• The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
  • Depending on the source, stem cells can be classified into two broad categories i.e. embryonic stem cells that are derived from embryos and non-embryonic stem cells that are derived from adult and fetal tissues. (benthamscience.com)
  • Under such circumstances, the idea of "therapeutic cloning" was proposed, indicating the generation of ESCs from SCNT embryos for therapeutic purpose. (benthamscience.com)
  • However, the derivation of human NT-ESCs goes with the destruction of clone embryos, leading to fierce ethical disputes. (benthamscience.com)
  • Adenot P.G., Mercier Y., Renard J.P., Thompson E.M., Differential H4 acetylation of paternal, maternal chromatin precedes DNA replication, and differential transcriptional activity in pronuclei of 1-cell mouse embryos. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Bellier S., Chastant S., Adenot P., Vincent M., Renard J.P., Bensaude O., Nuclear translocation , and carboxyl-terminal domain phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II delineate the two phases of zygotic gene activation in mammalian embryos. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Giraldo A.M., Hylan D.A., Ballard C.B., Purpera M.N., Vaught T.D., Lynn J.W., Godke R.A., Bondioli K.R., Effect of epigenetic modifications of donor somatic cells on the subsequent chromatin remodeling of cloned bovine embryos. (biologie-journal.org)
  • First, while stem-cell experimentation could involve the creation of embryos with the express purpose of destroying them, this is not the only means available for obtaining embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Thus, there is broad halakhic (Jewish legal) agreement that stem cell research is permitted on "excess" embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Most (but not all) authorities would forbid the creation of embryos with the express purpose of killing them in the pursuit of stem cell research. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • The controversy over stem cell research is focused specifically on the use of stem cells taken from embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Our study established the optimal TSA treatment on porcine donor cells and cloned embryos, 250 nmol/L, 24 h and 40 nmol/L, 24 h, respectively. (chinagene.cn)
  • Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos. (chinagene.cn)
  • Precise recapitulation of methylation change in early cloned embryos. (chinagene.cn)
  • Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
  • In 1-cell and 2-cell embryos Dnmt1s is derived from the oocyte, whereas from the 2-cell stage onward the embryo starts to synthesize its own Dnmt1s 8 . (nature.com)
  • In the ongoing debate about cloning human embryos for research, and about destroying them in order to harvest their stem cells, it is important to keep some basic facts in mind. (actionlife.org)
  • This document has been produced for the benefit of Members of Parliament and others involved in the proposed legislation to permit cloning research on human embryos. (cmq.org.uk)
  • Research using human embryos (whether created by in vitro fertilisation or by cell nuclear replacement) to increase understanding about human disease and disorders and their cell based treatments should be permitted, subject to the controls in Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. (cmq.org.uk)
  • Recommendation 2: In licensing any research using embryos created by cell nuclear replacement, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority should satisfy itself that there are no other means of meeting the objectives of the research. (cmq.org.uk)
  • The use of embryonic stem cells has been a source of considerable controversy due to its sacrifice of human embryos in the blastocyst stage, which some people view as the destruction of human life . (citizendium.org)
  • Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
  • The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
  • Ethical objections to the use of human embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of human embryos in the blastocyst stage to obtain the stem cells. (citizendium.org)
  • Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maturation of the mammalian oocyte is a complex process involving internal checkpoints and bidirectional communication with the surrounding cumulus cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned mammalian offspring originating from nonviable cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • He supported the use of SCNT for the production of personalised stem cell therapies and for the study of human diseases and the use of cybrid embryo production to overcome the lack of human eggs available for research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Keith Henry Stockman Campbell studied embryo growth and cell differentiation during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the UK. (asu.edu)
  • Adenot P.G., Szollosi M.S., Geze M., Renard J.P., Debey P., Dynamics of paternal chromatin changes in live one-cell mouse embryo after natural fertilization. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Aoki F., Worrad D.M., Schultz R.M., Regulation of transcriptional activity during the first , and second cell cycles in the preimplantation mouse embryo. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Bouniol C., Nguyen E., Debey P., Endogenous transcription occurs at the 1-cell stage in the mouse embryo. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Kopecny V., Fléchon J.E., Camous S., Fulka J. Jr., Nucleologenesis , and the onset of transcription in the eight-cell bovine embryo: fine-structural autoradiographic study. (biologie-journal.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • In the first 4 - 5 days after fertilization, the early-stage embryo (or blastocyst) is comprised of about 150 cells, within which there is a region called the Inner Cell Mass containing the stem cells. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • The controversy arises for some people because, in the course of harvesting these cells, the embryo is destroyed. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
  • 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
  • But it is perhaps not auspicious to quote him for purposes of the scientific debates on human cloning, because Ramsey agreed with and supported the scientific myth of the "pre-embryo" 47 made famous by Jesuit Richard McCormick and frog embryologist Clifford Grobstein. (lifeissues.net)
  • Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)
  • Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
  • Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
  • Furthermore, we found that both the cloned embryo and the donor cell treated by TSA resulted in the highest development efficiency. (chinagene.cn)
  • Meanwhile, TSA can improve transgene expression in donor cell and cloned embryo. (chinagene.cn)
  • TSA improve transgenic porcine cloned embryo development and transgene expression[J]. HEREDITAS, 2011, 33(7): 749-756. (chinagene.cn)
  • Normally, the embryo comes into being through sexual conception, in which the female egg cell is fertilized by a male sperm cell. (actionlife.org)
  • Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)
  • Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
  • However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
  • A fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total, and as the fertilized egg divides all the cells in the embryo remain totipotent until the fertilized egg has reached the 8/16-cell stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In theory, and to some extent in practice, an 8-cell embryo can be divided into eight single cells, and each cell has the potential of generating an individual if implanted in a woman's uterus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the embryo and are pluripotent, thus possessing the capability of developing into any organ, cell type or tissue type. (justia.com)
  • In 2000, after joining PPL Ltd, Campbell and his PPL team (based in North America) were successful in producing the world's first piglets by Somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the so-called cloning technique. (wikipedia.org)
  • Production of transgenic cloned piglets from genetically transformed fetal fibroblasts selected by green fluorescent protein. (chinagene.cn)
  • Kuldip S. Sidhu , " Frontiers in Pluripotent Stem Cells Research and Therapeutic Potentials Bench-to-Bedside ", Bentham Science Publishers (2012). (benthamscience.com)
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can grow infinitely and give rise to all types of cells in human body, thus of tremendous therapeutic potentials for a variety of diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and diabetes. (benthamscience.com)
  • However, there are a number of factors limiting the procurement of organs and accordingly, therapeutic cloning that perhaps can yield still better results needs to be considered as an alternative. (scialert.net)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • The Donaldson committee 1 examined the issue of research into 'therapeutic' cloning and reported in June 2000. (cmq.org.uk)
  • The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
  • The present invention also provides methods of using the differentiated cells of the present invention for therapeutic purposes. (justia.com)
  • In particular, the induction of stem cells to differentiate into muscle cells (myocytes) is useful for muscle transplantation and therapeutic purposes, as well as providing potential human disease models in culture (e.g. for testing pharmaceuticals). (justia.com)
  • The induction of cardiomyocyte differentiation in stem cells is especially useful in developing therapeutic methods and products for heart disease and abnormal heart conditions. (justia.com)
  • 체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dolly was the first mammal cloned from specialized adult (somatic) cells with the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
  • It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The term stem cell is generally used to describe cells that are totipotent , pluripotent , or multipotent . (citizendium.org)
  • Approximately five days after fertilization the totipotent cells have differentiated and started to form a hollow sphere of cells called a blastocyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Electron microscopy demonstrated that the CAL 27 cells treated with GEF under AAS culture conditions exhibited swelling of the cytosol and organelles with an increased number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, but without chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
  • Following germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) the oocyte is transcriptionally quiescent until fertilization and activation of the embryonic genome, occurring at the four-cell stage of development in the pig [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report on the successful reprogramming of nuclei from somatic cells rendered nonviable by heat treatment. (cnrs.fr)
  • Granulosa cells from adult sheep were heated to nonphysiological temperatures (55 degrees C or 75 degrees C) before their nuclei were injected into enucleated metaphase II oocytes. (cnrs.fr)
  • Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
  • Stem cells are not specialized and the process of their specialization is called differentiation. (benthamscience.com)
  • 2004). In vivo and in vitro differentiation of male germ cells in the mouse. (edu.au)
  • The established dogma has however been challenged by recent findings suggesting that multipotent stem cells have a broader differentiation potential than previously thought. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We carried out mosaic analysis to elucidate the functions of dMyc in the germline and somatic cells of the ovary during oogenesis, a process that involves cell proliferation, differentiation and growth. (biologists.com)
  • The present invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells. (justia.com)
  • In particular, the invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. (justia.com)
  • The process of differentiation in stem cells involves selective development of immature cells to committed and fully mature cells of various lineages. (justia.com)
  • Differentiation of stem cells is known be triggered by various growth factors and regulatory molecules. (justia.com)
  • During differentiation the expression of stem cell specific genes and markers are often lost and cells acquire gene expression profiles of somatic cells or their precursors. (justia.com)
  • Whilst differentiation of some lineage specific stem cells can be induced with a degree of certainty, a differentiation outcome of a population of pluripotent stem cells is less predictable. (justia.com)
  • Placing the cells under conditions which induce specific cell types has been one form of an attempt to regulate the differentiation outcome. (justia.com)
  • These conditions include growing the cells to high or low density, changing media, introducing or removing cytokines, hormones and growth factors, creating an environment which suits differentiation toward a specific cell type, such as providing a suitable substrate. (justia.com)
  • Methods of inducing differentiation in stem cells and muscle cells produced therefrom may be used for the study of cellular and molecular biology of tissue development, for the discovery of genes and proteins such as differentiation factors that play a role in tissue development and regeneration. (justia.com)
  • However, the molecular pathways that lead to specification and terminal differentiation of specific cell types, such as myocytes, from embryonic stem cells during development are not entirely clear. (justia.com)
  • Therefore there remains a need for providing effective methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, such as myocytes or endothelial cells. (justia.com)
  • culturing a stem cell in the presence of an embryonic cell and/or extracellular medium of an embryonic cell, under conditions that induce differentiation of the stem cell. (justia.com)
  • The proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells give rise to progeny that can populate the entire immunologic and hematopoietic systems through committed progenitors of both the lymphoid and myeloid lineages. (medscape.com)
  • The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • Pluripotent cells may differentiate to cells of most types, and multipotent cells are capable only of differentiating to certain types within a group of cells that perform similar functions. (citizendium.org)
  • Mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) were first established in 2000, and then proved to be able to differentiate either in vivo or in vitro, and give rise to individual tissues through germ line transmission or tetraploid complementation. (benthamscience.com)
  • However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Since germ therapy is too late for everyone alive, we have to correct the genotype of a significant number of our somatic cells or replace them by new ones. (senescence.info)
  • These cells are commonly termed embryonic germ (EG) cells because they are derived from primordial germ cells found at the genital ridges in developing fetuses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To define the mechanistic basis of clonal hematopoiesis in SDS, we investigate somatic mutations acquired by patients with SDS followed longitudinally. (nature.com)
  • Here we report that multiple independent somatic hematopoietic clones arise early in life, most commonly harboring heterozygous mutations in EIF6 or TP53 . (nature.com)
  • Somatic TP53 mutations have been observed in patients with SDS who develop MDS 13 , raising the possibility that next-generation sequencing could be integrated into surveillance for somatic clones with enhanced leukemia potential. (nature.com)
  • To understand the molecular pathogenesis of MN in patients with SDS, we characterized the presence and dynamics of somatic mutations in serial, clinically annotated samples collected prospectively from patients enrolled in the North American SDS Registry and studied the functional consequences of recurrently mutated pathways. (nature.com)
  • Autonomous hyperactivity is conferred by somatic mutations of the thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), receptor in 20-80% of toxic adenomas and some nodules of multinodular goiters. (medscape.com)
  • Increased thyroid cell replication predisposes single cells to somatic mutations of the TSH receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Somatic mutations of the TSH receptors and G α protein confer constitutive activation to the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cascade of the inositol phosphate pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Campbell had a key role in the creation of Dolly, as he had the crucial idea of co-ordinating the stages of the "cell cycle" of the donor somatic cells and the recipient eggs and using diploid quiescent or "G0" arrested somatic cells as nuclear donors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Applying MPTR to dermal fibroblasts from middle-aged donors, we found that cells temporarily lose and then reacquire their fibroblast identity, possibly as a result of epigenetic memory at enhancers and/or persistent expression of some fibroblast genes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cloned transgenic swine via in vitro production and cryopreservation. (chinagene.cn)
  • The induction of a specific differentiated cell type can be useful for transplantation or drug screening and drug discovery in vitro. (justia.com)
  • Keith Henry Stockman Campbell (23 May 1954 - 5 October 2012) was a British biologist who was a member of the team at Roslin Institute that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, in 1996, a team led by Ian Wilmut with Keith Campbell as the main (66% of the credit) contributor used the same technique and shocked the world by successfully cloning a sheep from adult mammary cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Campbell and his team also cloned a sheep from adult cells in 1996, which they named Dolly. (asu.edu)
  • It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Uncompleted epigenetic reprogramming is attributed to the low efficiency of producing transgenic cloned animals. (chinagene.cn)
  • 3] Watanabe S, Iwamoto M, Suzuki SI, Fuchimoto D, Honma D, Nagai T, Hashimoto M, Yazaki S, Sato M, Onishi A. A novel method for the production of transgenic cloned pigs: electroporation-mediated gene transfer to non-cultured cells and subsequent selection with puromycin. (chinagene.cn)
  • Efficient and stable expression of foreign genes in cells and transgenic animals is important for gain-of-function studies and the establishment of bioreactors. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Efficient method to generate single-copy transgenic mice by site-specific integration in embryonic stem cells. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • Since the term "born" has been used as an essential part of the definition of " reproductive cloning " used by Weissman, the National Academy of Sciences, etc., then it is critical to use the accurate term with the proper meaning. (lifeissues.net)
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells, another types of pluripotent stem cells derived from any tissue by reprogramming and are the homologous source of stem cells. (benthamscience.com)
  • and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)
  • If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
  • For instance, it may be possible one day to produce cardiac tissue to repair a heart damaged in a heart attack, nerve tissue to repair spinal cord injuries and cell therapies to treat people suffering from Alzheimer's or ALS. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Undifferentiated cells, found in a differentiated tissue, that can renew themselves and - with certain limitations - differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originated. (michaeljfox.org)
  • and from mature adult tissue cells reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. (cmq.org.uk)
  • These three sources of stem cells do not create the same serious ethical concerns as those derived from embryonic and foetal tissue. (cmq.org.uk)
  • The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
  • Furthermore, the CCK8 assay showed that the GFP knock-in events had no adverse effects ( P 24h =0.31, P 48h =0.96, P 72h =0.24, P 96h =0.17, and P 120h =0.38) on cell proliferation of PK15 cells. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Cell Proliferation, 37, 207-220. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Campbell believed all potential stem cell populations should be used for both basic and applied research which may provide basic scientific knowledge and lead to the development of cell therapies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such is the fate of two entire fields of academia intertwined in the current issue of human embryonic stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
  • Such "guidelines" will ensure that stem cell researchers are not treated poorly as was Hwang when he was eventually found guilty of falsifying his data. (lifeissues.net)
  • See Irving, "Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Are official positions based on scientific fraud? (lifeissues.net)
  • Stem Cell Research? (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • What is the Jewish perspective on stem cell research? (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • A few years ago, in an article in the The Times of London newspaper, the author, Michael Gove, made the following statement: "Embryonic stem-cell experimentation involves not just the destruction of human life but the creation of life with the specific intent to destroy it. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • If embryonic stem-cell research offers real possibilities for future cures then, from a Jewish point of view, it may be pursued with caution, humility, and strict supervision. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • Therefore, a central goal in clinical care of SDS patients is to identify incipient leukemic transformation and initiate pre-emptive treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (nature.com)
  • After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
  • Adult stem cells hold great promise in mitigating much of the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell use. (citizendium.org)
  • Results published in the late 50's and early 60's marked the beginning of the stem cell era. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hematopoietic (blood forming) stem cells have been investigated for several decades and is currently by far the best characterized stem cell system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, when a stem cell culture is induced to differentiate, the differentiated population is analysed for particular cell types by expression of genes, markers or phenotypic analysis. (justia.com)
  • Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are usually the result of intrinsic stem cell/progenitor defects. (medscape.com)
  • Various strategies have been used to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer, however, significant breakthroughs are yet to happen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Couldrey C., Lee R.S., DNA methylation patterns in tissues from mid-gestation bovine foetuses produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer show subtle abnormalities in nuclear reprogramming. (biologie-journal.org)
  • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
  • 1] Vajta G. Somatic cell nuclear transfer in its first and sec-ond decades: successes, setbacks, paradoxes and perspectives. (chinagene.cn)
  • 6] Vajta G, Zhang YH, Macháty Z. Somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs: recent achievements and future possibilities. (chinagene.cn)
  • This is cloning, a process in which the body cell that donated the replacement nucleus supplies the chromosomes of the new human organism. (actionlife.org)
  • Whether the new organism is produced by fertilization or by cloning, each new human organism is a distinct entity. (actionlife.org)
  • On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Clonal expansion of T cells correlating with disease activity has been observed in peripheral blood (PB) of SLE subjects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, analysis of TCR CDR3 sequences has provided a useful means to study clonal expansions, repertoire breadth, and other properties such as CDR3 length polymorphisms, V(D)J gene usage, and sequence specificity of the T cell response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The etiology of bone marrow failure (BMF) includes defective stem/progenitor cells and/or stroma/accessory cells/growth factors, as well as deficient nonspecific nutrients or, as in the case of acquired aplastic anemia, immune-mediated abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Curr Opin Cell Biol , 2001, 13(3): 263-273. (chinagene.cn)
  • Complete loss of Lilli function leads to a reduction in cell and organ size (Wittwer, 2001). (sdbonline.org)
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Promoters of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are preferentially remethylated at the 8-cell stage, suggesting that this mode of energy metabolism may not be favored. (nature.com)
  • 2.2e-16) with that of the wild type cells, indicating that the GFP knock-in did not alter the global expression of endogenous genes. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • The precise pathophysiology of inherited single cell and multilineage cytopenias has not been elucidated despite the identification of many of the genes mutated in these disorders. (medscape.com)
  • In sexual reproduction the new individual gets half of its chromosomes from the nucleus of the sperm cell and half from the nucleus of the egg cell. (actionlife.org)
  • Instead, an egg has its nucleus removed and replaced by a nucleus from another type of cell-a body cell. (actionlife.org)
  • Detailed descriptions of methods used in animal cloning and biotechnology are provided in the report Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns (NRC, 2002). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
  • Germline and somatic follicle cells mutant for dm exhibit a profound decrease in their ability to grow and to carry out endoreplication,a modified cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of cell division. (biologists.com)
  • Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)
  • in 1956 and Till and McCulloch in 1961, demonstrating that lethally irradiated mice could be rescued with cells from freshly isolated bone marrow [ 10 ] and that BM cells formed spleen clonies (CFU-S) following transplantation to irradiated recipients [ 30 ], respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In July 1995 Keith Campbell and Bill Ritchie succeeded in producing a pair of lambs, Megan and Morag from embryonic cells, which had differentiated in culture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonetheless, it appears that in order to cure aging we will need to target multiple types of cells and possibly address different types of molecular damage and malfunction. (senescence.info)
  • Future long-range goals include the study of is (sic) molecular epidemiology, possibly oncogene involvement, and the role of cytokines and transforming or growth factors in JHK-infected cells. (ncf-net.org)
  • BACKGROUND: GGA3 has been reported to be related to cellular events such as cell survival, cell migration and cell apoptosis through different molecular mechanisms, which imply the potential role in tumorigenesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In 1997, Ritchie and Campbell in collaboration with PPL (Pharmaceutical Proteins Limited) created another sheep named "Polly", created from genetically altered skin cells containing a human gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1995, Campbell and his scientific team used cells grown and differentiated in a laboratory to clone sheep for the first time. (asu.edu)
  • The following is a direct quotation from the CRISP search: ' Abstract Grant Number: 3RO1A132710-0353 PI Name: Grossberg, Sidney E. PI Title Project Title: JHK VIRUS Abstract: our goal is to determine by morphologic, genetic, biochemical, and immulogic means whether the JHK virus, an enveloped virus, and enveloped, 80-nm, RNA virus produced constitutively by a B lymphoblastoid cell line established in our laboratory, is a new human retrovirus. (ncf-net.org)
  • cloning" [6] , a reference the claim of Clonaid that it had produced five cloned human infants. (citizendium.org)
  • A chemical that binds to a receptor on a cell and triggers a response by that cell. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the T cell receptor (TCR) β loci has emerged as a sensitive way to measure the T cell repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ninety-five percent of T cells in the blood express T cell receptor (TCR) consisting of heterodimers of αβ chains [ 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the normal course of gestation, these cells will divide and split off from one another to become every cell in the human body, forming the various organs and tissues. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
  • A few of the cells in the inner cell mass will develop into the foetus, whereas the rest will form the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for foetal development in the uterus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • After the knock-in of a 2A peptide-green fluorescence protein ( 2A-GFP ) transgene in the last codon of COL1A1 in multiple porcine cells, including porcine kidney epithelial (PK15), porcine embryonic fibroblast (PEF) and porcine intestinal epithelial (IPI-2I) cells, quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blotting, RNA-seq and CCK8 assay were performed to assess the safety of COL1A1 locus. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Recent work has demonstrated that the epigenome is already rejuvenated by the maturation phase of somatic cell reprogramming, which suggests full reprogramming is not required to reverse ageing of somatic cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • This study describes a novel "maturation phase transient reprogramming" (MPTR) method to restore the epigenome of cells to a more youthful state. (elifesciences.org)
  • Inhibition of nuclear meiotic maturation via IBMX significantly increased MIR21 and decreased its target, PDCD4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By the 8-cell stage, remethylation becomes more pronounced than demethylation, resulting in an increase in global DNA methylation. (nature.com)
  • Accelerated hematopoietic cell apoptosis has been demonstrated in virtually all IBMFS. (medscape.com)
  • Autophagic cell death was excluded as the inhibition of autophagy did not attenuate the cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)