• MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This antibody also induces spleen B cells to express the costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The testing of the polyepitope vaccine immunogen using peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from EBV seropositive donors revealed that the immunogen can be effectively processed by antigen-presenting cells to generate epitopes that can be presented on HLA class I molecules and subsequently recognized by human CD8+ T cells to promote an immune response. (news-medical.net)
  • They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen , each recognising a different epitope . (wikidoc.org)
  • HHD-DR1 mice are fully devoid of murine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules of class-I and -II and express only MHC molecules from Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) HLA 02.01, DRA01.01, DRB1.01.01 alleles, widely expressed in human populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, toll-like receptor ligands induce neurotoxic molecules in astrocytes. (neurology-jp.org)
  • IL-10 controls inflammatory processes by suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules as well as antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules in monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells. (angioproteomie.com)
  • This is realized by downregulation of constitutive and IFN¿-induced cell surface levels of MHC class II, of costimulatory molecules such as CD86, and of some adhesion molecules such as CD58. (angioproteomie.com)
  • Today, 9 biotherapies have been approved for the treatment of RA, which includes 5 different TNFα antagonists (1 soluble TNF receptor and 4 mAb-derived molecules), 1 anti-CD20 mAb, which targets B lymphocytes, 1 IL-1 antagonist (IL-1RA), 1 inhibitor of co-stimulation between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and 1 IL-6 antagonist (anti-IL-6R mAb). (labex-lermit.fr)
  • Additionally, IFNγ induces the production of cytokines, Fc receptor, and adhesion molecules and up-regulates MHC class I and II antigen expression by antigen presenting cells during an immune response. (bioxcell.com)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the complexes formed when monomeric and trimeric soluble and membrane-associated TNFα molecules bind to the anti-TNFα agent are far more stable with infliximab and adalimumab than with etanercept. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infliximab and adalimumab can bind two soluble or membrane-associated TNFα molecules, forming a stable and long-lasting complex and causing cell lysis (for example, macrophages and some T-cell subsets) or cell function impairments [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Such as inhibitory cytokines, immune checkpoint molecules, hypoxia and other adverse factors hindering CAR T cell from efficiently expanding and killing tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Promising combinations of UniCAR NK cells and distinct targeting molecules will be identified for subsequent translation into a phase clinical study. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • On the other hand, T-cells present on their surface a specific receptor known as T-cell receptor (TCR) that enables the acknowledgement of antigens when they are displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • T-cell epitopes are offered by class I (MHC I) and II (MHC II) MHC molecules that are identified by two unique subsets of T-cells, CD8 and CD4 T-cells, respectively (Number 2). (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • To perform this function, DC are capable of capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them on the cell surface complexed to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, for example, human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) DR. Along with that, context-dependent expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and secretion of cytokines occurs. (hindawi.com)
  • HBMS alone, although to a lesser extent, was able to induce modulation of these molecules, but not CD80, in a similar proportion of cases. (unimib.it)
  • Neither stCD40L nor HBMS induced modulation of CD10 and CD34 molecules. (unimib.it)
  • Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • The genetic susceptibility to celiac disease is conferred by well-identified haplotypes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II region (ie, DR3 or DR5/DR7 or HLA DR4). (medscape.com)
  • In this study, scientists have developed a lymph node-targeting multi-epitope subunit vaccine against EVB and tested its efficacy in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-expressing mice. (news-medical.net)
  • Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B- cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
  • By contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line. (wikidoc.org)
  • The currently available HPV vaccines, which induce neutralizing antibodies, have no therapeutic effect on established tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, the monoclonal antibodies are highly specific for TNFα, whether soluble or at the membrane level, whereas etanercept binds to lymphotoxin-α in addition to soluble TNFα, leading to the control of another possible pathogenetic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunogenicity seems extremely weak for etanercept and adalimumab but higher for infliximab, inducing antibodies to its murine component (human anti-murine antibodies, or HAMA) and leading to allergic reactions and the often-seen escape phenomenon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Recombinant targeting modules will be based on antibodies and soluble single-chain fragments of TCR specific for melanoma antigens. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Upon activation, B-cells differentiate and secrete soluble forms of the immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, which mediate humoral adaptive immunity. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • Antibodies released by B-cells can have different functions that are induced upon binding their cognate antigens. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting a mouse with an antigen, harvesting its spleen to obtain B cells that are producing antibody specific to that antigen, fusing those cells with immortal mouse myeloma cells, growing these hybridoma cells (eg, in cell culture), and harvesting the antibody. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chimeric monoclonal antibodies activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells more effectively than murine monoclonal antibodies but can still induce production of human anti-chimeric antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fully human monoclonal antibodies are produced using transgenic mice that contain human immunoglobulin genes or using phage display (ie, a bacteriophage-based cloning method) of immunoglobulin genes isolated from human B cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The HM40-3 antibody reacts with CD40, a 40-50-kDa glycoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes and other antigen-presenting cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This induces the B- lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. (wikidoc.org)
  • Microglia play a crucial role in the development of inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia act on inflammatory lymphocytes as antigen presenting cells, and produce inflammatory cytokines, glutamate, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (neurology-jp.org)
  • Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
  • IFNγ is primarily produced by activated lymphocytes including T, B, NK cells, and ILCs. (bioxcell.com)
  • IFNγ exerts immunoregulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-viral, and proinflammatory activities and plays an important role in activation, growth, and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells and other non-hematopoietic cell types. (bioxcell.com)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • An accumulation of lymphocytes, especially CD4 + T cells, in TPE has been well documented ( 2 ). (atsjournals.org)
  • Scientific research has shown that a hostile tumor microenvironment can be significantly regulated by IL-12 through multiple mechanisms, including reactivation of anergic tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs), inhibition of Treg-mediated suppression of effector T cells, recruitment of NK cells to the tumor site, and inhibition of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In lymphocytes such as T cells B cells and natural killer (NK) cells the MTOC reorients toward the immunological synapse (IS) that forms between the lymphocyte and its stimulatory target cell (2). (tam-receptor.com)
  • We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Adaptive immunity is definitely articulated by lymphocytes, more specifically by B- and T-cells, which are responsible for the humoral and cell-mediated immunity. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • The specificity of the recognition is determined by genetic recombination events that happen during lymphocyte development, which lead to generating millions of different variants of lymphocytes in terms of the antigen-recognizing receptors [1]. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • CD8 T-cells become cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) following T CD8 epitope acknowledgement. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • 4-1BB ligand, also known as CD137L, is a 97 kD member of the TNF superfamily present on antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and activated B and T lymphocytes. (biolegend.com)
  • Methods In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8 + T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. (bmj.com)
  • Compared with controls, the detectable proportion of HIV-1 particles derived from CD14 macrophages and CD26 lymphocytes was increased in persons with acute malaria coinfection and correlated with markedly increased plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory cytokines and soluble markers of macrophage and lymphocyte activation. (lww.com)
  • CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) expressed on lymphocytes is known to play an important role in lymphocyte trafficking (adhesion to vascular endothelium), as well as interactions to antigen presenting cells (APC). (medscape.com)
  • The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, optimized GM3-mediated liposomal targeting to CD169+ macrophages induces potent immune responses and therefore presents as an interesting delivery strategy for cancer vaccination. (uu.nl)
  • IL-10 inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators by monocytes and macrophages such as endotoxin- and IFN¿-induced release of IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and TNF-a. (angioproteomie.com)
  • IL-10 inhibits the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to present antigen to T cells. (angioproteomie.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, IL-6 secretion induced by FLH was abolished in macrophages deficient for TLR4. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • IL-12 is a heterodimeric inflammatory cytokine produced by activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), neutrophils, and macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The innate immune system includes macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells, which respond quickly to an immunological threat. (nature.com)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • A robust humoral immunity together with T cell immunity is expected to promote strong prophylactic activity combined with persistent control of EBV latency. (news-medical.net)
  • The Lenti-HPV-07-induced immunity was long-lasting and prevented tumor growth after a late re-challenge, mimicking tumor relapse. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + T cells are essential organizers of cell-mediated immunity, participating in each stage of the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2018). "NKp46 Receptor-Mediated Interferon-gamma Production by Natural Killer Cells Increases Fibronectin 1 to Alter Tumor Architecture and Control Metastasis" Immunity 48(1): 107-119 e104. (bioxcell.com)
  • The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cellular immunity, particularly of CD4 + T cells, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, has a central role in the control of and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection ( 1 ). (atsjournals.org)
  • Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Since appearance and cloning options for AZ-960 tumor-associated antigens have already been reported cancers vaccines that creates effective cell immunity could AZ-960 be appealing healing applicants but Th2 cells are unwanted for make use of in cancers immunotherapy. (monossabios.com)
  • Nevertheless cancer vaccines experienced limited efficiency in clinical replies because of the capability of cancers cells to "get away" from cancers immunity and a minimal performance of antigen-specific CTL induction because of immunogenic-free artificial peptides. (monossabios.com)
  • Hence nanoparticles might provide a fresh prophylactic technique for infectious disease and healing AZ-960 approaches for cancers via the induction of T-cell immunity. (monossabios.com)
  • Recent evidence also suggests involvement of innate immunity, including dendritic cells (DC), in the initiation and maintenance as well as progression of MS [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. (bmj.com)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the major receptor enabling host cell invasion by SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with Spike. (bvsalud.org)
  • γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
  • Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
  • Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The IFNγ receptor is expressed ubiquitously on almost all cell types with the exception of mature erythrocytes. (bioxcell.com)
  • We demonstrated that signaling via the NK cell receptor NKp46 (human) and Ncr1 (mouse) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion from intratumoral NK cells. (bioxcell.com)
  • Soluble TNFα binds to the fusion protein, becoming unable to act on its cellular receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
  • As chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have displayed an unprecedented efficacy in the treatment of CD19-positive malignances, it is believed that this cell therapy will be a milestone in the history of mankind's conquering of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Benefiting from the remarkable therapeutic outcome of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatment of refractory/relapsed B cell malignancy, CAR T cells are transitioning from the lab to the cancer ward. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To protect CAR-PSCA T cells from the inhibitory effects of IL4, Somala Mohammed transgenically expressed a custom inverted cytokine receptor (ICR) in which the IL-4 receptor ectodomain was fused to the IL-7 receptor endodomain, switching the inhibitory effects to promoting effects to ultimately result in potent and sustained anti-tumor effects [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)
  • Reorientation from the MTOC can be set off by engagement from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complicated (pMHC) substances on the top of antigen-presenting focus on cell (APC) (2). (tam-receptor.com)
  • Using HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice, we have demonstrated the feasibility of T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer into T cells to circumvent self-tolerance to the widely expressed human p53 and MDM2 TAAs. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Distinct innate-like and adaptive-like immunobiological paradigms are rising for human γδ T cells, supported by a mix of immunophenotypic, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, purposeful, and transcriptomic knowledge. (citologica.org)
  • Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. (bmj.com)
  • Two-color analysis of the expression of CD40 on mouse and rat spleen cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The CD40 molecule has a central role in B-cell growth and differentiation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Furthermore, interactions of CD40 with its ligand, CD154, are involved in the initiation and effector stages of cell-mediated immune responses. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • CD40 may be involved in the triggering of NK cells and NK-T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • HM40-3 mAb has been demonstrated to inhibit the binding of soluble CD154 (gp39, CD40 Ligand) to soluble CD40 and to cell-surface CD40. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)
  • In this study we develop reagents to detect RVFV-specific T cells and provide evidence for Tfh cells and CD40/CD40L interactions as critical mediators of this protection. (cdc.gov)
  • Childhood B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells, collected from bone marrow (BM) at diagnosis, were cultured, after thawing, on allogeneic human bone marrow stroma (HBMS) for 48 h in the presence of a soluble trimeric CD40 ligand (stCD40L) molecule. (unimib.it)
  • Scientists analyzed known human CD8+ T cell epitopes from EBV antigens to design a polyepitope vaccine immunogen that incorporates 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes into an engineered protein immunogen. (news-medical.net)
  • The inclusion of both latent and lytic antigenic epitopes is intended to induce robust T-cell response targeting different phases of the viral life cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore usage of the hepatitis B primary particle where tumor-antigen epitopes are established has consistently been proven to induce solid CTL replies without the usage of an adjuvant. (monossabios.com)
  • B-cell epitopes are solvent-exposed portions of the antigen that bind to secreted and cell-bound immunoglobulins. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • These epitopes identified by B-cells may constitute any revealed solvent region in the antigen and may become of different chemical nature. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • Subsequently, you will find CD8 and CD4 T-cell epitopes. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • The viral epitopes targeted by CD4 and CD8 T cells were defined in C57BL/6 mice, and tetramers for both CD4 and CD8 T cells were generated. (cdc.gov)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this cohort of individuals were used to map out the viral epitopes targeted by T cells in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • The findings revealed that vaccination with Amphiphile-CpG adjuvant induces significantly higher viral antigen-specific cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells compared to vaccination with soluble CpG. (news-medical.net)
  • Moreover, vaccination with Amphiphile-CpG induced three times more gp350-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells than soluble CpG. (news-medical.net)
  • IL-10 was first described as a cytokine that is produced by T helper 2 (Th2) cell clones. (angioproteomie.com)
  • It inhibits interferon gamma (IFN-¿) synthesis in Th1 cell, and therefore it was initially called cytokine synthesis inhibiting factor (CSIF). (angioproteomie.com)
  • First, γδ T cells exposed to complicated cytokine networks are potentially affected by multiple inhibitory mechanisms. (explorationpub.com)
  • The importance of proinflammatory T-cells and their cytokine production in patients with autoimmune arthritis has been widely described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of MSCs on the phenotype, cytokine profile, and functionality of naive and non-naive CD4 + T-cells from healthy donors (HD) and patients with autoimmune arthritis under Th17-cytokine polarizing conditions in an explorative way using a transwell system prohibiting any cell-cell-contact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Magnetically isolated naive and non-naive CD4 + T-cells were stimulated under Th17-polarizing proinflammatory cytokine conditions in presence and absence of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results of the study indicate significant immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, as under Th17-polarizing conditions MSCs are still able to control T-cell differentiation and proinflammatory cytokine production in both HD and patients with autoimmune arthritis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been confirmed that naïve (uncommitted) CD4 + T cells can be induced to different specific lineages according to the local cytokine, including towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The XMG1.2 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse IFNγ (interferon gamma) a 20 kDa soluble pleiotropic cytokine and the sole member of the type II class of interferons. (bioxcell.com)
  • The DCs are then pulsed with synthetic peptide or cell lysate and matured with cytokine or TLR agonists. (jci.org)
  • Naive CD4 + T cells can develop into various helper T (Th) subsets with different cytokine profiles and play a discriminative role in translating antigen-specific immune responses into tissue functions or immunopathology. (atsjournals.org)
  • IL-4 is an immunosuppressive cytokine in the tumor microenvironment that can promote fibrogenesis, support tumor growth and protect malignant cells from immune destruction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, other cells at the interface of the innate and the adaptive immune system (e.g cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT)) are important mediators in antitumor-, autoimmune-, and antimicrobial responses and tumor surveillance. (nature.com)
  • Eftilagimod alpha (lab names: IMP321 or LAG-3Ig) is a soluble dimeric recombinant form of LAG-3, being a fusion protein with immunoglobulin, designed to activate antigen presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
  • Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
  • A B-cell epitope is the antigen portion binding to the immunoglobulin or antibody. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since the immune response to antigen requires clonal proliferation, agents that block mitosis are effective inhibitors of the immune response. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Moreover, PMCs were able to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation by presenting tuberculosis-specific antigen. (atsjournals.org)
  • In particular, PMCs were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22-cell differentiation. (atsjournals.org)
  • Pleural mesothelial cells stimulate CD4 + T-cell proliferation and Th22 cell differentiation in response to tuberculosis antigen. (atsjournals.org)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been prominently associated with HPS, with clonal proliferation and the hyperactivation of EBV-infected T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a potentially fatal condition due to dysregulated lymphocyte activation and proliferation, mainly characterised by impaired or inactive natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, which leads to macrophage hyperactivation and over-expression of cytokines [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, in 4/4 tested cases, stCD40L-stimulated ALL cells were able to induce allogeneic T cells proliferation. (unimib.it)
  • This vaccine candidate has a strong CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity against the targeted non-structural DENV proteins, without inducing antibody response against surface antigens. (bvsalud.org)
  • Indeed, Spike proteins induce the highest neutralising antibody (nAb) titres of any coronavirus antigens [7] , making them prime candidates for vaccine development, as they could preclude SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction entirely to halt COVID-19 in its tracks. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
  • However, most antigens are proteins and those are the subjects for epitope prediction methods. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • IL-9 and Th9 cells are overexpressed in synovial tissue while proportion of Th9 cells are increased in peripheral blood from RA patients [ 28 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The results revealed that the prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with LSCC was elevated in their primary tumors, as well as in peripheral blood, compared with that in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study revealed that patients with LSCC have elevated levels of Th17 cells in their primary tumors and peripheral blood compared with those in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In due course, the stem cells in the bone marrow reconstitute the peripheral lymphoid system but the newly formed T cells seem to accept the graft as self [ 403 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
  • for this peripheral localization pattern establishing an intriguing link between diacylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol signaling during T cell activation. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Furthermore OMLs with an encased antigen can induce antigen-specific CTLs from peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells extracted from sufferers. (monossabios.com)
  • Interestingly, the number of CD80 + pDC positively correlates with the presence of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 cells (Tr1), an important cell type for maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. (hindawi.com)
  • Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
  • In isolated naive CD4 + T-cells from HD and patients, MSCs suppressed the differentiation of naive towards an effector phenotype while memory and naive cells showed higher percentages in culture with MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem (or stromal) cells with the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation potential towards several mesodermal linages such as osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation (more citations) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the presence of TGF-β, IL-9 may induce differentiation of naive CD4 + T-cells towards Th17 cells, while IL-9 also affects thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) and enhances their suppressive function in vitro [ 26 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, differentiation and immune regulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remain unknown. (atsjournals.org)
  • The impacts of proinflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation by pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) on Th22-cell differentiation were explored. (atsjournals.org)
  • IL-1β, IL-6, and/or tumor necrosis factor-α promoted Th22-cell differentiation from CD4 + T cells. (atsjournals.org)
  • Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
  • In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)
  • DC are professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique capacity to polarize the differentiation of T cells, thereby regulating the balance between inflammation and tolerance [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, it enhances the production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1RA and soluble TNF-a receptors. (angioproteomie.com)
  • The prevalence of Th17 cells and their receptors in patients with LSCC was studied using immunohistochemical analysis via tissue microarray technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-engineered T cells have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in patients with B-cell malignancies. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • These antigens are identified by specific receptors present in the cell surface of B- and T-cells. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • Antigen acknowledgement by these receptors is required to activate B- and T-cells but not plenty of, as second activation signals stemming from your activation of the innate immune system are also needed. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • B-cells recognize solvent-exposed antigens through antigen receptors, named as Liquiritin B-cell receptors (BCR), consisting of membrane-bound immunoglobulins, as demonstrated in Number 1. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • a) B-cell receptors encompass cell-bound immunoglobulins, consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. (mundial-brasil2014.net)
  • These 2 members mediate leukocyte adhesions to endothelial cells but they also serve as receptors for iC3b (inactivated C3b). (medscape.com)
  • The virus infects resting B cells in the oropharynx and induces transcriptional programming of these cells to establish life-long viral latency. (news-medical.net)
  • A dramatic expansion of viral antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with robust polyfunctional effector phenotype was observed in splenocytes of mice immunized with Amphiphile-CpG vaccine. (news-medical.net)
  • The coronavirus Spike protein is a remarkable feat of viral evolution, having developed an elaborate mechanism to bind ACE2 and reconfigure it as an entry point to host cells. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Alternatively, the DCs are transduced with a viral vector that expresses the antigen. (jci.org)
  • This phenomenon has been modeled in C57BL/6 mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to infection with DelNSs RVFV (RVFV containing a deletion of NSs), resulting in late-onset encephalitis accompanied by high levels of viral RNA in the brain in 30% of animals. (cdc.gov)
  • In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
  • In an era of advanced nanomedicine, it should be possible to restrain or reprogram the immune system directly using genetic engineering (Chapters 19 and 23 ), or by using other means (e.g., temporary systemic white cell sequestration), to reduce or eliminate immunoresponsiveness during the period of nanomedical treatment. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The most general pre-nanomedical method to suppress immune system acute responsiveness is called antigen nonspecific immunosuppression. (nanomedicine.com)
  • The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The host immune system can also contribute to the efficacy of some cancer therapies where the tumor death induced may be "immunogenic" ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • to cells and tissue.21-23 The phagocytosis and recognition of pathogens and their following destruction can be an essential mechanism of immune system protection. (monossabios.com)
  • Based on previous efforts focusing on the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of MS, it is currently well established that autoreactive T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells mediate the inflammatory processes in the CNS [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Microglia can exert neuroprotective effect by deprivation of dead cells and induction of neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-oxidant enzyme in MS. Neurons are thought to be not merely passive targets of microglia but rather control microglial activity through various signals including cytokines and chemokines. (neurology-jp.org)
  • In tumors, there are all types of immune cells that can have various effects on tumor progression, and a spectrum of soluble cytokines and chemokines that regulates the entry of different types of infiltrating immune cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The chemoattractant activity of chemokines produced by PMCs for Th22 cells was observed. (atsjournals.org)
  • The overrepresentation of Th22 cells in TPE may be due to pleural cytokines and to PMC-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that the accumulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion may be due to the increased local proinflammatory cytokines and to pleural mesothelial cell-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • IFNγ has also been shown to modulate macrophage effector functions, influence isotype switching and induce the secretion of immunoglobulins by B cells. (bioxcell.com)
  • Polarization of the T cell microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) to the immunological synapse maintains the specificity of effector responses by enabling directional secretion toward the antigen-presenting cell. (tam-receptor.com)
  • This event brings the Golgi apparatus secretory lysosomes and other vesicular compartments associated with the MTOC into close apposition with the synaptic membrane thereby allowing the directional secretion of soluble elements toward the prospective cell. (tam-receptor.com)
  • TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells from Mammals. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • The testing of lymph node accumulation of vaccine immunogens revealed that the Amphiphile-modified CpG DNA adjuvant is highly capable of increasing lymph node drainage and retention of immunogens, in addition to persistently inducing an acute inflammatory response in local and distal lymph nodes. (news-medical.net)
  • Considering these facts, it could be concluded that pro-inflammatory Th17 cells may have extensive effects on LSCC pathogenesis and anti-tumor response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This ability of MSCs to adopt a different phenotype in response to sensing an inflammatory environment is not captured in assays that are commonly used to characterize these cells, but it is crucial for understanding their therapeutic potential in immune-mediated disorders. (pdffox.com)
  • There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are inappropriate or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Scientists from Australia and the USA have developed a lymph node-targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine that induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in mice. (news-medical.net)
  • To further increase vaccine-induced immune response, an Amphiphile-modified CpG DNA adjuvant was incorporated into the vaccine. (news-medical.net)
  • This adjuvant was designed to increase lymph node delivery and accumulation of vaccine antigen and adjuvant. (news-medical.net)
  • The Amphiphile-CpG vaccine-induced T cells exhibited robust polyfunctional effector phenotype. (news-medical.net)
  • Cancer vaccine effectiveness could be enhanced by targeting vaccine antigens to antigen-presenting cells, thereby increasing T-cell activation. (uu.nl)
  • The major challenge associated with the development of such a vaccine is that it should induce simultaneous and equal protection against the four DENV serotypes, because past infection with one serotype may greatly increase the severity of secondary infection with a distinct serotype, a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). (bvsalud.org)
  • These results provide proof of concept for the use of lentiviral vectors for the development of efficient polyvalent T-cell vaccine candidates against all DENV serotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, T cell-based immune responses to the formalin-inactivated vaccine were examined in a cohort of seven individuals who received between 1 and 6 doses of the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • These data provide tools for assessing human RVFV-specific T cell responses and are thus a valuable resource for future human RVFV vaccine efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • A single intramuscular injection of Lenti-HPV-07 into mice bearing established HPV-induced tumors resulted in complete tumor eradication in 100% of the animals and was also effective against lung metastases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, and their presence within human tumors correlates with better prognosis. (bioxcell.com)
  • However, the mechanisms by which NK cells control tumors in vivo are unclear. (bioxcell.com)
  • However, there are some issues that restrict CAR T cells from reaching their optimal anti-tumor capacity, especially in the treatment of solid tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To obtain better efficacy in the treatment of leukemia and solid tumors, we need to continuously upgrade CAR T cell technology by incorporating novel functional elements into CAR T cells to overcome these restrictions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, they found that the co-expression of IL-12 may contribute to TIA-1 expression in tumors after MUC1 CAR T cell treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results Herein we reveal a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells against tumors using TLR-activated B cells. (bmj.com)
  • Peptide vaccines possess immunological and financial advantages as cancers vaccines because CTL epitope peptides from tumor-associated antigens possess high antigen-specificity. (monossabios.com)
  • It also developed a technology platform called ImmuCcine which involved covalently linking an antigen to IMP321 in a fusion protein in order vectorise the antigen to dendritic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikidoc.org)
  • Most complex protein antigens induce multiple B-cell clones during the immune response, thus, the response is polyclonal. (wikidoc.org)
  • Immune responses to non-protein antigens are generally poorly or enhanced by adjuvants and there is no system memory. (wikidoc.org)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • Rituximab, or anti-CD20, is an antibody used in RA, whereas abatacept is a dimeric fusion soluble protein made of the extracellular part of CTLA-4 present on T cells and Fc of IgG1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TKS-1 antibody inhibits binding of soluble 4-1BB to 4-1BBL in vitro . (biolegend.com)
  • Described here are some of the general requirements of in vitro test methods for skin sensitization, and progress that has been made in developing suitable approaches with particular emphasis on the utility of dendritic cell culture systems. (cdc.gov)
  • A key role of B cells in this model appears to be the production of a humoral arthritogenic factor since arthritis can be successfully transferred to SCID mice by CIA rat serum administered together with a B cell-depleted splenocyte population consisting of T cells and donor-histocompatible antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The finding that arthritis can be generated in SCID recipients of CIA rat serum together with splenocytes from non-arthritic DBA/1 mice immunized with denatured CII supports the hypothesis that T cells with specificity for denatured joint components perpetuate disease initiated by humoral factors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Organ failure in the heart or kidney can initiate various complex metabolic, cell-mediated and humoral pathways affecting distant organs, contributing to the high therapeutic costs and significantly higher morbidity and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prednisone and prednisolone [ 386 ] act powerfully to suppress the inflammation accompanying a rejection crisis, and also appear to reduce the expression of class II histocompatibility antigens, thus reducing the immunogenicity of the transplant. (nanomedicine.com)
  • These vesicles could be prepared in a variety of ways which might have an effect on the immunogenicity from the encapsulated antigens.20 Efficient delivery of antigens to immune cells could be facilitated by agents that bind selectively to molecular set ups on the top of targeted cells. (monossabios.com)
  • Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) can be transferred from DBA/1 to SCID mice when native type II collagen (CII) is administered together with spleen cells, arthritis appearing some 14 days after cell transfer. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RVFV-specific CD4 T cells were identified in the liver and spleen following infection and phenotyped as largely Th1 or Tfh subtypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Prima currently has three main products in its pipeline, all acquired with Immutep: Eftilagimod alpha, (lab name: IMP321) which is recombinant soluble LAG-3, used as an activator of antigen presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a proof of concept, we prepared GM3-targeted liposomes containing a long synthetic ovalbumin peptide and tested the capacity of these liposomes to induce CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses compared to control liposomes or soluble peptide. (uu.nl)
  • Cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that more than 98% sCD40L-activated B cells were loaded by the HBcAg peptide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IMP731, a depleting monoclonal antibody for autoimmune diseases, targeting LAG-3+ activated T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immutep established in 2008 that the product could induce activation of dendritic cell and monocytes, resulting in T cell expansion. (wikipedia.org)
  • These properties have made lentiviral vectors advantageous for use in dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore, binding of etanercept to membrane-associated TNFα does not cause cell lysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This induces a membrane proximal tyrosine kinase cascade resulting in the activation of many crucial signaling enzymes included in this phospholipase-Cγ (PLC? (tam-receptor.com)
  • Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)
  • Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • NK cells can enhance T-cell activation without production of cytokines linked to adverse reactions. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Feasibility research of OML-based vaccines possess revealed their prospect of clinical make use of as vaccines for illnesses where CTLs become effector cells. (monossabios.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
  • In many cell types polarized cellular architecture is dictated by the movement of the centrosome (also called Xanthone (Genicide) the microtubule-organizing center or MTOC) to one side of the cell. (tam-receptor.com)
  • In response to this challenge, the International Society for Cellular Therapy formulated minimal criteria for defining MSCs in order to create a broader consensus for more uniform characterization of these cells (Dominici et al. (pdffox.com)
  • Previous work from the contributing DKTK partner sites has demonstrated the versatility of this approach in T cells, and showed that it is feasible to derive CAR-engineered, established human NK cells as an off-the-shelf cellular therapeutic. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which allergic sensitization to chemicals is induced and regulated. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (lww.com)
  • γδ T cells recruited into the tumor microenvironment can act as effector cells to mediate cancer immune surveillance. (explorationpub.com)
  • In this study, we sought to define the specific type(s) of CD4 T cells that mediate protection from RVFV encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, we have defined a mechanism of NK cell-mediated control of metastases in vivo that may help develop NK cell-dependent cancer therapies. (bioxcell.com)
  • Sepsis is one of the major complications of surgery resulting in high morbidity and mortality, but there are no specific therapies for sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Risk-adapted therapies for AML, ALL, and CLL patients consist of chemotherapy with/without stem cell transplantation (SCT), but the rate of early failures and relapses is still unsatisfying. (nature.com)
  • Conclusions Our results demonstrate a novel way to use TLR agonists to improve immunotherapy and reveal a vital role for B cells in the generation of potent CD8 + T cell-based therapies. (bmj.com)
  • Targeting tumor cells or the tumor microenvironment (TME) are the two major fundamental principles for antitumor therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once the graft has escaped the initial acute phase rejection reactions, a cumulative unresponsiveness to the graft develops as the recipient is continually exposed to donor MHC, a stable state that sometimes depends on the development of antigen-specific T-suppressor cells [ 371 , 5349 - 5354 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Coronavirus-induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a zoonotic virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has rapidly spread during the last year and a half, infecting over 100 million humans and causing more than two million deaths worldwide. (nature.com)
  • In an effort to bridge this gap, we evaluated cryopreserved PBMCs from 4 patients who survived Ebola virus disease (EVD) using an established mass cytometry antibody panel to characterize various cell populations during both the acute and convalescent phases. (cdc.gov)
  • Unsupervised analysis of cell abundance demonstrated acute declines in monocytic, NK, and T cell populations, but some populations, many of myeloid origin, increased in abundance during the acute phase, suggesting emergency hematopoiesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite cell losses during the acute phase, upregulation of Ki-67 correlated with recovery of cell populations over time. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute simple transfu- tance of providing antigen-matched blood sions are usually used to treat sequestration for chronic transfusion patients, such as crisis, aplastic crisis, blood loss and in pre- those with thalassaemia and SCA, in order operative preparation. (who.int)
  • Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
  • Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Th22 cells differentiate and recruit into the pleural space. (atsjournals.org)
  • Although IL-22-producing helper T (Th22) cells have been reported to be involved in human tuberculosis, the mechanisms by which Th22 cells differentiate and are recruited into the pleural space are unknown. (atsjournals.org)
  • Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
  • Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult, fibroblast-like multipotent cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts (Friedenstein et al. (pdffox.com)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • This joint (Frankfurt/Mainz, Dresden, Essen, Heidelberg) translational immunotherapy project aims to combine NK cells as effector cells with universal epitope-specific CAR (UniCAR) with tunable activity. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • To evaluate whether leukemia-reactive T cells were detectable in the BM of ALL patients at diagnosis, stCD40L-stimulated ALL cells were co-cultured with autologous T cells (ratio 1:1), isolated from BM at diagnosis, for 4 days and a 24 h ELISPOT assay was applied to detect the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing cells. (unimib.it)
  • Antigen nonspecific methods include the use of cytotoxic drugs that interfere with all cell division in the body [ 383 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Since 1999, various genetic loci related to the activity of perforin and granzyme granules have been associated with genetic autosomal recessive HPS, thus explaining the impaired or absent function of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells [ 2 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. (cdc.gov)
  • LFA-1 also plays a role of cytotoxic killing by T cells. (medscape.com)
  • Most adjuvants provide for an injection site, antigen depot which allows for a slow release of antigen into draining lymph nodes. (wikidoc.org)
  • We successfully applied this strategy to the human TAAs p53, gp100 and MDM2-specific TCRs as promising antigens-driven immunotherapy for both melanoma and hematologic malignancies. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is taken into account to be the strongest healing immunotherapy for varied malignancies (primarily, however not restricted to, haematologic malignancies). (citologica.org)
  • The complex interplay between cancer cells and the TIME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anticancer therapy (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to current challenges, there is a need to explore innovative immunotherapies, maximize the tumor-killing efficacy of γδ T cells, and attenuate or eliminate tumor immunosuppression. (explorationpub.com)
  • T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • Growth factors may act either in an autocrine or a paracrine fashion and their temporal and spatial concentration modulates the cell phenotype and function. (unicyte.ch)
  • The cell phenotype is therefore determined by signals that target the cells received within a defined microenvironment. (unicyte.ch)
  • CpG-conditioned CD8 + T cells acquired a unique proteomic signature hallmarked by an IL-2Rα high ICOS high CD39 low phenotype and an altered metabolic profile, all reliant on B cells transiently present in the culture. (bmj.com)
  • CpG fostered the expansion of potent CD8 + T cells with the signature phenotype and antitumor ability via empowering a direct B-T cell interaction. (bmj.com)
  • Patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency II manifest the Bombay phenotype (ie, negative for O and H blood group antigens with potential production of anti-H antibody). (medscape.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • We posited that TLR agonists could be repurposed ex vivo to condition T cells with remarkable potency in vivo, circumventing TLR-related toxicity. (bmj.com)
  • This response was significantly lower in mice immunized with soluble CpG. (news-medical.net)
  • The analysis of gp350-specific B cell response in immunized mice revealed that both Amphiphile-CpG and soluble CpG induce comparable numbers of antibody-secreting B cells in splenocytes. (news-medical.net)
  • The role of the B cells in the adoptive transfer of collagen-induced arthritis from DBA/1 (H-2q) to SCID (H-2d) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the intra-tumoral infiltrates of vaccinated mice, the presence of large amounts of activated effector, resident memory, and transcription factor T cell factor-1 (TCF-1)+ "stem-like" CD8+ T cells was associated with full tumor eradication. (bvsalud.org)
  • Injection of IFN-gamma into tumor-bearing mice or transgenic overexpression of Ncr1 in NK cells in mice resulted in decreased metastasis formation. (bioxcell.com)
  • mice have suggested that the two enzymes play partially redundant roles in the attenuation of DAG signaling during T cell activation (8-11). (tam-receptor.com)
  • skin sensitization resulting in allergic con- based on analysis of immune responses induced in mice tact dermatitis and sensitization of the respiratory tract (and rats) by chemical allergens. (cdc.gov)
  • Injected lentiviral vector preferentially transduced splenic dendritic cells and resulted in long-term expression. (jci.org)
  • [ 2 ] The term silent celiac disease refers to patients showing both serologic celiac-specific autoimmunity and consistent changes of the small intestinal pathology, but presenting no symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
  • However, high-avidity T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are usually absent in patients because of self-tolerance. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • This process involves the ability of cells to change pheno- type depending upon specific signals. (unicyte.ch)
  • Virus-specific antibody responses correlated with protection from encephalitis in all mouse strains, suggesting that Tfh-B cell interactions modulate clinical outcome in this model. (cdc.gov)
  • RVFV-specific T cell responses were detectable up to 24 years post vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • By contrast, transfer of disease cannot be achieved by co-administration of CIA rat serum and purified donor T cells, indicating that the presence of donor antigen-presenting cells is a requirement for adoptive transfer of arthritis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Transplantation is the transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from one person, the donor, to another, the recipient (e.g., a blood transfusion), or from one part of the body to another (e.g., skin grafts) with the goal of restoring a missing function [ 361 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
  • We have investigated whether these cardiac abnormalities can be reproduced in a murine animal model, in which administration of Stx, the main virulence factor of STEC, is used to induce HUS. (bvsalud.org)