Somatic cell nuclear transfer embryonic frog cells donor egg cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term. (wikipedia.org)

The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. (wikipedia.org)
The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal. (wikipedia.org)
They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)
It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1952 ) had already succeeded in transplanting a blastula cell nucleus into an enucleated egg and obtaining normal tadpoles in the frog Rana pipiens . (biologists.com)
However, Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) had also found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from a neurula embryo could no longer support normal development ( Fig. 2 ). (biologists.com)
7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
After HIV DNA enters the nucleus of an infected cell, it becomes integrated into the cellular DNA, turning it into an HIV factory that generates more virus particles. (regenerativemedicine.net)

They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
This question had been asked by embryologists since 1886 ( Rauber, 1886 ), and Spemann ( Spemann, 1938 ) had demonstrated by an egg ligation experiment that the nuclei of an eight-cell frog embryo are developmentally totipotent. (biologists.com)
Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. (chinagene.cn)
Cytoplasmic impact on cross-genus cloned fish derived from transgenic common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) nuclei and gold-fish ( Carassius auratus ) enucleated eggs. (chinagene.cn)

The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)

As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)

The employment of adult somatic cells in lieu of embryonic stem cells for cloning emerged from the foundational work of John Gurdon, who cloned African clawed frogs in 1958 with this approach. (wikipedia.org)
The successful cloning of Dolly led to widespread advancements within stem cell research, including the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
EVs derived from stem cells have already been shown to help heart cells recover after a heart attack, but exactly how they help and whether the beneficial effect is specific to EVs derived from stem cells has remained a mystery. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The team also demonstrated that these intercellular travelers could be derived from endothelial cells, which line the surface of blood vessels and are more abundant and easier to maintain than stem cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)

2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)

Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
So the population of molecules inside the cell can vary extensively even if the genes do not. (blogspot.com)
Since, as described above, the composition of the cell's interior and the activity of many of its proteins depend on more than just the genes, the portion of the genes' information content that is actually used by the cell is determined, in part, by non-genetic factors. (blogspot.com)

During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
When studying an individual organism, a biologist could examine the cell and its organelles, the tissues that the cells make up, the organs and their respective organ systems, and the sum total-the organism itself. (dokumen.pub)
At the level of the cell, in tissues involved in secretory functions, such as the salivary glands, the cells have abundant Golgi. (dokumen.pub)
Part of the innate immune system that is the body s first line defense against infection, dendritic cells sense the presence of pathogens in the blood or other tissues, ingest infecting organisms, and then display fragments of the invaders on their surface, which alerts and activates both killer and helper T cells (CD4 and CD8 cells), essentially teaching them to target the specific pathogen. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Dolly (5 July 1996 - 14 February 2003) was a female Finn-Dorset sheep and the first mammal that was cloned from an adult somatic cell. (wikipedia.org)
The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone, therefore, proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. (wikipedia.org)
On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's. (wikipedia.org)
Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal. (wikipedia.org)
Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, Dolly was the first example of the reprogramming of the adult cell back to totipotency in a mammal. (shawprize.org)

Her cloning proved that a cloned organism could be produced from a mature cell from a specific body part. (wikipedia.org)

In experiments using dendritic cells from elite controllers, from patients with progressing HIV infection, and cells from uninfected individuals, the investigators found a surprising difference. (regenerativemedicine.net)

She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a cell taken from a mammary gland. (wikipedia.org)

The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
The protein and RNA molecules produced by cells associate with each other in a context-dependent fashion or, in many cases, catalyze chemical reactions (generating lipids, polysaccharides and other molecules), whose rates depend on the temperature and composition of the external environment. (blogspot.com)
So, rather than one molecule that is therapeutic, we think that the exosomes contain a cocktail of molecules and proteins that can, all together, help the cell maintain homeostasis, deal with the stress, modify metabolic action and reduce the amount of injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Our findings indicate that EEVs could protect cardiac tissue from reoxygenation injury in part by supplementing the injured cells with proteins and signaling molecules that support different metabolic processes, paving the way for new therapeutic approaches," said Andr G. Kl ber, a Visiting Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School and co-author of the study. (regenerativemedicine.net)

3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
But it is perhaps not auspicious to quote him for purposes of the scientific debates on human cloning, because Ramsey agreed with and supported the scientific myth of the "pre-embryo" 47 made famous by Jesuit Richard McCormick and frog embryologist Clifford Grobstein. (lifeissues.net)
As an important sub-field in the study of animal cloning, fish nuclear transfer was first established in the early 1960s by Chinese embryologists. (chinagene.cn)
A comprehensive understand-ing of the mechanism for epigenetic modification following nuclear transfer, such as genomic DNA methylation and histone acetylation and/or methylation, will likely increase the success rate and eventually lead to the future freedom of cloning technique. (chinagene.cn)

Ian Wilmut and Keith H S Campbell worked together in the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh for many years, using sheep as the model, in order to understand the early physiology of the egg and how laboratory manipulations can improve our knowledge of the development from egg to birth. (shawprize.org)
This article summarizes the history and current situation in fish nuclear transfer tech-nology and discusses the factors that may influence the development of the cloned embryos. (chinagene.cn)
1] Spemann H. Embryonic development and induction. (chinagene.cn)
This cell population can therefore be regarded as the mid-gastrula organizer and, together with the early-gastrula organizer and the node, constitute the organizer of the mouse embryo at successive stages of development. (silverchair.com)

In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)

The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
The technique synchronized the cell cycles of both cells and the results led Wilmut and Campbell to believe that any type of cell could be used to produce a clone. (shawprize.org)

if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
Before there were multicellular forms, single-celled organisms evolved for as much as two billion years driven, in part, by genetic change, as well as by establishment of persistent symbiotic relationships among simpler cells. (blogspot.com)
The profile of genetic activity and the tissue contribution by cells in the organizer change during gastrulation, suggesting that the organizer may be populated by a succession of cell populations with different fates. (silverchair.com)
When HIV infects a cell it first injects its genetic material RNA in this case into the cell along with the reverse transcriptase enzyme that transcribes the single-strand RNA molecule into a double-stranded DNA molecule. (regenerativemedicine.net)

An organizer population has been identified in the anterior end of the primitive streak of the mid-streak stage embryo, by the expression of Hnf3β , Gsc lacZ and Chrd , and the ability of these cells to induce a second neural axis in the host embryo. (silverchair.com)

A baby developing from a fertilized egg is an endergonic process. (dokumen.pub)
Fine mapping of the epiblast in the posterior region of the early-streak stage embryo reveals that although the early-gastrula organizer contains cells that give rise to the axial mesoderm, the bulk of the progenitors of the head process and the notochord are localized outside the early gastrula organizer. (silverchair.com)
In the mid-gastrula organizer, early gastrula organizer derived cells that are fated for the prechordal mesoderm are joined by the progenitors of the head process that are recruited from the epiblast previously anterior to the early gastrula organizer. (silverchair.com)
Cells that are fated for the head process move anteriorly from the mid-gastrula organizer in a tight column along the midline of the embryo. (silverchair.com)
Of course, the best way to treat a heart attack is to restore blood flow but that process actually may cause more damage to the cells in the heart. (regenerativemedicine.net)

the rate at which a protein is synthesized, which depends on factors internal and external to the cell, affects the order in which its different portions fold. (blogspot.com)
The dendritic cells of elite controllers, however, were found to contain higher levels of HIV DNA, probably because of limited expression of a protein called SAMDH1 that usually blocks reverse transcription in several types of immune cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)
The dendritic cells of elite controllers also appear to produce higher levels of a DNA-sensing protein called cGAS that recognizes the presence of HIV and induces rapid expression of type 1 interferons. (regenerativemedicine.net)

We are now focusing on fully understanding all the components required to trigger appropriate activation of dendritic cells in HIV infection, which may help to induce an elite-controller-like, drug-free remission of HIV in a broader patient population, explains Yu, an associate professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. (regenerativemedicine.net)

They provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins and DNA within cells so that they function properly. (dokumen.pub)
The team also found that injured cardiomyocytes that had been treated with EEVs exhibited a set of proteins that was more similar to the uninjured ones compared with untreated cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Due to its advantages, zebrafish has become a unique animal model to study the mystery of reprogramming in nuclear transfer. (chinagene.cn)
Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes. (dokumen.pub)

Although the yield was low, they were successful in obtaining live newborn lambs from these transfers. (shawprize.org)

This Spotlight article is a commentary on the early nuclear transplant work in Xenopus , which was very important for the Nobel award in 2012, and the influence of this work on the reprogramming field. (biologists.com)
Body cells break down sugars to provide ATP to do the work necessary for exercise, such as muscle contractions. (dokumen.pub)

With this study, we have mimicked a human disease on a chip with human cells and developed a novel therapeutic approach to treat it. (regenerativemedicine.net)

In most people, HIV infection of dendritic cells appears to be blocked at an early stage, resulting in a lack of HIV DNA and limited viral replication within those cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

We have shown that dendritic cells, which play a critical role in generating virus-specific T cells, have an improved ability to recognize HIV and build effective immune responses in elite controllers. (regenerativemedicine.net)

In their paper published, the research team reports finding that dendritic cells of elite controllers are better able to detect the presence of HIV paradoxically through a greater susceptibility to HIV infection which enables them to stimulate the generation of T cells specifically targeting the virus. (regenerativemedicine.net)

While this may seem beneficial, it actually works more to the benefit of the virus than the infected individual by allowing HIV to escape recognition by dendritic cells. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Let's transplant the genome of species A in a cell of species B and see whether the resulting individuals will resemble species A, species B, or something else. (blogspot.com)
It s been recognized for a while that these individuals have stronger T-cell immune responses against HIV than other patients, but the reason for that has been unknown, says Xu Yu, MD, of the Ragon Institute and the MGH Department of Medicine, corresponding author of the paper. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Because of this change, the disc-shaped red blood cells assume a crescent shape, which can result in serious health problems. (dokumen.pub)

Half a century ago, it was found by John Gurdon that this developmental clock can be reversed, and that differentiated somatic cells in a frog model could regain their pluripotency or totipotency. (shawprize.org)
The heart tissue treated with EEVs had half as many dead cells and had a contractile force four times higher than the untreated tissue after injury. (regenerativemedicine.net)

12] Lee KY, Huang HG, Ju BS, Yang ZG, Lin S. Cloned ze-brafish by nuclear transfer from long-term-cultured cells. (chinagene.cn)

Chapter 3 1 Figure 3.7 Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. (dokumen.pub)

If you are correct, then the result should not look like the genome donor species A, right? (blogspot.com)
Because of this critical role of dendritic cells, the investigators explored the hypothesis that dendritic cells of elite controllers were better able to sense HIV and as a result to generate virus-specific T-cell responses. (regenerativemedicine.net)

In 1995, they produced a pair of lambs called Megan and Morag from embryonic cells. (shawprize.org)

Muscle cells also must repair muscle tissue damaged by exercise by building new muscle. (dokumen.pub)

Surprisingly, the team also observed that cells treated with EEVs continued to contract even without oxygen. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Anatomy35

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes22

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

Named Groups4

Health Care2

Cloned embryo1

Nucleus12

Nuclei5

Totipotent2

Transplantation1

Stem cells5

Mammalian1

Tadpoles1

Oocyte1

Genes5

Tissues4

Dolly6

Organism1

Experiments1

Mammary1

Molecules4

Cloning4

Development4

Identical1

Technique2

Genetic4

Neural1

Process5

Protein3

Induce1

Proteins2

Animal2

Yield1

Work2

Therapeutic1

Early1

Recognize1

Research1

Beneficial1

Individuals2

Blood cells1

Half2

Term1

Wall1

Result2

Pair1

Muscle1

Team1