• Aromatic solvents are benzene derivatives with high vapor pressures and low boiling points that increase with increasing molecular weight. (cdc.gov)
  • Aromatic compounds can also be produced by catalytic processes in which aliphatic hydrocarbons are employed at high temperatures and high pressures to dehydrogenate the compounds and form cyclic structures of the aromatic hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike conventional polymeric membranes, porous silica membranes with higher permeance and selectivity are applicable at high wellhead pressures and do not suffer from CO 2 plasticization, representing an alternative for CO 2 /CH 4 separation. (mrs.org)
  • One of the challenges associated with vapor detection of explosives is that energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) have very low vapor pressures at ambient temperatures (3,4). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Vapor pressures for most other energetic materials are significantly lower. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Figure 1 shows plots of the vapor pressures as a function of vapor pressure for a number of explosives, as well as several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Given the vapor pressures shown in Figure 1, the expected vapor concentration of TNT from a TNT-based device or a deployed landmine will be orders of magnitude less the canine limit of detection at 300 K. Given these low vapor concentrations, how is a trained canine able to successfully detect and locate the presence of a landmine? (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • You can also dissolve lithium in an organic solvent and press it at several bar pressures to use. (managenergy.tv)
  • MSA possesses excellent solvency power, making it an effective solvent for both polar and non-polar compounds. (arkema.com)
  • The density of a supercritical fluid is close to that of a liquid, and such a fluid is a highly effective solvent. (jasco-global.com)
  • Typically the electrolyte includes a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4) dissolved inside an organic solvent such as azure. (stocksandservicesmanagement.com)
  • Aromatic solvents are characterized by nonpolarity and high lipid solubility. (cdc.gov)
  • Wipe out oil and grease by solvent soaked cloth (such as Xylene, Toluene or Acetone). (hindcon.com)
  • Furan is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • These solvents possess high vapor densities and are not very water soluble. (cdc.gov)
  • MSA 70% (Methane Sulfonic Acid) is an organic acid with the chemical formula CH 3 SO 3 H. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. (arkema.com)
  • Highly soluble in water forming a homogeneous solution and is miscible with most polar organic solvents. (arkema.com)
  • Soluble in water and most organic solvents. (chemicalbook.com)
  • It is miscible with water and soluble with other organic solvents. (chemicalbook.com)
  • The PNC possesses properties of a water-soluble surfactant containing methyl-terminated PEG side branches in some monomer units attached covalently to the carbon chain backbone. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PEG has been studied comprehensively as a drug carrier because it is soluble in both organic and hydrophilic solvents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These membranes are made of a Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene polymer by means of the Thermal Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) method by using solvents such as Butyl Acetate, non-solvent Hexane with the addition of Alumina at different concentrations to increase porosity. (springeropen.com)
  • The hexane solvent extraction method can extract all heavy and low-volatile molecules without serious problems, but the residual amount of solvent requires special attention. (rzsfe.com)
  • CPME also exhibits stability at both low and high pH levels, even under elevated temperatures and extended contact times. (wikipedia.org)
  • Higher temperatures increase the energy and therefore the movement of the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • Currently, solid oxide fuel cells operate at high temperatures ranging from about 800° C. to 1000° C. As a result of high operating temperatures, solid oxide fuel cells require the use of exotic materials which can withstand such operating temperatures. (justia.com)
  • High operating temperatures exacerbate stresses caused by differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between components of a solid oxide fuel cell. (justia.com)
  • At higher temperatures and longer reaction times, lignin with a high molecular weight was produced, which was attributed to the recondensation of lignin fragments. (ncsu.edu)
  • When it comes to engine oils since they are exposed to high temperatures, they are required to possess higher flash points. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • By heating potassium carbonate with carbon at very high temperatures, he produced a residue of what is now known as potassium carbide , (K 2 C 2 ), which reacted with water to release the new gas. (zirconiumbia515.sbs)
  • That is since larger molecules, particularly waxes, chlorophyll, as well as omega-3 but also 6 lipids, are derived from higher atmospheric pressure. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • For example, water is a liquid at room temperature and pressure, but at atmospheric pressure it changes to vapor (gas) at 100 degree C and ice (solid) at 0 degree C. (jasco-global.com)
  • Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), also known as methoxycyclopentane, is hydrophobic ether solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclopentyl methyl ether is used in organic synthesis, mainly as a solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclopentyl methyl ether possesses characteristics that make it a potential alternate for other ethers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, investigations into the use of cyclopentyl methyl ether as an eco-friendly solvent in a wide range of chemical reactions, such as reductions, oxidations, and Grignard reactions, have been conducted. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methanol is easily converted into important organic synthesis intermediates such as methyl carboxylate, methyl chloride and methylamine, and it is also applied as important organic solvents, extraction agents and alcohol denaturants. (chemicalbook.com)
  • 1. The highest OAVs for 'Strawberry Festival' were ethyl butanoate (461), DMHF (424), methyl butanoate (358), and linalool (102). (who.int)
  • These cultivars lacked methyl anthranilate and possessed an aroma pattern different from summer-grown strawberries. (who.int)
  • A high boiling point of 106 °C (223 °F) and preferable characteristics such as low formation of peroxides, relative stability under acidic and basic conditions, formation of azeotropes with water coupled with a narrow explosion range render CPME an attractive alternative to other ethereal solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), dioxane, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). (wikipedia.org)
  • Many formulators opted instead for more economical cure methods, such as solvent-based, water-based and hot melt technologies. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • Since lithium would likely react very violently with water vapor the cell is definitely always sealed. (stocksandservicesmanagement.com)
  • It provides a good balance of water properties and high reactivity. (arkema.com)
  • Water vapor contamination can be greatly if not entirely reduced. (oatext.com)
  • Nanofluids have been found to possess enhanced thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity, and convective heat transfer coefficients compared to those of base fluids like oil or water. (hindawi.com)
  • When the water vapor pressure reaches a certain value, the evaporation rate becomes equal to the condensation rate. (jasco-global.com)
  • This is referred to as the saturated water vapor pressure, and depends on temperature. (jasco-global.com)
  • As the vessel is heated, the liquid water expands and evaporates, so that its density is reduced. (jasco-global.com)
  • If the temperature exceeds 374 degree C and the pressure exceeds 22.06 MPa, the density of the liquid and vapor phases become the same, making it impossible to distinguish between liquid water and water vapor. (jasco-global.com)
  • 2014 ). Therefore, in this work, recycled low-density polyethylene was used to prepare a flat sheet membrane for VMD application to increase the production of potable water and at the same time get rid of solid waste. (springeropen.com)
  • Besides mixing with fuel, other foreign factors like the mixing of water vapors, dust, dirt, or any other contamination also result in dilution. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • In this process, contamination in the form of water or vapors are removed from the oil using a dehydrator in a vacuum environment. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • The development of essential oils has far exceeded the ancient distillation technology, although the aroma industry still prefers the traditional water vapor distillation of essential oils, but the essential oils extracted by carbon dioxide extraction equipment do have certain benefits. (rzsfe.com)
  • Most commercial aromatic solvents have a boiling point not much lower than 0 degrees C or higher than 200 degrees C. If the boiling point of a solvent is too high and the vapor pressure too low, separating the solvent from the material it is used to dissolve would be difficult. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the proven performance advantages of ultraviolet (UV)-cure pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), formulators have often been forced to seek alternative solutions due to the limited range of raw materials available and comparatively high prices. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • CO2 extraction allows the use of high-pressure carbon dioxide, which obtains as many beneficial substances as necessary from a weed or cannabis plant. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • The subcritical method is equivalent to supercritical operation, but it needs reduced density as well as low pressure. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • For example, TNT is one of the most volatile energetic materials with a vapor pressure of 10 -5 Torr at 300 K (3-6). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Figure 1: Plot of vapor pressure (in torr) for several pure explosives, as well as several VOCs commonly found in TNT-based explosives, as a function of temperature. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • At 300 K, note the vapor pressure range spans almost nine orders of magnitude. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • For this purpose, the oil is exposed to a resistive burning source in a vacuum chamber to generate vapor pressure. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • If we set the pressure and temperature above the critical point, carbon dioxide becomes supercritical, divided into two different ranges: gas and liquid solvent. (rzsfe.com)
  • Unlike volatile acids, MSA is non-volatile, ensuring safer handling and reduced risks of harmful vapors. (arkema.com)
  • Exposure to a variety of TCE-related compounds, which include metabolites of TCE and other parent compounds that produce similar metabolites, can alter or enhance TCE metabolism and toxicity by generating higher internal metabolite concentrations than would result from TCE exposure by itself. (who.int)
  • Furan is usually converted by hydrogenation to tetrahydrofuran, which is used as a solvent and for production of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, the raw materials for nylon-6,6. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Many sugars exist in molecular forms called furanoses, possessing the tetrahydrofuran ring system. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • The online, was to as' high molecular position,' is 2nd from both transient and hard contributions of evolution. (medmotion.com)
  • Aromatic solvents are derivatives of coal and petroleum refining. (cdc.gov)
  • It is nearly impossible to avoid exposure to hydrocarbons from petroleum products, whether it is from gasoline fumes at the pump, spilled crankcase oil on asphalt, solvents used at home or work, or pesticide applications that use petroleum products as carriers. (cdc.gov)
  • Raw petroleum and refined petroleum products used as fuels or lubricants are generally excluded at the national level from the cradle-to-grave record-keeping associated with recognized toxics such as heavy metals or chlorinated solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • The aldehyde furfural, used as a solvent in petroleum refining, is manufactured from corn cobs and oat hulls by treatment with acid. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • CO2 is perhaps the most frequently used substance in this method because it is often supplemented by either a solvent system such as ethylene and propylene. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • developed a one-step physical vapor condensation method to prepare Cu/ethylene glycol nanofluids [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Solvent contamination occurs due to various reasons like when using naphtha or kerosine chemical for cleaning the gearbox. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • As a result, supercritical fluids are used in a variety of applications such as mobile phases in chromatography, extraction agents, and chemical reaction solvents. (jasco-global.com)
  • However, when the container was heated to a temperature sufficiently higher than the boiling point of the liquid, the sound disappeared. (jasco-global.com)
  • He postulated that this was because the liquid and gas densities in the container became equal, so that a single phase was effectively formed. (jasco-global.com)
  • It is a colorless, flammable, irritating liquid with a boiling point of 64.7°C, a melting point of -93.90°C, and a relative density of 0.7913. (chemicalbook.com)
  • The Flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which a liquid develops enough vapors to ignite (flash) when it is exposed to some igniting source. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • As with acetic and formic acids, it consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Data demonstrated that humans are less sensitive to the effect that causes developmental toxicity in rabbits and the PBPK model incorporated this information, resulting in a higher HEC for the developmental endpoint than for the nasal endpoint. (cdc.gov)
  • The air odor threshold has been reported as 1500 ppm (approximately 2000mg/m3), much higher than the occupational guidelines. (chemicalbook.com)
  • High exposures have occurred to various occupational groups. (who.int)
  • Producers utilize carbon dioxide since it becomes a flexible, 'tunable' solvent. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • For the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas prior to delivery to a pipeline, membranes are more advantageous than conventional amine adsorption processing for use on offshore platforms, high CO 2 content wells, small gas streams or environmentally sensitive areas. (mrs.org)
  • In most cases, carbon dioxide extraction equipment can refine non-polar elements , and carbon dioxide extraction looks like a non-polar solvent, so something with magnetic polarity will reduce the refining rate, so it is difficult for us to predict the outcome. (rzsfe.com)
  • The platform chemical furfural can yield cyclopentanol in high yields through catalytic hydrogenation using a copper contact or a nickelcobalt contact. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, those pretreatments which employ acids as hydrolytic agents and utilize high temperature and time to reaction will produce furfural and HMF at higher levels. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Parenthetically, several of these compounds have been identified in the vapor above TNT samples and, in the case of DNT, the initial gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) headspace measurements were reported more than 30 years ago (7). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the roles played by essential inorganic compounds in SEIs is critical to realizing and developing high-performance LMBs. (stanford.edu)
  • Among the prevalent SEI inorganic compounds observed for Li metal anodes, Li3N is often found in the SEIs of high-performance LMBs. (stanford.edu)
  • Nanostructured materials consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanodiamonds (NDs) possess a combination of outstanding functional properties of two constituents, e.g. high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical and chemical stability, large surface area. (nature.com)
  • Then, in 1879, Hannay and Hogarth reported that supercritical fluids possessed excellent solvent properties, 2) and a second wave of research began. (jasco-global.com)
  • In this article, a composite membrane was prepared using recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE), thus helping to lighten the burden of plastics on the environment, while alumina powder was used to reinforce these membranes and improve its properties for better MD efficiency. (springeropen.com)
  • The compositions have improved properties such as improved load bearing capability at high temperature, better impact strength, and a high crystallization temperature. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Molecules move constantly in a random manner, at a rate that depends on their mass, their environment, and the amount of thermal energy they possess, which in turn is a function of temperature. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • Of particular interest are specialty applications demanding high-temperature stability and solvent resistance. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • High reactivity, chemical resistance and film hardness make it a useful component in lithographic ink and varnish formulations as well as for wood coatings and roller coat varnishes. (arkema.com)
  • Some SWCNT structures exhibit high electrical conductivity [7] [8] while others are semiconductors . (wikipedia.org)
  • MSA exhibits high acidity, allowing it to efficiently catalyze chemical reactions. (arkema.com)
  • Based on research at centers such as the Institute for Biological Detection Systems at Auburn University, it appears that dogs do not rely on a vapor signature from the pure explosive material itself, but rather a characteristic combination of odors from solvents, synthetic remnants from the production-material processing steps, and degradation by-products (2,6). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) possess appealing structures and usages including high surface area, homogenous structured nanoscale cavities, and excellent thermal stability. (nanochemres.org)
  • The efficiency of MOFs for analytical chemistry is high owing to their exceptional characteristics, including homogenous structured nano-scale cavities, high adsorption affinity, large surface area, suitable thermal stability, pore topology, distinctive structures, and usage in pore functionality, and outer-surface modification [3]. (nanochemres.org)
  • Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from an area of high concentration (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm). (nigerianscholars.com)
  • As the density of a solvent increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • Because cells primarily use diffusion to move materials within the cytoplasm, any increase in the cytoplasm's density will inhibit the movement of the materials. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a sampling method and is regarded as a preconcentration approach, with such features as a quick diffusion rate, solvent-free and high enrichment factor. (nanochemres.org)
  • The importance of tracking outbreaks at a global scale has raised the urgency of establishing high-accuracy pipelines that generate consistent results between research groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Deep eutectic-like solvent-assisted isolation of lignin from Pinus densiflora and its characteristics ," BioResources 17(4), 5600-5611. (ncsu.edu)
  • Customers thus gain from a high grade, safe oil without any harmful by-products. (mjseedscanada.ca)
  • A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across a space. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • The ammonia gas is at its highest concentration in the bottle. (nigerianscholars.com)
  • Plasma enhanced (PE) and hot filament (HF) assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are the most common methods of synthesis of the CNT-ND hybrids. (nature.com)
  • The ideal detection system for threat agents, whether these threats are explosives, chemical and biological agents, or illicit drugs, possesses a low detection limit (in other words, is capable of detecting threat signatures present at only parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion by volume levels), is able to discern a threat amidst a real world background, and can operate from standoff distances in real time. (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Over the past decade, researchers at Auburn University, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and Sandia National Laboratories have reported a number of interesting observations regarding not only how trained canines detect hidden explosives, but also the chemical makeup of the vapor signature from such devices (2,3). (spectroscopyonline.com)
  • Several other members of the furan family are produced on a large scale for use as solvents and chemical raw materials. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Though this really is still in theory an extremely powerful electric battery, scientists found that trading some power density for stableness was necessary. (stocksandservicesmanagement.com)
  • This means of which Li-ion batteries can have high power density. (stocksandservicesmanagement.com)
  • This substantially improved power density and ultimately the performance of the DEFC when compared with present-day benchmark catalysts. (frontis-energy.com)
  • The present application claims benefit of priority under PCT Article 8 and 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/303,003, filed on Feb. 10, 2010, entitled, "LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYTES FOR SOLID OXIDE CELLS HAVING HIGH IONIC CONDUCTIVITY. (justia.com)
  • Also, the suspension electrolyte design is applied in conventional and state-of-the-art high-performance electrolytes to demonstrate its applicability. (stanford.edu)
  • Remarkably, the SPAPE-coated CNT tissue reaches a high capacity up to 12C rate while observing that the capacity can be significantly recovered. (aip.org)
  • Pulsed mode operation ensures low analyte consumption and high analyte selectivity and further provides the ability to rapidly assess false positive signals using Fast Fourier Transfer techniques, Solar pumped sensors requiring low light levels (≤ 1 Watt) have been demonstrated. (oatext.com)
  • Size selectivity controls the H 2 /CH 4 separation, however, because high selectivity is observed at 520 K. (mrs.org)
  • We processed ultramicroporous silica membranes with reproducible high permeances and high separation factors (3 x 10 -4 cm 3 (STP)/s/cm 2 /cmHg and 160, respectively) exceeding that of the best-known membranes for separation of a 50/50 (v/v) CO 2 /CH 4 gas mixture. (mrs.org)
  • All these studies showed promising results, but despite everything, the cost of the polymer is very high and the cost of MD membranes (Abedini et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The dried palm kernel seeds were used to extract palm kernel oil by mechanical press and solvent extraction. (scirp.org)
  • Additionally, UV PSAs are generally safer for formulators to handle than the solvent materials they replace, offering lower skin and eye irritation. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • Two kilograms (2 kg) of palm kernel seeds were crushed to a particle size of about 3 mm to allow solvent penetration and oil percolation and heated to about 80˚C with open steam thereby humidifying the materials and raising the moisture content. (scirp.org)
  • Indoor levels are commonly 3 or more times higher than outdoors due to releases from building materials and consumer products. (who.int)
  • Thus, they present high applicability in medicine and biology. (nanochemres.org)
  • Sometimes an extremely high temperature of the oil causes the evolution of hot gases which act as one of the crucial reasons for a lower flash point. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • Some major constituents that cause a lower flash point include gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and solvents. (comparemotoroils.com)
  • On the contrary, the oils which possess flash points lower than 79 °C are measured in closed crucibles as per Abel-Pensky (DIN 51755) or Pensky-Martens (DIN 51758). (comparemotoroils.com)
  • The conclusion was that depositing NiO on the surfaces of CoOx/BiVO4 electrodes by ALD using the Beneq TFS 200 system enhanced the performance (higher current density at lower potential) for the PEC devices. (baldengineering.com)
  • Phylogenetic trees inferred by each pipeline showed high consistency at the clade level, but there was more variability between isolates from a single outbreak, with pipelines that used more stringent cutoffs having lower resolution. (cdc.gov)
  • The SPAPE-coated CNT tissue delivers a higher reversible capacity of 750 mAh g −1 (276 µ Ah cm −2 ) compared to a pristine CNT tissue, which solely provides a reversible capacity of 450 mAh g −1 (166 µ Ah cm −2 ) after 110 cycles at 1C rate. (aip.org)
  • Following the presentation of the fiber, essential oils of Satureja hortensis L were determined using GC-MS. Ease of use, shorter analysis period, inexpensive tools as well as a high rate of recovery are advantages of the proposed approach compared to ordinary analysis approaches. (nanochemres.org)
  • Fuel cells can operate at high fuel efficiency, either thermally or electrically. (managenergy.tv)
  • The fuel cells are designed to operate at high electrical, thermal, and fuel efficiencies. (managenergy.tv)
  • Significantly, the high operating temperature is required because of poor low temperature ion conductivity. (justia.com)
  • For all engine oils, this temperature is required to be higher in order to resist prior combustion. (comparemotoroils.com)