotent cells1

Mutations7

Meiosis5

Sertoli4

Gonad5

Mesoderm1

Tissues8

Regulation6

Differentiate4

Chromosomes9

Vitro8

Maturation2

Seminiferous5

Genetic5

Undergo2

Tissue16

Apoptosis6

Undergoes2

Sexual differentiation1

Ectoderm1

Genes5

Regulate3

Mutation1

Development15

Stem cell19

Tumor cells2

Terminally differentiated1

Gametogenesis4

Ovarian3

Adult4

Fetal1

Proliferation6

Haploid2

MRNA2

Lineage5

Processes3

Male sex1

Organism4

Embryos3

Developmental3

Nuclei1

Cellular7

Progenitor cells2

Molecular3

Irreversible1

Humans2

Testis3

Process11

Vivo1

Chromatin3

DAZL2

Functional2

Epithelium1

ESCs4