• Interstitial fluid provides the immediate microenvironment that allows for movement of ions, proteins and nutrients across the cell barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's separated from the extracellular space by the plasma membrane, which is permeable to water but restricts the movement of small solutes and proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • This membrane, while permeable to water, is a formidable barrier to both ionic and small solutes, as well as proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • The vasculature is designed to allow the free movement of water and small solutes but restricts the movement of proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • This results in the interstitial fluid having a similar chemical composition to plasma, but without the proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • It's separated from the interstitial fluid by the vascular wall, which, like the vasculature, is permeable to water and small solutes but not proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • With these facts in mind, one might expect that the oncotic pressure exerted by the intracellular proteins would cause disastrous swelling by drawing fluid from the extracellular compartment into the cells. (typeset.io)
  • Particles within cells are not membrane bound and hence have direct access to intracellular proteins, organelles, and DNA, which may greatly enhance their toxic potential. (nih.gov)
  • A class of intracellular signaling proteins that were originally identified as inhibitors of ANGIOSTATIN activity. (nih.gov)
  • Isotonic IV solutions that have the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Hypotonic solutions have lesser concentration of solutes than plasma. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Most IV fluids are isotonic , meaning, they have the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. (nurseslabs.com)
  • In freshwater habitats, the concentration of solutes in the cell is usually higher than the concentration of solutes outside the cell. (jotscroll.com)
  • Species with CV always use the organelle even in very hypertonic (high concentration of solutes) environments. (jotscroll.com)
  • Water and Sodium Balance Body fluid volume and electrolyte concentration are normally maintained within very narrow limits despite wide variations in dietary intake, metabolic activity, and environmental stresses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most extracellular fluids contain high amounts of chloride and sodium ions. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl) or NSS, is a crystalloid isotonic IV fluid that contains water, sodium (154 mEq/L), and chloride (154 mEq/L). It has an osmolality of 308 mOsm/L and gives no calories. (nurseslabs.com)
  • It should not be used for heart failure , pulmonary edema, and renal impairment, or conditions that cause sodium retention as it may risk fluid volume overload. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Sodium serves many important physiological functions and is inextricably linked to the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • These solutes are largely the salts of sodium. (typeset.io)
  • The steady-state data for sodium agreed with the model for extracellular diffusion using and the area available for diffusion for sucrose when sodium equilibration with a dead-end pore volume (presumed to be intracellular) was taken into account. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium, the major cation of the extracellular fluid, functions primarily in the control of water distribution, fluid balance, and osmotic pressure of body fluids. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium is also associated with chloride and bicarbonate in the regulation of acid-base equilibrium of body fluid. (nih.gov)
  • Electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter in exchange for intracellular chloride. (nih.gov)
  • This gene belongs to a small family of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters (NCBTs) that regulate the intracellular pH of neurons, the secretion of bicarbonate ions across the choroid plexus, and the pH of the brain extracellular fluid. (nih.gov)
  • 14) Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid. (easynotecards.com)
  • 26) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium. (easynotecards.com)
  • 36) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. (easynotecards.com)
  • Other therapies include elevation of the affected part to assist drainage, massage and compression of the areas to move the fluid out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention. (wanderluce.com)
  • Volume Depletion Volume depletion, or extracellular fluid (ECF) volume contraction, occurs as a result of loss of total body sodium. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Using isotonic sodium chloride solution, stabilize hypovolemic patients who have unstable vital signs before correcting free water deficits, because hypotonic fluids quickly leave the intravascular space and do not help to correct hemodynamics. (medscape.com)
  • Euvolemic patients can be treated with hypotonic fluids, either orally or intravenously (ie, dextrose 5% in water solution [D5W], quarter or half isotonic sodium chloride solution), to correct free fluid deficits. (medscape.com)
  • Sodium and potassium are two important electrolytes in the body that help regulate fluid levels, blood pressure, and muscle function. (greentravelguides.tv)
  • Fluid balance: Sodium helps to maintain fluid balance by attracting water to the bloodstream. (greentravelguides.tv)
  • Osmosis flows down a concentration gradient, where water moves from regions of lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to regions of higher solute concentration (hypertonic). (tukymax.com)
  • The normal processes by which life self-regulates its biochemistry (homeostasis) produce fluid balance across the fluid compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • These fluids play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, ensuring that our cells function optimally, and facilitating communication between different parts of the body. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • It encompasses the total volume of fluid outside our cells and plays a pivotal role in nutrient transport, waste removal, and overall homeostasis. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • Since the osmolality of hypotonic solutions is lower, the fluid from outside of the cell enters inside the cell to achieve homeostasis. (qdnurses.com)
  • They regulate acid-base HOMEOSTASIS , cell volume and intracellular pH. (bvsalud.org)
  • The kidneys are primarily in charge of the maintenance of water and solute homeostasis through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. (lecturio.com)
  • Exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid occur across capillary walls, whereas exchanges between interstitial and intracellular fluids occur across plasma membranes. (pharmacy180.com)
  • intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular. (wanderluce.com)
  • Fluid movement from the intravascular to interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs in the capillaries. (wanderluce.com)
  • Plays an important role in regulating intracellular pH (By similarity). (nih.gov)
  • The main intravascular fluid in mammals is blood, a complex mixture with elements of a suspension (blood cells), colloid (globulins), and solutes (glucose and ions). (wikipedia.org)
  • Most intracellular fluids contain high amounts of magnesium, phosphate, and potassium ions. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Osmosis occurs across semi-permeable membranes that allow water to pass while restricting the movement of solutes, such as ions and molecules. (tukymax.com)
  • The toxicity of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) has been attributed to the so-called "Trojan horse"-type mechanism, relying on the particle uptake and extensive intracellular release of copper ions, due to acidic pH in the lysosomes. (mdpi.com)
  • Intracellular and extracellular fluids are separated into compartments by semipermeable membranes, and the transport of fluid and ions is maintained by channels in the cell membrane. (lecturio.com)
  • The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The interstitial and intravascular compartments readily exchange water and solutes, but the third extracellular compartment, the transcellular, is thought of as separate from the other two and not in dynamic equilibrium with them. (wikipedia.org)
  • The science of fluid balance across fluid compartments has practical application in intravenous therapy, where doctors and nurses must predict fluid shifts and decide which IV fluids to give (for example, isotonic versus hypotonic), how much to give, and how fast (volume or mass per minute or hour). (wikipedia.org)
  • The transcellular fluid is the portion of total body fluid that is formed by the secretory activity of epithelial cells and is contained within specialized epithelial-lined compartments. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this article, we'll delve deep into the world of body fluid compartments, breaking down their significance, distribution, and the barriers that define them. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • In a healthy individual, this fluid is divided between these compartments in specific ratios. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • Na + -retentive states) increase the movement of fluid from vascular to interstitial compartments, which is an important step in the development of edema. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • that's why it expands intracellular and extracellular compartments when it's infused. (qdnurses.com)
  • 28) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients. (easynotecards.com)
  • What are the 3 body fluid compartments? (wanderluce.com)
  • The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), transcellular fluid TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. (wanderluce.com)
  • What are the 2 fluid compartments differentiate them? (wanderluce.com)
  • The adult human body is made up of 60% water and is divided into extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments. (lecturio.com)
  • Hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and edema are the clinical conditions arising from disturbances in the maintenance of osmolarity of the body fluid compartments. (lecturio.com)
  • For example, the aqueous humor, the vitreous humor, the cerebrospinal fluid, the serous fluid produced by the serous membranes, and the synovial fluid produced by the synovial membranes are all transcellular fluids. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5.1 U.S. fl oz) of cerebrospinal fluid in the entire central nervous system at any moment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extracellular fluid can be further divided into interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and milk (in mammals). (wanderluce.com)
  • We have revealed that GAA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed by incorporation into the choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPxEpic), which form the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This means that there is a higher concentration of solute on one side of the membrane that there is on the other. (scientistcindy.com)
  • It's separated from the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) by the plasma membrane of each cell. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • This membrane is almost impermeable to most solute classes. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • From studies with isotopically labeled tracers over the past twenty years it is now well established that the cell membrane is permeable to water and to all the solutes that contribute significantly to the osmolality of the extracellular fluids. (typeset.io)
  • Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. (tukymax.com)
  • Osmosis is a biological process where water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. (tukymax.com)
  • Osmosis occurs when water molecules move through a membrane to balance solute concentrations, creating osmotic pressure that drives the movement. (tukymax.com)
  • A semi-permeable membrane allows certain molecules, like water, to pass through while blocking larger molecules or solutes. (tukymax.com)
  • A concentration gradient refers to the difference in solute concentration on either side of a membrane, which causes water to move from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration. (tukymax.com)
  • DAW1 is a freeze-tolerant Antarctic nematode which survives extensive intracellular ice formation. (biologists.com)
  • Maintaining the right balance of fluids in each compartment is crucial for our body's optimal functioning. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • Osmosis maintains the balance of fluids within animal cells. (tukymax.com)
  • They help keep your blood pressure stable, maintain the proper balance of fluids in your body, and support muscle function. (greentravelguides.tv)
  • Note that the osmolality, or whole solute focus, is the same for both the intracellular and interstitial fluids. (stemagen.com)
  • Such fluids do not alter the osmolality of the vascular compartment. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Technically, electrolyte solutions are considered isotonic if the total electrolyte content is approximately 310 mEq/L. Isotonic IV fluids have a total osmolality close to that of the ECF and do not cause red blood cells to shrink or swell. (nurseslabs.com)
  • D5W (dextrose 5% in water) is a crystalloid isotonic IV fluid with a serum osmolality of 252 mOsm/L. D5W is initially an isotonic solution and provides free water when dextrose is metabolized (making it a hypotonic solution), expanding the ECF and the ICF. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Get deeper into potassium physiology with a FREE pdf copy of Joel's book The Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Companion here . (thecurbsiders.com)
  • Potassium, the principal cation of intracellular fluid, participates in carbohydrate utilization and protein synthesis, and is critical in the regulation of nerve conduction and muscle contraction, particularly in the heart. (nih.gov)
  • Potassium plays a role in fluid balance by helping to regulate blood pressure. (greentravelguides.tv)
  • A small amount of fluid, called transcellular fluid, does exist normally in such spaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under normal physiological conditions, approximately 55-65% of total body water (TBW) resides in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment, and the remaining 35-45% resides in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. (medscape.com)
  • With aquaporins in place, large volumes of water are thereby reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, subsequently increasing body water, blood pressure, and blood volume (Figure 2). (medscape.com)
  • Its extracellular fluid (ECF) contains about one-third of total body water. (wikipedia.org)
  • 136 mmol/L) caused by an excess of water relative to solute. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The maintenance of fluid, primarily water, and electrolyte balance requires equal quantities of these substances to enter and leave the body. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Many different types of solutes are dissolved in water, which is the universal solvent. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Dehydration is the loss of water or solutes, occurring when water output exceeds water intake over time. (pharmacy180.com)
  • As water strikes into the cylinder the volume of fluid will increase and displace the plunger within the upward direction. (stemagen.com)
  • This instance illustrates the truth that osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to transfer into a selected fluid. (stemagen.com)
  • Water is supplied for fluid requirements and carbohydrate for calories and energy. (nurseslabs.com)
  • It's compartmentalized, separated by semi-permeable membranes that allow the free movement of water but restrict certain solutes. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • This is the fluid held within our cells, making up about two-thirds of the total body water. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • 100 mOsm/kg) and hypotonic hyponatremia generally results from conditions that overwhelm the kidney's capacity to excrete free water (as in primary polydipsia) or conditions that truncate the amount of free water that can be excreted, typically due to low solute load (as in tea and toast diet). (medscape.com)
  • The two types of spaces between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular. (lookformedical.com)
  • Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Why does maintaining fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal, healthy adult under age 40? (savemyacademicgrades.com)
  • And those substances you can mix with water to dissolve are known as solutes. (biolayne.com)
  • In fact, water can handle more solutes than any liquid, and thereby has the nickname of The Universal Solvent. (biolayne.com)
  • About 65% of our body's water is intracellular, meaning that it's actually in our cells. (biolayne.com)
  • If any molecule becomes too concentrated in one fluid compartment, it will pull water from the other compartment to dilute itself. (biolayne.com)
  • Ice excludes solutes, meaning that the extracellular solute concentration increases as water is removed from the extracellular fluid to form ice crystals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Water, or fluid, retention occurs when there is a problem with one or more of the body's mechanisms for maintaining fluid levels. (wanderluce.com)
  • Significant ECF fluid losses also cause release of vasopressin , causing water retention by the kidneys, which can maintain or worsen hyponatremia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular fluid is present outside the cells and makes up â…" of the total body water. (lecturio.com)
  • The administration of intravenous solutions can cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states or pulmonary edema. (nih.gov)
  • Body fluids are aqueous solutions with differing concentrations of materials, called solutes. (wanderluce.com)
  • Studying the fundamental mechanisms of digestion could point to new strategies for treating disorders of nutrient and fluid absorption, secretion, and metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • nutrient and fluid digestive problems, including intestinal failure absorption and secretion (e.g., diarrhea and and obesity. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms absent in patients with high-voltage injuries may be either solute osmotic diuresis and adminis-tration of colloid solution adminis-tered. (missouripodiatric.com)
  • The intracellular fluid (ICF) is all fluids contained inside the cells, which consists of cytosol and fluid in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The blood represents both the intracellular compartment (the fluid inside the blood cells) and the extracellular compartment (the blood plasma). (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the fluid outside our cells. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • It's the fluid present inside our cells and accounts for a significant portion of our body's total fluid volume. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • The ICF is the sum total of the fluid volume in all of the body's cells. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • The fluid of the body that is outside of CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is justified in inquiring into the nature of the forces that normally counteract this tendency toward swelling of body cells and thereby preserve the normal intracellular fluid volume. (typeset.io)
  • The interstitial fluid bathing the cells, however, is relatively low in its content of colloids. (typeset.io)
  • Such swelling of cells obviously does not occur in healthy tissues in vim One is therefore justified in inquiring into the nature of the forces that normally counteract this tendency toward swelling of body cells and thereby preserve the normal intracellular fluid volume. (typeset.io)
  • From plant cells to human tissues, osmosis plays a pivotal role in maintaining fluid balance and enabling cellular activities. (tukymax.com)
  • Osmosis helps maintain fluid balance in animal cells, preventing excess swelling or shrinking. (tukymax.com)
  • extracellular fluid, in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. (wanderluce.com)
  • Fluid found in the spaces around cells. (wanderluce.com)
  • Extracellular fluids bathe the cells and conduct nutrients, cells, and waste products throughout the tissues of the body. (wanderluce.com)
  • Qt makes the ventricle proceeds first through transitional fibers that en-trap microorganisms and the dead cells, sometimes leading to monocyte and macrophage activity. (missouripodiatric.com)
  • Normal saline is the isotonic solution of choice for expanding the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume because it does not enter the intracellular fluid (ICF). (nurseslabs.com)
  • An isotonic solution is a solution that has the "same" concentration of solute to solvent as the intracellular fluid (the fluid inside of the cell). (scientistcindy.com)
  • A hypotonic ​ solution is one that has "less" concentration of solute to solvent than the intracellular fluid (fluid inside of the cell). (scientistcindy.com)
  • The watery beverage is the solvent, the sugar is the solute. (biolayne.com)
  • Or, the other option is to add more solvent to accommodate the extra solute. (biolayne.com)
  • Or, you can also change the structure of the solvent to accommodate more solute that you might not be able to fit into the solvent at room temperature. (biolayne.com)
  • This is why it's indicated to assist in excreting bodily wastes, to address cellular dehydration, and to replace the fluid inside the cell. (qdnurses.com)
  • IV fluid therapy is an efficient and effective way of supplying fluids directly into the intravascular fluid compartment, in replacing electrolyte losses, and in administering medications and blood products. (nurseslabs.com)
  • Treatment of normovolemic hyponatremia due to SIADH can include fluid restriction and the administration of normal saline. (medscape.com)
  • Hypotonic hyponatremia accounts for most clinical cases of hyponatremia and can be treated with fluid restriction. (medscape.com)
  • The risk of solute overload causing congested states with peripheral and pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the electrolyte concentration. (nih.gov)
  • 115 mEq/L), resulting in intracerebral osmotic fluid shifts and brain edema. (medscape.com)
  • The fluid shifts & osmolar changes that occur with its infusion can be predicted. (libretexts.org)
  • Body fluid pH must remain within a certain range. (pharmacy180.com)
  • One such intricate system is the distribution and compartmentalization of body fluids. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • Fluid within the body is not just a homogenous mixture. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • 85%-90% of total body Na + is extracellular and constitutes the predominate solute in the ECF. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The function of the medulla in the kidney is the filtering of waste materials and the elimination of fluid from the body. (golifescience.com)
  • Osmosis governs fluid balance in the body. (tukymax.com)
  • Where is fluid stored in the body? (wanderluce.com)
  • What are the fluid tissues in the body? (wanderluce.com)
  • The removal of excess fluids from body tissues. (wanderluce.com)
  • How do you know if your body is retaining fluid? (wanderluce.com)
  • What is fluid retention in the body? (wanderluce.com)
  • Fluid retention (edema) is excess fluid that collects in the tissues in your body. (wanderluce.com)
  • Most commonly, fluid retention is marked by swelling of your feet and lower legs, but swelling could also occur in your arms, hands, face, or other areas of the body. (wanderluce.com)
  • Excess fluid in the body can take a variety of forms, from belly boating and swollen ankles to nausea, persistent coughing, and fatigue. (wanderluce.com)
  • What are the treatments for fluid retention in the body? (wanderluce.com)
  • Fluid does not normally collect in larger amounts in these spaces, and any significant fluid collection in these spaces is physiologically nonfunctional. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyper- means excess, meaning this type of solution has more solutes than fluid, which is the complete opposite of hypotonic solutions. (qdnurses.com)
  • The function of the contractile vacuole is to collect excess fluid from the protoplasm and periodically empty it into the surrounding medium. (jotscroll.com)
  • Vital signs, signs of edema, auscultate heart, and lung sounds for any signs of fluid overload. (qdnurses.com)
  • Osmosis contributes to cell health by maintaining optimal intracellular conditions, ensuring cellular processes function efficiently. (tukymax.com)
  • Simple diffusion is the random spreading of solute molecules in a liquid or gaseous medium. (stemagen.com)
  • Intravenous fluids (IV Fluids) , also known as intravenous solutions , are supplemental fluids used in intravenous therapy to restore or maintain normal fluid volume and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. (nurseslabs.com)
  • It is administered to correct extracellular fluid volume deficit because it remains within the ECF. (nurseslabs.com)
  • The Washington Manual , www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602286/all/Fluid_Management_and_Perturbations_in_Volume_Status. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The maintenance of normal intracellular volume has been shown to be a process requiring energy. (typeset.io)
  • The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. (savemyacademicgrades.com)
  • Monitor for signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit such as confusion and dizziness. (qdnurses.com)
  • This volume expander pulls out the fluid from the inside of the cell, increasing the extracellular fluid volume, and causing the cell to shrink. (qdnurses.com)
  • Changes to the body's total Na + content typically results from a loss or gain of this Na + -rich fluid, leading to contraction or expansion of the ECF space. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • They tested the effect of aerobic versus anaerobic incubation in an isotonic saline medium on the fluid content of various tissues of the guinea pig. (typeset.io)
  • What happens to the fluid in the tissues? (wanderluce.com)
  • A two-factor hypothesis [ 2 ], "intracellular ice formation" (IIF) at rapid cooling rates and "solution effects" at slow cooling rates, proposed by Mazur, has been serving well to explain the mechanism of freeze injury. (intechopen.com)
  • The following conclusions can be made: (1) Relative to a standard three-times-weekly HD regimen of approximately the same total (weekly) treatment duration, a daily/short-time regimen results in modest (3 to 6%) increases in effective small solute and MM removal. (lookformedical.com)
  • 2) Relative to a standard three-times-weekly HD regimen, a three-times-weekly low-flow/long-time regimen results in comparable effective small solute removal and progressive increases in MM and beta2M removal. (lookformedical.com)
  • A daily low-flow/long-time regimen substantially increases the effective removal of all solutes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Plasma is the fluid component of our blood, found within the vascular space. (pathwaymedicine.org)
  • Thyroid hormone transport by the human monocarboxylate transporter 8 and its rate-limiting role in intracellular metabolism. (medlineplus.gov)
  • His laboratory conducted research on how the lung's airspaces become fluid filled (mechanisms of pulmonary edema), how airspace fluid is cleared under both physiologic (fetal lung liquid at birth) and pathophysiologic (pulmonary edema) conditions and population-based studies to discover genetic influences on the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the long term outcomes of neonatal lung disease. (stanford.edu)