• One method of doing this is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • This approach could become an alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a method that is currently used to produce human stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • A breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer opens the possibility of producing human embryonic stem cells with a patient's own genes. (the-scientist.com)
  • The first pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer, according to a study published today (October 5) in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
  • The advance here is the proof that somatic cell nuclear transfer can work [in human cells] and can fully reset the donor cell genome to a pluripotent state," said Harvard Medical School's George Daley , who was not affiliated with the study. (the-scientist.com)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer typically involves the transfer of genomic information from a somatic cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. (the-scientist.com)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer has shown limited success in animal studies, which have successfully isolated pluripotent cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • In humans, somatic transfer has been less fruitful-the egg cell quits dividing and often dies after nuclear transfer. (the-scientist.com)
  • Instead of removing the egg genome prior to nuclear transfer, he and his colleagues added the somatic cell nucleus directly to the intact egg. (the-scientist.com)
  • 체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
  • Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
  • Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
  • Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
  • True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
  • The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • Cell reprogramming can be achieved experimentally in different ways, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion or expression of transcription factors. (lu.se)
  • In mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. (wikidata.org)
  • Heart muscle cells die en masse after injury, yet the adult mammalian heart retains little capacity to regenerate them. (natureasia.com)
  • Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. (springer.com)
  • Mouse is a well-established model for the study of mammalian embryology, and parallel comparison between mouse and human samples can be very informative and lead to a better understanding of human embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
  • Studies were also conducted on liposome permeability, and a mathematical model was used to calculate radiation energy absorption in mammalian cell models. (cdc.gov)
  • In the field of induced potency and fate reprogramming, it remains unclear what the best starting cell might be and to what extent a cell need be transported back to a more primitive state for translational purposes. (nih.gov)
  • Reprogramming a committed cell back to pluripotence to then instruct it toward a particular specialized cell type is demanding and may increase risks of neoplasia and undesired cell types. (nih.gov)
  • The Accelerator program for diseases in brain using stem cells (ADBS) organizes ​ " Reprogramming human somatic cells to HiPSCs workshop" from November 6 th to 11 th 2017 . (indiabioscience.org)
  • Because the reprogramming of adult human terminally differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) became possible in 2007, only eight years have passed. (biopaqc.com)
  • Initially, he established genetic cell reprogramming for generating iPS cells with the aim to model human diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and atypical Rett syndrome. (michaeljfox.org)
  • The fusion causes the adult cells to undergo genetic reprogramming, which results in cells that have the developmental characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Eggan, Melton and their colleagues decided to pursue their alternative route after other researchers had shown that genetic reprogramming can occur when mouse somatic cells are fused to mouse embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
  • Our work offers a comprehensive and high-resolution roadmap for dissecting chromatin state transition dynamics during the epigenomic reprogramming of human and mouse FGCs. (nature.com)
  • Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
  • When combined with Parnate (also named tranylcypromine), an inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1, CHIR99021 can cause the reprogramming of human primary keratinocyte transduced with the two factors, Oct4 and Klf4. (ca.gov)
  • Our studies suggest that the GSK-3 inhibitor might have a general application to replace transcription factors in both mouse and human reprogramming. (ca.gov)
  • Thus, a much higher grade of parallelization, and throughput in the production of hiPSCs is needed, which can only be achieved by implementing automated solutions for cell reprogramming, and hiPSC expansion. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we describe the StemCellFactory, an automated, modular platform covering the entire process of hiPSC production, ranging from adult human fibroblast expansion, Sendai virus-based reprogramming to automated isolation, and parallel expansion of hiPSC clones. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have developed a feeder-free, Sendai virus-mediated reprogramming protocol suitable for cell culture processing via a robotic liquid handling unit that delivers footprint-free hiPSCs within 3 weeks with state-of-the-art efficiencies. (frontiersin.org)
  • Efficient reprogramming of human fibroblasts using RNA reprogramming with DAPT and iDOT1L under normoxia conditions. (reprocell.com)
  • Our complete portfolio of stem cell research products and services provides optimized tools for each step of the stem cell workflow: from reprogramming somatic cells to iPSC expansion, validation, and differentiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • Reprogramming of somatic cells for iPSC generation can be accomplished with a number of technologies. (thermofisher.com)
  • We offer choices in integration-free reprogramming technologies and services that fit your research and translational needs including our Cell Therapy Systems (CTS) Products, which are designed for clinical and translational research applications. (thermofisher.com)
  • Which stem cell reprogramming technology is right for you? (thermofisher.com)
  • So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)
  • Despite immense promise, somatic cell reprogramming still faces a critical challenge. (sibi.org)
  • The focus of our laboratory is to understand the molecular determinants underlying cell reprogramming and hematopoietic specification. (lu.se)
  • Direct neuronal reprogramming of a somatic cell into therapeutic neurons, without a transient pluripotent state, provides new promise for the large number of individuals afflicted by neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury. (lu.se)
  • The first part of the thesis (Paper I, II, III) shows the development and improvement of a hESC-based system of for virus-mediated direct reprogramming of human glial progenitor cells into both induced dopaminergic neurons (iDANs) and GABAergic interneurons. (lu.se)
  • Cell proliferation ceased, and differentiation into electrophysiologically active neurons and other CNS cell types in vivo ensued upon transplantation into rats, both during development and after adult injury--with functional improvement and without neoplasia, overgrowth, deformation, emergence of non-neural cell types, phenotypic or genomic instability, or need for immunosuppression. (nih.gov)
  • Workshop Curriculum- Reagent and media preparation, feeder cell preparation, stem cell colony identification, characterization, enzymatic and manual colony picking and passaging, freezing and thawing, EB preparation, neural differentiation and characterization. (indiabioscience.org)
  • a) Neural induction: neuroectoderm (neural dish) differentiation occurs consuming the AVE. The mesodermal cells begin. (biopaqc.com)
  • He, then, has translated some of this knowledge in the stem cell research field contributing to develop protocols and methods for generating sub-type specific telencephalic neurons through in vitro differentiation of embryonic and neural stem cells. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Establishment of germ-line-competent embryonic stem (ES) cells using differentiation inhibiting activity. (springer.com)
  • For the first time researchers can now compare iPSC differentiation to the same process an egg goes through after the transfer of a somatic cell genome. (the-scientist.com)
  • This could help researchers identify abnormalities in iPSC differentiation, correct them, and develop pluripotent stem cells that don't harbor tumorigenic qualities and do not require the use of human embryos. (the-scientist.com)
  • This includes the analysis of genes in germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Protocols for hepatocyte differentiation from iPS cells have been studied. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It was hypothesized that the addition of glucose and galactose promoted hepatocyte differentiation of iPS cell. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Variation of DNA methylation on the IRX1/2 genes is responsible for the neural differentiation propensity in human induced pluripotent stem cells. (reprocell.com)
  • Pancreatic Differentiation of Stem Cells Reveals Pathogenesis of a Syndrome of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes. (reprocell.com)
  • Gibco media, supplements, substrates, growth factors and cytokines provide you with an easy-to-use, flexible set of tools for targeted differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Our differentiation portfolio allows optimal growth, expansion and storage of differentiated cells-enabling faster, more efficient systems. (thermofisher.com)
  • Temporal multimodal single-cell profiling of native hematopoiesis illuminates altered differentiation trajectories with age. (lu.se)
  • First, we utilized single cell sequencing to dissect the differentiation of stem cells to midbrain dopaminergic neurons. (lu.se)
  • Firstly, we present a robust 2-week protocol for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into forebrain neural progenitor cells. (lu.se)
  • The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. (eurekamag.com)
  • On the basis of these results, the human beta and gamma globin genes have been assigned to human chromosome 11. (eurekamag.com)
  • Furthermore, Eggan noted that genetic analyses of the fused cells revealed that the somatic cell genes characteristic of adult cells had all been switched off, while those characteristic of embryonic cells had been switched on. (news-medical.net)
  • With the exception of a few genes one way or the other -- which is perhaps because these cells are now tetraploid -- the hybrid cells are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells," he said. (news-medical.net)
  • Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. (springer.com)
  • While iPSCs avoid the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells, the methods used to derive them sometimes induce mutations in cancer causing genes, making them unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
  • Moreover, we find that the distal NDRs are enriched specifically for binding motifs of the pluripotency and germ cell master regulators such as NANOG, SOX17, AP2γ and OCT4 in human FGCs, indicating the existence of a delicate regulatory balance between pluripotency-related genes and germ cell-specific genes in human FGCs, and the functional significance of these genes for germ cell development in vivo . (nature.com)
  • The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
  • At the cellular level, the actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a 94-kd protein, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The human (h) GR belongs to the steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid superfamily of nuclear receptors and functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes positively or negatively. (medscape.com)
  • However, changes made to genes in egg or sperm cells or to the genes of an embryo could be passed to future generations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
  • Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes depending on how a gene is defined. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AID and Polη function during B-cell affinity maturation by catalyzing somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin variable genes (IgV) to generate high-affinity Abs. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. (eurekamag.com)
  • Genetic analysis with human--mouse somatic cell hybrids. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pluripotent teratocarcinoma-thymus somatic cell hybrids. (springer.com)
  • 7 Several studies analysing AID expression and mutation patterns in V gene rearrangements in various B cell non-HLs showed that, although somatic hypermutation activity is strictly dependent on AID, the expression of this protein does not necessarily indicate ongoing somatic hypermutation. (bmj.com)
  • This strategy of inducing self-renewal might be applied to progenitors from other organs and may prove to be a safe, effective, efficient, and practical method for optimizing insights gained from the ability to reprogram cells. (nih.gov)
  • It is more likely that the new technique will see immediate use in helping to accelerate understanding of how embryonic cells "reprogram" somatic cells to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
  • Understanding human [eggs'] ability to reprogram could shed light on improved methods for reprograming," said Noggle. (the-scientist.com)
  • The emergent ability to directly reprogram somatic cells into desired hematopoietic cell-types is opening avenues to the discovery of new therapies for immune and blood diseases. (lu.se)
  • In cellular biology, a somatic cell (from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) 'body'), or vegetal cell, is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The long term goal for this experiment was to do cell fusion in a way that would allow the elimination of the embryonic stem cell nucleus to create an embryonic stem cell from the somatic cell," said Melton. (news-medical.net)
  • The stem cell field witnessed a genuine breakthrough when a combination of solely four transcription factors ( Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc, OSKM ) proved enough to revert, in vitro, the differentiated status of a variety of cell types back to pluripotency, giving rise to so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (springer.com)
  • Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. (springer.com)
  • Evans MD, Kelley J. US attitudes toward human embryonic stem cell research. (springer.com)
  • A couple of studies show some success in generating early microscopic embryos, but this [study] is the first successful pluripotent stem cell line," said Daley. (the-scientist.com)
  • To achieve this success, Scott Noggle at the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory took a unique approach to the process. (the-scientist.com)
  • The resulting clone developed into a microscopic embryo, which survived long enough for pluripotent stem cell lines to be derived. (the-scientist.com)
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell technology has attracted enormous interest for potential application in regenerative medicine. (ca.gov)
  • The term stem cell is generally used to describe cells that are totipotent , pluripotent , or multipotent . (citizendium.org)
  • The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
  • After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
  • However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
  • Adult stem cells hold great promise in mitigating much of the ethical debate over embryonic stem cell use. (citizendium.org)
  • Automatically expanded hiPSCs exhibit normal growth characteristics, and show sustained expression of the pluripotency associated stem cell marker TRA-1-60 over at least 5 weeks (10 passages). (frontiersin.org)
  • Other scientists, including Jun Wu, a stem cell biologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, are also studying chimeras with the ultimate goal of one day being able to grow enough human organs to meet the enormous need for transplants, potentially saving hundreds of thousands of lives. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, advances in stem cell research in the 2000s revolutionized the field, opening up new possibilities and new applications for multispecies organism research. (the-scientist.com)
  • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells' (2007), by Junying Yu et al. (asu.edu)
  • On 2 December 2007, Science published a report on creating human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human somatic cells: "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells. (asu.edu)
  • Comparative analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. (reprocell.com)
  • Our products have been an integral part of induced pluripotent stem cell research from the initial discovery of iPSCs to current breakthroughs. (thermofisher.com)
  • From feeder-based and feeder-free media to optimized passaging reagents and substrates to media for stem cell therapy research, Gibco products enable you to culture with confidence. (thermofisher.com)
  • In this study, we used natural and engineered cis-regulatory alleles in a plant stem-cell circuit to systematically evaluate epistatic relationships controlling tomato fruit size. (bvsalud.org)
  • Today, clinical trials using stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors have commenced. (lu.se)
  • To understand further the genetic factors influencing red blood cells, we carried out a genome-wide association study of haemoglobin concentration and related parameters in up to 135,367 individuals. (natureasia.com)
  • Stem cells also provide a model system in which researchers can study the causes of genetic disease and the basis of embryonic development. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers demonstrated that they had achieved fusion of the two cell types by searching the fused cells for two distinctive genetic markers present in the somatic fibroblast and stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • The findings validate this controversial method, and may one day allow therapeutic stem cells to be created from a patient's own genetic material. (the-scientist.com)
  • Noggle said the findings may also pave the way for better induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which form when somatic cells are regressed to a pluripotent state through the use of genetic factors. (the-scientist.com)
  • Along with integration sites that seem to correspond to germline activity of these mobile genetic elements, they also saw thousands of potential insertion sites stemming from somatic retrotransposons activity in the brain, including many retrotransposition events affecting protein-coding sequences that are typically expressed in the brain. (genomeweb.com)
  • Thus, somatic genome mosaicism driven by retrotransposition may reshape the genetic circuitry that underpins normal and abnormal neurobiological processes. (genomeweb.com)
  • Along with apparent germline mutations caused by L1, Alu, or SVA genetic elements, the team found thousands of possible somatic insertions in the hippocampus and caudate nucleus, including 7,743 L1 insertions, 13,692 Alu insertions, and 1,350 SVA insertions. (genomeweb.com)
  • Results of the current study "indicate that somatic L1 and Alu mobilization fundamentally alters the genetic landscape of the human brain," the authors added, "and that retrotransposition is the primary mechanism underlying this phenomenon. (genomeweb.com)
  • Multiple different methods have been demonstrated to selectively kill senescent cells in mice, including the genetic engineering approach used a few years ago and the various senolytic drug candidates discovered more recently. (fightaging.org)
  • if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
  • However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
  • Researching the role of genetic variation between human sperm and somatic (body) cells where the basis is currently unknown. (stanford.edu)
  • While human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide novel prospects for disease-modeling, the high phenotypic variability seen across different lines demands usage of large hiPSC cohorts to decipher the impact of individual genetic variants. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sickle cell anemia is an example of an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. (genome.gov)
  • When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • More so, TEs are a rich source of genetic variation, which makes them an intriguing research avenue to investigate humanspecific traits, including their impact on human brain evolution and their relevance in disease. (lu.se)
  • In the studies published in Science, the researchers combined human fibroblast cells with human embryonic stem cells in the presence of a detergent-like substance that caused the two cell types to fuse. (news-medical.net)
  • The triploid cells aren't suitable for therapeutic purposes, and future efforts will be focused on trying to eliminate the [egg cell] genome," said Daley, who wrote an accompanying News & Views in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
  • studies on cell cycle regulation and genome instability. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
  • I]t is not known where somatic L1 insertions occur in the genome," the researchers wrote, "nor, considering that open chromatin is susceptible to Li integration, whether these events disproportionately affect protein-coding loci expressed in the brain. (genomeweb.com)
  • The researchers tracked down retrotransposons insertion sites by looking for individual reads with ends that mapped to two different loci in the human reference genome. (genomeweb.com)
  • The glossary features nearly 250 terms explained in an easy-to-understand way by leading scientists and professionals at the National Human Genome Research Institute. (genome.gov)
  • Genome editing is of great interest in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Currently, genome editing is used in cells and animal models in research labs to understand diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ethical concerns arise when genome editing, using technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, is used to alter human genomes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the changes introduced with genome editing are limited to somatic cells, which are cells other than egg and sperm cells (germline cells). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Germline cell and embryo genome editing bring up a number of ethical challenges, including whether it would be permissible to use this technology to enhance normal human traits (such as height or intelligence). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Based on concerns about ethics and safety, germline cell and embryo genome editing are currently illegal in the United States and many other countries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Human Germline Genome Editing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, in sponges, non-differentiated somatic cells form the germ line and, in Cnidaria, differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germline. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The evolution of an immortal germline producing specialized somatic cells involved the emergence of mortality, and can be viewed in its simplest version in volvocine algae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germline are called Weismannists. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, they can have diploid or even triploid germline cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We research human embryonic stem (ES) cells, germline stem cells and somatic stem cells. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • We find 116 887 and 137 557 nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) in human and mouse FGCs, covering a large set of germline-specific and highly dynamic regulatory genomic elements, such as enhancers. (nature.com)
  • Although the global and thorough DNA demethylation patterns of human FGCs have been revealed, the accompanying chromatin states in human germline remains unexplored. (nature.com)
  • They then differentiated between germline and somatic insertions by comparing RC-seq data from the brain samples and from pooled donor blood samples. (genomeweb.com)
  • Received 12 February 2009 of chemicals on germ cell mutagenicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Prior to the clas- sification work, the technical guidance for classification of germ cell mutagens was prepared. (cdc.gov)
  • In an effort to further understanding of the effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on somatic cell mitotic activity and germ cell function, cell suspensions were exposed to 27 megahertz (MHz) or 2,450MHz radiation under isothermal conditions in-vitro. (cdc.gov)
  • We speculated that this could be induced in a regulatable manner such that cells proliferate only in vitro and differentiate in vivo without the need for promoting pluripotence or specifying lineage identity. (nih.gov)
  • Stem cells also can divide through mitosis, but are different from somatic in that they differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)
  • Pluripotent cells may differentiate to cells of most types, and multipotent cells are capable only of differentiating to certain types within a group of cells that perform similar functions. (citizendium.org)
  • Under these conditions, iPS cells begin to differentiate into a hepatocyte lineage. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can differentiate into somatic cells ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, we have used this protocol to differentiate PSCs from humans and chimpanzees. (lu.se)
  • We show that human and chimpanzee cells differentiate in a similar man¬ner and that the difference in interspecies protein abundance is higher than transcript-level differences, suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a role in the difference between human and chim¬panzee brain development. (lu.se)
  • The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
  • Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
  • In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. (eurekamag.com)
  • 157-BNPT-4 contained the human beta globin gene while 157-BNPT-1 did not. (eurekamag.com)
  • two lines positive for human beta globin gene sequences also contained human gamma globin gene sequences while one line was negative for both beta and gamma gene sequences. (eurekamag.com)
  • As scientific understanding of stem cells, gene editing, and organism development improved, Garry felt that her career path was clear. (the-scientist.com)
  • The lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) originate from germinal centre B cells and carry mutated V gene rearrangements, usually with intraclonal diversity. (bmj.com)
  • It is unclear whether intraclonal V gene diversification by somatic hypermutation, which is strictly dependent on the enzyme activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID), is restricted to the early phase of lymphoma clone expansion and later silenced, or whether it remains active throughout malignant proliferation. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Analysis of V gene rearrangements in single L&H cells revealed the presence of somatic mutations with intraclonal diversity in functional monoclonal V gene rearrangements, in line with a GC B cell origin. (bmj.com)
  • Intraclonal diversity in V gene rearrangements as a result of active somatic hypermutation is a typical feature of GC B cells. (bmj.com)
  • Modeling gene × environment interactions in PTSD using human neurons reveals diagnosis-specific glucocorticoid-induced gene expression. (reprocell.com)
  • Choose from Invitrogen gene editing and transfection technologies to build cell models that can better answer biological questions. (thermofisher.com)
  • A) Schematic representation of the structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene. (medscape.com)
  • It is being explored in research and clinical trials for a wide variety of diseases, including single-gene disorders such as cystic fibrosis , hemophilia , and sickle cell disease . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene variable regions and class switch recombination (CSR) of Ig heavy chain constant regions. (bvsalud.org)
  • And, since these cell types are derived from three different parts of the embryo, this really demonstrated the ability of these cells to give rise to a variety of different cell types. (news-medical.net)
  • The fusion ultimately gives rise to a microscopic embryo, from which embryonic stem cells can theoretically be derived. (the-scientist.com)
  • In the best case, an early embryo consisting of a few cells may form, but these are not capable of giving rise to human life, nor hESCs for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
  • Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
  • Those who oppose this practice often argue that human life begins from the moment of conception, and that, therefore, destruction of a blastocyst stage embryo is morally equivalent to abortion and infanticide . (citizendium.org)
  • We think that the developmental cues that exist in the pig will help to guide the human cells inside the porcine embryo. (the-scientist.com)
  • This activity may be a facilitating step in turning on the cell-division pathway that produces sperm and egg cells. (natureasia.com)
  • Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
  • Then, his group identified a minimal combination of three transcription factors (Mash1, Nurr1 and Lmx1a) able to directly convert model and human fibroblasts into functional dopaminergic neurons. (michaeljfox.org)
  • This discovery allows for the straightforward production of a homogenous source of human functional dopaminegic neurons amenable for a cellular replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease and its in vitro modeling. (michaeljfox.org)
  • Furthermore, the use of diphtheria toxin -- which is far more toxic to human cells than mouse cells -- to destroy the human neurons in the mice reversed the observed improvements in motor function. (citizendium.org)
  • This result suggests that the observed increase in motor function was indeed produced by neurons derived from the human embryonic stem cells. (citizendium.org)
  • Because of this local degeneration of a relatively small population of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, PD has been considered an especially interesting candidate for cell-replacement therapy. (lu.se)
  • This approach could be potentially applied directly in the brain by targeting resident cells as a source of new neurons. (lu.se)
  • Secondly, we have developed an all-in-one vector-based strategy to convert adult human dermal fibroblasts directly from Huntington's disease (HD) patients and control individuals into induced neurons (iNs). (lu.se)
  • SCNT involves transferring the nuclei of adult cells, called somatic cells, into oocytes in which scientists have removed the nuclei. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers said that -- while the technique might one day be used along with SCNT, which involves the use of unfertilized human eggs -- technical hurdles must be cleared before the new technique sees widespread use. (news-medical.net)
  • The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from differentiating endoderm cells of Xenopus laevis. (springer.com)
  • The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. (springer.com)
  • The developmental capacity of nuclei transplanted from keratinized skin cells of adult frogs. (springer.com)
  • Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. (springer.com)
  • Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • These alterations can result in the wide range of somatic and reproductive effects described in greater detail in Chapter 3. (cdc.gov)
  • Precursor/progenitor cells from the organ of therapeutic concern typically lack only one critical attribute--the capacity for sustained self-renewal. (nih.gov)
  • The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
  • Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
  • The advent of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technology offers unprecedented opportunities for disease modeling, personalized medicine, and the development of new therapeutic interventions. (frontiersin.org)
  • In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. (cdc.gov)
  • In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc. (cdc.gov)
  • In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. (cdc.gov)
  • In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc. (cdc.gov)
  • Some researchers are attempting to use stem cells to bioengineer human organs in the lab in vitro , rather than inside another species (5). (the-scientist.com)
  • In this thesis, human glia-to-neuron direct conversion and engineered viral vectors are explored using pre-clinical in vitro and ex vivo models. (lu.se)
  • The researchers were also able to further confirmed that fusion occurred by studying the chromosomal makeup of the fused cells. (news-medical.net)
  • The frequency of spontaneous mutations is significantly lower in advanced male germ cells than in somatic cell types from the same individual. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings appear to reflect employment of more effective mechanisms to limit the initial occurrence of spontaneous mutations in germ cells than in somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies of single cells have previously shown intracellular clonal expansion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations to levels that can cause a focal cytochrome c oxidase (COX) defect. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Whilst techniques are available to study mtDNA rearrangements at the level of the single cell, recent interest has focused on the possible role of somatic mtDNA point mutations in ageing, neurodegenerative disease and cancer. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Somatic hypermutation may remain active in L&H cells in a considerable proportion of cases, increasing the risk of acquiring further transforming mutations. (bmj.com)
  • Researchers in Human Genetics and Genomics Advances report that how researchers describe genomic studies may alienate potential participants. (genomeweb.com)
  • However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)
  • Transplantations of fetal tissue in the 1980s and 1990s provided proof-of-concept for the potential of cell replacement therapy for PD and some patients benefitted greatly from their transplants. (lu.se)
  • These have variable effectiveness in different tissues, with some tissue types retaining all of their senescent cells, suggesting that no initial clinical treatment is going to be perfect. (fightaging.org)
  • Even these prototypes are, however, clearing as much as a quarter of senescent cells in some tissues. (fightaging.org)
  • Thus, naively, a hypothetical highly efficient senescent cell clearance therapy might work just fine in a 40-something adult, with tissues containing comparatively few senescent cells, while having a strong chance of killing patients in their 70s, with tissues containing many more senescent cells and also possessed of less resilient organs. (fightaging.org)
  • Their team focuses on using human induced pluripotent stem cells to grow human tissues inside pigs. (the-scientist.com)
  • Human pluripotent stem cells harbor the potential to provide an inexhaustible supply of donor cells or tissues or organs for transplantation," Wu wrote in an email. (the-scientist.com)
  • This can range from the relatively pedestrian, such as a person who received a bone marrow transplant, to creatures that seem more at home in science fiction, such as animals containing cells or tissues belonging to other species. (the-scientist.com)
  • The somatic haploidy is unstable in diplontic animals, but cellular processes determining haploid stability remain elusive. (mtak.hu)
  • Analyze stem cells and their derivatives using a wide range of cellular and molecular characterization methods, as validation is critical in iPSC research. (thermofisher.com)
  • When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • The term Langerhans cell histiocytosis is generally preferred to the older term, histiocytosis X. This newer name emphasizes the histogenesis of the condition by specifying the type of lesional cell and removes the connotation of the unknown ("X") because its cellular basis has now been clarified. (medscape.com)
  • Specifically, a variety of other cellular populations have been identified that possess phenotypic characteristics similar to Langerhans cells, including expression of CD207 and Birbeck granules. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin + dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin + dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • Our approach focuses on Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) for their remarkable regenerative potential and Dendritic Cells (DCs) as key orchestrators of immunity. (lu.se)
  • In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic cells that now bear his name. (medscape.com)
  • The working group of the Histiocyte Society divided histocytic disorders into three groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) macrophage-related disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Arguments supporting the reactive nature of LCH include the occurrence of spontaneous remissions, the extensive elaboration of multiple cytokines by dendritic cells and T-cells (the so-called cytokine storm) in LCH lesions, and the good survival rate in patients without organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • This technique will be particularly useful In identifying the mtDNA mutational spectra in age-related COX-negative cells and will increase our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms by which they occur. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • To minimize this mutagenic potential, epigenetic mechanisms tend to keep the activity of many retrotransposons in check in somatic cells. (genomeweb.com)
  • Ultimately, direct identification of transcripts disrupted by somatic retrotransposition, together with its epigenetic regulation, may provide insights into the molecular processes underlying human cognition, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neoplastic transformation," they concluded. (genomeweb.com)
  • Why is the destruction of senescent cells an important goal? (fightaging.org)
  • Evolution likes reuse, and senescent cells are also transiently involved in wound healing and structural control over embryonic development . (fightaging.org)
  • Nonetheless, having too many senescent cells is a bad thing, and that is exactly what happens with advancing age: senescent cells that evade destruction linger indefinitely, and their numbers grow over time, especially once the immune system starts to decline in old age . (fightaging.org)
  • In large numbers senescent cells cause chronic inflammation and their collective signaling actively harms tissue structure and function. (fightaging.org)
  • Periodic removal of senescent cells would solve all of these problems. (fightaging.org)
  • It is, however, quite possible for a therapy to be too good at killing senescent cells. (fightaging.org)
  • Approaches that could be this efficient in theory will be diluted or otherwise limited and delivered over a number of spaced treatments, producing a steady or stepped destruction of senescent cells at a safe pace. (fightaging.org)
  • GRN510, through a mechanism of telomerase activation, also suppressed the accumulation of senescent cells in the lung. (antiaging-systems.com)
  • Here, we found that inhibition of mevalonate pathway by pitavastatin, a widely used cholesterol-lowering drug, drastically destabilized the haploid state in HAP1 cells. (mtak.hu)
  • Interestingly, cholesterol supplementation did not restore haploid stability in pitavastatin-treated cells, and cholesterol inhibitor U18666A did not phenocopy haploid destabilization. (mtak.hu)
  • Besides cholesterol perturbation, pitavastatin induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the suppression of which by a chemical chaperon significantly restored haploid stability in pitavastatin-treated cells. (mtak.hu)
  • Our data demonstrate the involvement of the mevalonate pathway in the stability of the haploid state in human somatic cells through managing ER stress, highlighting a novel link between ploidy and ER homeostatic control. (mtak.hu)
  • The researchers also performed fusion experiments using pelvic bone cells as the somatic cells and a different human embryonic cell line, to demonstrate that their technique was not restricted to one adult cell type or embryonic cell line. (news-medical.net)
  • Single-cell transcriptional profiling showed that both light- and dark-zone germinal centre states were sustained. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using a workflow combining laser microdissection and single-cell mass spectrometry, the researchers identified more than 1,700 proteins per liver cell. (genomeweb.com)
  • This could allow us to create cells that are useful for transplantation for a variety of diseases without the problem of immunological rejection," said Noggle in a press briefing. (the-scientist.com)
  • Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)
  • Hepatocytes derived from iPS cells are suitable for transplantation into patients with liver insufficiency and for use in toxicity tests ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Several possible mechanisms were considered for the induction of human leukemia, such as clastogenic damage to circulatory stem cells. (who.int)
  • Although interspecies distinctions in cell-type particular factors exist, eventually and pursuing implantation and gastrulation, 3 specific germ levels emerge: endoderm (which forms the liner of organs), mesoderm (gives rise to bone tissue, muscle tissue, and vasculature), and ectoderm (that results the anxious system and epidermis). (biopaqc.com)
  • However, post-mortem analysis of transplanted tissue revealed accumulation of pathological Lewy bodies in a small subset of transplanted cells over time, revealing a host-to-graft disease propagation. (lu.se)
  • Neuroscience focusing on human development and disease has long been hampered due to ethical rea¬sons, low tissue availability, and low translatability from animal models. (lu.se)
  • It is increasingly accepted that metabolic changes in cancer cells can drive tumour formation. (natureasia.com)
  • To analyse whether AID is expressed in L&H cells as an indicator of active somatic hypermutation in the tumour cells. (bmj.com)
  • The advent of iPSCs has opened up the possibility to graft patient-specific cells which most likely would circumvent the need for immunosuppression. (lu.se)
  • This paper reports only the first step toward that goal, because we end up with a tetraploid cell. (news-medical.net)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - An international team has found evidence that retrotransposons from three different families are active in somatic brain cells, the group described its findings online yesterday in Nature . (genomeweb.com)
  • LINE-1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification. (lu.se)
  • Using a multi-omics approach, we demonstrate that TEs introduce a layer of transcriptome complexity to the human brain. (lu.se)
  • Consider the study from some years back that showed as many as 20% of the skin cells in old baboons exhibited the signature for senescence. (fightaging.org)
  • After 7 days of culture, the cells were subjected to reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 11 To clarify this issue for lymphocyte predominant HL we quantitatively examined the expression of AID in the L&H cells of six patients with lymphocyte predominant HL at the transcription level, because suitable antibodies for immunohistochemistry are not yet available. (bmj.com)
  • But recent studies suggest there are exceptions to this somatic suppression, they added, with L1 transposons showing activity in some brain cells. (genomeweb.com)