Somatic cell cloned mammal clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
Here we describe the cloning of two Afghan hounds by nuclear transfer from adult skin cells into oocytes that had matured in vivo . (nature.com)
Successful somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) depends on the quality, availability and maturation of the animal's unfertilized oocytes. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Dog cloned by somatic-cell nuclear transfer. (nature.com)
Dolly was the first successful cloning of a mammal from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating the viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (yahoo.com)
Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell using the technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (scinotions.com)
For the most part, cloning is achieved through a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (syfy.com)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
While eggs chemically triggered to develop don't have what it takes to make a viable embryo, it's a different story if the egg has been given the chromosomes of a cell from a more mature organism, through the technique of somatic-cell nuclear transfer used in cloning. (chemistryworld.com)
Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)

The use of embryonic stem cells, which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research has attracted controversy. (wikipedia.org)
For SCNT, the chromosomes of the unfertilized canine oocytes were removed by micromanipulation, and a single donor cell was transferred into each enucleated oocyte. (nature.com)
Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)

In 1996, Dolly the sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult derived somatic cell, was born in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
His research blossomed after he came to Roslin Institute where in a series of papers he put the intellectual framework into the method of mammalian cloning that ultimately led to the birth of Dolly in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Sir Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, has died at 79. (yahoo.com)
Dolly's successful birth in 1996 marked the first time a mammal was successfully cloned from an adult cell. (yahoo.com)
One of the most famous cloning experiments was the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996. (scinotions.com)
Dolly the sheep made headlines way back in 1996, only three years after Jurassic Park hit theaters, when she became the first successfully cloned mammal. (syfy.com)
A year before Dolly, he successfully cloned two lambs (Megan and Morag) whose cells were taken from sheep embryos.University of EdinburghDolly's successful birth in 1996 marked the first time a mammal was successfully cloned from an adult cell. (sp1ndex.com)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
The cloning of 'Dolly The Sheep' in 1996 by the Rosalind Institute in Scotland, UK, is the most recognised example of reproductive cloning. (geminigenetics.com)

Professor Campbell was instrumental in the creation of Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, a breakthrough which paved the way for the successful cloning of many other mammal species. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Inevitably most people will remember him for Dolly the sheep although his recent work was focused on fundamental and applied stem cell research as a tool for the study of human disease. (nottingham.ac.uk)
A year before Dolly, he successfully cloned two lambs (Megan and Morag) whose cells were taken from sheep embryos. (yahoo.com)
While Dolly proved that cells could be used to create a copy of the animal they came from, Wilmut's next experiment proved that they could also be altered. (yahoo.com)
Dolly was created by removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus from a somatic cell of a donor sheep. (scinotions.com)
Even those who focused more on the natural world than supernatural ones worried about the potential for making "designer humans" or something out of The Island of Dr. Moreau.While Dolly proved that cells could be used to create a copy of the animal they came from, Wilmut's next experiment proved that they could also be altered. (sp1ndex.com)

If artificial cloning and natural cloning both lead to the same result, which is the formation of a clone, that is, an organism with identical or nearly identical genes to another organism, then the plight of This creation is very different between the two creatures. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. (asu.edu)
A new organism is created by asexual reproduction using a duplicate of a single cell from the parent organism. (geminigenetics.com)
This is the most known form of cloning and involves creating a genetically identical replica of a whole organism. (geminigenetics.com)
The process of reproductive cloning involves the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from a donor organism to be cloned being transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus (genetic material) has been removed. (geminigenetics.com)

Father Tad Pacholczyk is convinced that embryonic stem cells will someday cure diseases. (archstl.org)
That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Therapeutic cloning refers to the production of embryonic stem cells for medicinal reasons, for example regenerative medicine and tissue replacement. (geminigenetics.com)
But that's far enough to produce embryonic stem cells that can be harvested for research and medicine - without the ethical quandaries presented by taking stem cells from human embryos discarded in IVF. (chemistryworld.com)
In particular, the invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells into muscle cells or vascular endothelial cells. (justia.com)
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the embryo and are pluripotent, thus possessing the capability of developing into any organ, cell type or tissue type. (justia.com)
However, the molecular pathways that lead to specification and terminal differentiation of specific cell types, such as myocytes, from embryonic stem cells during development are not entirely clear. (justia.com)
culturing a stem cell in the presence of an embryonic cell and/or extracellular medium of an embryonic cell, under conditions that induce differentiation of the stem cell. (justia.com)

He then moved to PPLTherapeutics, the company that was spun out from Roslin Institute, where that procedure and his expertise led to the birth of cloned and genetically modified sheep, pigs and cattle. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Polly, born in 1997, was the first genetically modified cloned mammal. (yahoo.com)

The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
In mammals used in research and agriculture, two methods are used to generate edited embryos prior to transfer to a surrogate. (innovativegenomics.org)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. (wikipedia.org)
In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. (wikipedia.org)
Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
I think, we've seen several hints that the cellular machinery of life is far more powerful and versatile than most believed, it certainly doesn't seem like something that would just decay, Multi-celled organisms seem quite capable of faithfully preserving their genes(even after going through aging several times, third gen clones) and seems to have vast innate regeneration potential. (fightaging.org)
Succesful cloning from a cancer cell, succesful cloning from old adult organisms, repeated cloning of old adult organisms without compromising health(that is clones from clones from clones, second and third generation clones), and the like have shown, unless I missed some news, that IMHO it seems no permanent or at least significantly impairing damage at a genetic level seems to be occuring with aging. (fightaging.org)

However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Donor fibroblasts were obtained from an ear-skin biopsy of a male Afghan hound and cultured for two to five passages (in which fully grown cells are transferred to a new culture dish). (nature.com)
We tested whether the cloned dogs were genetically identical by microsatellite analysis of genomic DNA from the donor Afghan, the cloned dogs and the surrogates (see supplementary information ). (nature.com)
Analysis of eight canine-specific microsatellite loci confirmed that the cloned dogs were genetically identical to their donor dog. (nature.com)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
The resulting embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother, resulting in the birth of an animal genetically identical to the body cell donor. (geminigenetics.com)
The DNA within the skin sample is cultured and inserted into a donor egg cell whose nucleus (genetic material) has been removed. (geminigenetics.com)
The surrogate mum carries the cloned pet for the gestation period and once ready, gives birth to the clone who will be an identical genetic twin to the original pet whose skin sample was used to make the nucleus of the donor egg cell. (geminigenetics.com)

Typically, a detergent is used to break down the cell membranes and release the DNA from the nucleus of the cell. (scinotions.com)
The technique involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with a somatic (body) cell from the animal you want to clone. (syfy.com)
In animal cloning, researchers remove the nucleus - the part of the cell that contains the DNA - from a fertilized egg and replace it with the nucleus of a somatic cell, e.g. a skin cell. (innovativegenomics.org)
The egg then forms an animal genetically identical to the animal that donated the nucleus: a clone. (innovativegenomics.org)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)

Specifically, many wondered: If they're doing sheep now, how long until they clone humans? (yahoo.com)
Humans and other mammals may produce natural clones, commonly referred to as identical twins. (geminigenetics.com)

Numerous biological components, including genes, cells, tissues, and even complete creatures like sheep, have been cloned by researchers, and now cat, dog and equine cloning is widely and reliably available via international companies such as our partner, ViaGen Pets & Equine. (geminigenetics.com)

Asexual reproduction is a natural method used by certain plants, bacteria, and single-celled creatures to create genetically identical offspring, i.e. clones. (geminigenetics.com)

In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)

Wilmut moved to the University of Edinburgh the following decade, focusing on using cloning to make stem cells for regenerative medicine. (yahoo.com)
The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)

The main difference between the two is that natural cloning does not involve any human intervention, whereas artificial cloning is a genetic engineering technique. (wikipedia.org)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
The subject of human cloning has been around for much of the 20th century and beyond. (archstl.org)
Can you clone a human by using the hair? (scinotions.com)
It is not feasible to clone a human using only hair as the source of DNA since hair cells do not contain the complete set of genetic material necessary for human cloning. (scinotions.com)
There have been no successful human cloning experiments, and human cloning is currently illegal in most countries. (scinotions.com)
To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
After being free from human interference and the addition of new cattle for over 1000 years, this UK Native breed are considered so genetically similar that they are in fact, genetic clones of each other. (geminigenetics.com)
increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
Ramsey's statement could thus not apply to the issue of human cloning to begin with. (lifeissues.net)
b) But there is a more fundamental reason why Ramsey's statement might not apply to the issue of human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
But it is perhaps not auspicious to quote him for purposes of the scientific debates on human cloning, because Ramsey agreed with and supported the scientific myth of the "pre-embryo" 47 made famous by Jesuit Richard McCormick and frog embryologist Clifford Grobstein. (lifeissues.net)
Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)
a) It would seem that Saunders uses the "potential" argument here quite appropriately, but it is critical that the term be understood properly in order to deflect any misunderstandings or misinterpretations - especially if the term were to be used in any U. N. treaty on human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
If the term "potential" were to be incorporated into a U. N. treaty on human cloning, it would be necessary to clarify its use as referring to an already existing human being/person. (lifeissues.net)
Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
Comment: If by "waffling" Kettle means that one knowingly supports a fake ban on human cloning (see conclusion of article), then there is a whole lot of waffling going on - on both sides of the aisles. (lifeissues.net)
article: Now, he's done it again by signing up as a co-sponsor (along with Senators Orin Hatch and Dianne Feinstein) of what could be called the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimization Act of 2003 (S. 303) . (lifeissues.net)
The cloning "bans" being supported in his article could likewise be called "the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimazation Acts of 2003" (e.g. (lifeissues.net)
It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
article: But, S. 303 does not outlaw the act of human cloning at all . (lifeissues.net)
In particular, the induction of stem cells to differentiate into muscle cells (myocytes) is useful for muscle transplantation and therapeutic purposes, as well as providing potential human disease models in culture (e.g. for testing pharmaceuticals). (justia.com)

General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)

This pioneering study has helped pave the way for others to develop gene and stem-cell based strategies for therapeutic purposes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Therapeutic cloning involves the creation of an early-stage embryo (blastocyst) and the removal of stem cells from the developing embryo. (geminigenetics.com)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
The present invention also provides methods of using the differentiated cells of the present invention for therapeutic purposes. (justia.com)
The induction of cardiomyocyte differentiation in stem cells is especially useful in developing therapeutic methods and products for heart disease and abnormal heart conditions. (justia.com)

There are also naturally occurring clones among animal populations. (geminigenetics.com)
As well as their distinctive white markings and long curved horns, these cattle are special because they are now considered a herd of naturally occurring clones. (geminigenetics.com)
Some vertebrates, such as certain lizards, reproduce naturally by parthenogenesis - but not mammals. (chemistryworld.com)

Cloning has been proposed as a means of reviving extinct species. (wikipedia.org)
depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (i.e. cloning soldiers for warfare). (wikipedia.org)
To date, more than 20 species have been cloned , with 19 of them surviving into adulthood. (syfy.com)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)

a , Snuppy, the first cloned dog, at 67 days after birth (right), with the three-year-old male Afghan hound (left) whose somatic skin cells were used to clone him. (nature.com)
Other notable cloning experiments include the cloning of a cat named CC (Carbon Copy) in 2001, the cloning of a mule named Idaho Gem in 2003, and the cloning of a dog named Snuppy in 2005. (scinotions.com)

But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)

Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning, a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Small molecules, identified by screening, have been used to switch differentiated cells directly from one tissue type to another - cardiac fibroblasts to muscle, say - both outside and inside the body. (chemistryworld.com)
Differentiation of stem cells is known be triggered by various growth factors and regulatory molecules. (justia.com)

The process of differentiation in stem cells involves selective development of immature cells to committed and fully mature cells of various lineages. (justia.com)

Whilst differentiation of some lineage specific stem cells can be induced with a degree of certainty, a differentiation outcome of a population of pluripotent stem cells is less predictable. (justia.com)

However, it's important to note that cloning is still a relatively new technology and has many limitations and ethical concerns that need to be addressed before it can be used widely. (scinotions.com)
Though pet cloning may be considered a relatively new technology, the process of cloning as defined above is first documented in 1885, where Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch demonstrated artificial embryo twinning on a sea-urchin. (geminigenetics.com)

Scientists then need a way to get that DNA into a living cell and implanted in a surrogate animal for incubation. (syfy.com)

Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. (wikipedia.org)
During differentiation the expression of stem cell specific genes and markers are often lost and cells acquire gene expression profiles of somatic cells or their precursors. (justia.com)
Generally, when a stem cell culture is induced to differentiate, the differentiated population is analysed for particular cell types by expression of genes, markers or phenotypic analysis. (justia.com)
Methods of inducing differentiation in stem cells and muscle cells produced therefrom may be used for the study of cellular and molecular biology of tissue development, for the discovery of genes and proteins such as differentiation factors that play a role in tissue development and regeneration. (justia.com)

The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
The present invention relates to methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells. (justia.com)
The invention also includes cells, cell lines, testing models and culture systems used in the methods of the present invention and differentiated cells produced therefrom. (justia.com)
Therefore there remains a need for providing effective methods of inducing differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, such as myocytes or endothelial cells. (justia.com)

The scientifically groundbreaking announcement also set off a media firestorm as experts and casual observers wrestled with lab-made mammals' ethical implications. (yahoo.com)

Coined by Herbert J. Webber, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. (wikipedia.org)
In this process, all the DNA in a fertilized egg is taken out and the DNA from an edited cell line is transferred in to make an gene-edited embryo. (innovativegenomics.org)
Pet cloning is the process where a genetically identical twin is created of your original animal companion. (geminigenetics.com)

The word "cloning" refers to a variety of procedures that may be used to create biological copies that are genetically identical to the original. (geminigenetics.com)
Molecular cloning refers to the production of multiple copies of a DNA fragment or gene. (geminigenetics.com)
Gene cloning refers to the identification and duplication of a single gene or a DNA segment, for the intention of investigating its function or creating a particular protein. (geminigenetics.com)

In bioethics, there are a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning. (wikipedia.org)

His pioneering studies into cell-cycle control and cellular differentiation led to the programme of work at Roslin that gave birth to the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells - ie. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The induction of a specific differentiated cell type can be useful for transplantation or drug screening and drug discovery in vitro. (justia.com)

This was how Chinese scientists in Shanghai recently managed to clone macaque monkeys 3 - the first cloning of primates. (chemistryworld.com)

Hair is an exceptional source of DNA since it holds nucleated cells that contain genetic material. (scinotions.com)
Although hair contains nucleated cells with genetic material, the DNA within them is often degraded and insufficient for cloning. (scinotions.com)

The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. (asu.edu)

Are there any successful experiments in cloning so far? (scinotions.com)

The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
In contrast, the hair follicle is the portion of hair embedded in the skin, holding nucleated cells that can be utilized for DNA extraction. (scinotions.com)
Pet cloning is achieved via use of a skin sample from the pet you want to clone. (geminigenetics.com)

However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production, affinity tagging, single-stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools. (wikipedia.org)

Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. (wikipedia.org)
Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. (wikipedia.org)
The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
Since the term "born" has been used as an essential part of the definition of " reproductive cloning " used by Weissman, the National Academy of Sciences, etc., then it is critical to use the accurate term with the proper meaning. (lifeissues.net)

Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)

Professor Campbell was a cell biologist/embryologist with a research career spanning more than 30 years, the majority of which was in the field of cell growth and differentiation. (nottingham.ac.uk)
There he continued his research on the cloning and genetic modification of livestock. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Afterwards, the cells are grown into whole plants ready for research. (innovativegenomics.org)

Placing the cells under conditions which induce specific cell types has been one form of an attempt to regulate the differentiation outcome. (justia.com)
These conditions include growing the cells to high or low density, changing media, introducing or removing cytokines, hormones and growth factors, creating an environment which suits differentiation toward a specific cell type, such as providing a suitable substrate. (justia.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Information Science3

Nuclear transfer13

SCNT4

199610

Dolly6

Organism6

Embryonic10

Genetically modified2

Embryos3

Organisms6

Donor10

Nucleus6

Humans2

Sheep1

Asexual reproduction1

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Regenerative medicine2

Human24

19971

Therapeutic5

Naturally3

Species4

Snuppy2

Reproductive purposes1

Molecules4

Involves1

Pluripotent stem1

Relatively new technology2

Surrogate1

Genes4

Methods4

Scientifically1

Process3

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Ethical1

Adult cells1

Vitro1

Scientists1

Genetic material2

Chromosomes1

Successful1

Skin3

Molecular1

Term4

Animal1

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Differentiation2