Soluble b cell activating factor. Medical search. Frequent questions

BAFF is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. (wikipedia.org)
This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B/TACI, TNFRSF17/BCMA, and TNFRSF13C/BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. (wikipedia.org)
Studies using these samples found associations between fatal outcomes and elevated liver enzyme levels, renal dysfunction, cytokine dysregulation, and genetic factors ( 7 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a key cytokine for B-cell activation, is increased in the serum and the skin of patients with SSc. (ox.ac.uk)
Woolson, H. D. , Thomson, V. S. , Rutherford, C. , Yarwood, S. J. and Palmer, T. M. (2009) Selective inhibition of cytokine-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase by cyclic amp via Epac1-dependent induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling-3. (gla.ac.uk)
Interleukin 12, also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF), is a pleiotropic cytokine originally identified in the medium of activated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. (rndsystems.com)
These observations have led to the suggestion that IL-12 might have evolved from a cytokine/soluble receptor complex. (rndsystems.com)
Cytokine that can act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, and stimulate the production of IFN-gamma by resting pbmc. (lu.se)
NKsf is essentially a complex of cytokine and soluble receptor. (lu.se)

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B and CD257 among other names, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene. (wikipedia.org)
It is expressed as a membrane-bound type II transmembrane protein on various cell types including monocytes, dendritic cells and bone marrow stromal cells. (wikipedia.org)
The transmembrane form can be cleaved from the membrane, generating a soluble protein fragment. (wikipedia.org)
Pretreatment with a stem-cell-activating protein significantly enhances healing in mice, Stanford researchers say. (stanford.edu)
Like drag car racers revving their engines at the starting line, stem cells respond more quickly to injury when they've been previously primed with one dose of a single protein, according to a study from the Stanford University School of Medicine . (stanford.edu)
Harnessing the power of this protein may one day help people recover more quickly from surgery or restore youthful vigor to aging stem cells. (stanford.edu)
Rodgers and his colleagues found that a protein called hepatocyte growth factor, which exists in a latent form in the spaces between muscle cells and tissue, can activate a critical signaling pathway in the cells by binding to their surfaces. (stanford.edu)
However, it did have increased levels of a protein called HGFA that activates HGF by snipping it into two pieces. (stanford.edu)
Here we demonstrate that elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) specifically attenuates ERK1,2 activation in response to either leptin or a soluble interleukin IL-6 receptor-α/IL-6 (sIL-6R-α/IL-6) trans-signalling complex but not protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. (gla.ac.uk)
The inhibitory effect of cAMP could not be reversed by inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) but was blocked by depletion of the alternative intracellular cAMP sensor exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), which is also required to observe SOCS-3 accumulation in response to cAMP. (gla.ac.uk)
Recombinant Human TACI is a soluble 159 amino acid polypeptide (17.8 kDa) comprising the TNFR homologous, cysteine-rich extracellular domain of the TACI protein. (peprotech.com)
2021. The fiber knob protein of human adenovirus type 49 mediates highly efficient and promiscuous infection of cancer cell lines using a novel cell entry mechanism . (cardiff.ac.uk)
But Actos also improved several heart disease risk factors, including cholesterol and markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein. (natap.org)
The secreted decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily blocks the action of TL1A. (enzolifesciences.com)
Activation of DR3 by TL1A induced the formation of a signaling complex containing TRADD, TRAF2, and RIP and activated the NF-κB and the ERK, JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (enzolifesciences.com)
We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
The SNP influences the amount of soluble and membrane-bound isoforms of the protein by putatively disrupting an exonic splicing silencer. (researchgate.net)
We're proposing a genetically engineered cell therapy, expressing an osteoprotegerin (OPG) variant we developed by structure-based protein engineering," Ponnazhagan says. (bcrfa.org)
The OPG variant cell therapy will be tested further with a programmed cell death protein 1 antibody and chemotherapy in pre-metastatic and metastatic breast cancer. (bcrfa.org)
Fibrinogen is a large, complex, soluble blood plasma protein. (technologynetworks.com)
During coagulation, this protein is converted to insoluble fibrin deposits, a factor in blood clotting. (technologynetworks.com)
Antioxidant activity in lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) and its inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and mitogen-activated protein kinases activation. (cdc.gov)
Pretreatment of JB6 P(+) mouse epidermal cells with lingonberry extracts produced a dose-dependent inhibition on the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) induced by either 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or ultraviolet-B (UVB). (cdc.gov)
Lingonberry extract blocked UVB-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling members ERK1, ERK2, p38, and MEK1/2 but not JNK. (cdc.gov)
Balancing protein levels is a complex multistep process fundamental to maintain cells in their healthy state and a disrupted proteostasis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. (bvsalud.org)
When protein misfolding occurs, protein quality control systems are activated such as chaperones, the lysosomal-autophagy system and proteasomal degradation to ensure proper degradation. (bvsalud.org)
Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. (bvsalud.org)
C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is the major soluble inhibitor of the classical and lectin pathways whereas factor H (FH) inhibits the alternative route. (lu.se)
Components of the clotting and fibrinolytic system, along with multiple adhesive and contractile proteins, are additional factor XIIIa protein substrates. (medscape.com)

The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
TL1A (TNFSF15), a ligand belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is expressed predominantly by endothelial cells and monocytes. (enzolifesciences.com)
however, significant amounts are also produced by monocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. (dadamo.com)
Cells known to express IL-6 R include CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, hepatocytes, CD34+ stem cells neurons, neutrophils, monocytes and osteoblasts. (sbhsciences.com)
rFVIIa is able to activate factor X on phospholipid vesicles, activated platelets, or monocytes independent of TF, although the TF-independent generation of thrombin is much less efficient than the TF-dependent thrombin generation by rFVIIa. (medscape.com)
The enzyme is very specific for monocytes and macrophages, so identification and classification of malignant diseases involving these cells can be carried out by determining whether or not factor XIII is present. (medscape.com)

Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
7 , 8 BAFF prevents apoptosis of B cells, regulates B-cell homoeostasis, and maintains peripheral tolerance. (bmj.com)
Cells induced to undergo apoptosis by treatment with recombinant human TRAIL gave a population of cells that was Annexin V-FITC positive (second panel, M2). (bdbiosciences.com)
A small number of Annexin-V positive cells in the untreated population represents a basal level of apoptosis (far left/first panel). (bdbiosciences.com)
deletion of an exon encoding the transmembrane domain results in a soluble FAS molecule that blocks apoptosis. (biolegend.com)
Aloe emodin is also reported to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [ 11 ]. (longdom.org)
Similarly studies with Emodin and Aloe emodin derivatives have also revealed greater therapeutic potential, DNA intercalation property, and reactive oxygen species generation and thereby induction of apoptosis in cancer cells [ 12 ]. (longdom.org)
Lingonberry extract also induced the apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells in a dose-independent manner. (cdc.gov)

The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Fas-activated DCs increase the expression of MHC II, B7 co-stimulatory molecules, and DC-lysosome-associated membrane proteins (DC-LAMP), and secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. (biolegend.com)
On activated T cells, TL1A functions specifically via its surface-bound receptor DR3, (a member of the death-domain containing TNF receptor family) to promote cell survival and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. (enzolifesciences.com)
Proteases and in particular neutrophil elastase could act as regulatory factors in the generation of soluble cytokines with mitogenic activity for mesenchymal cells resulting either in emphysema or in fibrosis or both. (biomedcentral.com)
This results in the production of cytokines and other soluble proteins necessary for cell signaling that activate the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) leading to aggressive bone damage. (bcrfa.org)
Its biological activities are shared by IL-6-family of cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M. IL-6 exerts its biological activities through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. (sbhsciences.com)

These receptors are expressed mainly on mature B lymphocytes and their expression varies in dependence of B cell maturation (TACI is also found on a subset of T-cells and BCMA on plasma cells). (wikipedia.org)
B lymphocytes and B-cell activating factor promote collagen and profibrotic markers expression by dermal fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis. (ox.ac.uk)
It is suggested that CD8 + T-lymphocytes remain in the brain and spinal cord as tissue resident cells, which may focally propagate neuroinflammation, when they re-encounter their cognate antigen. (frontiersin.org)
B-lymphocytes may propagate demyelination and neurodegeneration, most likely by producing soluble neurotoxic factors. (frontiersin.org)
IL-12 is produced by macrophages and B lymphocytes and has been shown to have multiple effects on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. (rndsystems.com)

This increase in the thrombin burst occurs after direct rFVIIa activation of factors IX and X on the surface of activated platelets (even in the absence of factor VIII or IX). (medscape.com)
The rFVIIa seems to work in a TF-independent manner directly on factors IX and X on the phospholipid surface of activated platelets. (medscape.com)

Interaction between BAFF and BAFF-R activates classical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. (nature.com)
Recently, genetic factors linking immunological pathways to predisposition to preeclampsia have been identified. (frontiersin.org)
A feature of this type of medicine is that unlike other immunosuppressive medicines, e.g. methotrexate, specific cell signalling pathways involved in the disease are targeted. (bpac.org.nz)
As a proangiogenic response effecter, the interaction of Sema4D with plexin-B1 is dependent on the COOH-terminal PDZ-binding motif of plexin-B1, which binds two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho and is mediated by the activation of Rho-initiated (Ras homolog gene family) pathways ( 4 - 8 ). (jcancer.org)
The complement system consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins, 12 of which are directly involved in the complement pathways. (dadamo.com)
One possible explanation for patients' improvement due to exercise is that lung progenitors regain their physiological stretching from healthy conditions and activate molecular pathways favouring lung regeneration. (lu.se)
Invading pathogens activate complement either spontaneously due to differences in envelope/membrane composition compared to host (alternative and lectin pathways) or through antibody binding (classical pathway). (lu.se)

As described below, these diverse situations range from the complications of diabetes and cellular perturbation in amyloidoses to immune and inflammatory responses and tumor cell behavior. (jci.org)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that occurs when a person's immune system attacks healthy cells in the body. (medicaldaily.com)
Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Patients with severe immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease or psoriasis, often respond well and relatively quickly to treatment with biologic medicines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. (bpac.org.nz)
As breast cancer spreads throughout the bone, tumor cells interact with infiltrating immune cells and reactive stroma in the microenvironment. (bcrfa.org)
These receptors, present on the other cells of the immune system, are involved in a variety of immunoregulatory reactions. (dadamo.com)
CR1 on erythrocytes may bind circulating immune complexes (that had activated complement) and transport them to the liver where the immune complexes are partially degraded and thus become more soluble. (dadamo.com)
The fibrin molecule plays a key role in activating a type of immune cell, known as a macrophage, which helps remove cellular debris. (technologynetworks.com)
This type of activation, called "trans-signalling", renders virtually all cells capable of responding to IL-6/sIL-6R alpha complexes, making for a large new spectrum of IL-6 activities, ranging from the control of the immune response to involvement in pathological states. (sbhsciences.com)
Current evidence indicates that IL-12, produced by macrophages in response to infectious agents, is a central mediator of the cell-mediated immune response by its actions on the development, proliferation, and activities of TH1 cells. (rndsystems.com)
If the blood-testes barrier, which isolates germ cells from the contact with local immune system, is impaired by some reasons, autoimmunity to sperm antigens could be induced and results in the development of autoimmune orchitis. (benthamscience.com)
However, only in recent years it has become apparent that complement not only plays a major role in innate defense against pathogens but also identifies foreign materials and removes waste (immune complexes and dying cells). (lu.se)

Donor-specific antibodies bind with high affinity to the vascular endothelium of graft and activate complement. (wikipedia.org)
Preeclampsia is considered a two stage-disease in which poorly perfused placenta produces factor(s) leading to systemic vascular disease and the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pediatric patients who survived had higher levels of the chemokine regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted marker and lower levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule than did pediatric patients who died. (cdc.gov)
Finally to appraise how tissue function might be affected by endothelial cell hypoxia the contractility of vascular smooth muscle was examined. (bl.uk)
In response to vascular injury, circulating platelets adhere, aggregate, and provide cell surface phospholipids for the assembly of blood clotting enzyme complexes, thrombin activation, and fibrin formation. (medscape.com)
Vascular factors reduce blood loss due to trauma through local vasoconstriction (an immediate reaction to injury) and compression of injured vessels by extravasation of blood into surrounding tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

This pathway stimulates the production of proteins important in alerting the stem cells. (stanford.edu)
The coagulation of blood is maintained by cellular components and soluble plasma proteins. (medscape.com)

BAFF steady-state concentrations depend on B cells and also on the expression of BAFF-binding receptors. (wikipedia.org)
BAFF is the natural ligand of three nonconventional tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikipedia.org)
BAFF-R is involved in the positive regulation during B cell development. (wikipedia.org)
Inadequate level of BAFF will fail to activate B cells to produce enough immunoglobulin and will lead to immunodeficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Increased levels of BAFF may initiate alloreactive B cell and T cell immunity, therefore may promote allograft rejection. (wikipedia.org)
Lower level of BAFF transcripts (or a higher level of soluble BAFF) show a higher risk of producing donor-specific antibodies in the investigated patients. (wikipedia.org)
[4] BAFF is the natural ligand of three unusual tumor necrosis factor receptors named BAFF-R (BR3), TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. (wikidoc.org)
[19] Increased levels of BAFF may initiate aloreactive B cell and T cell immunity, therefore may promote allograft rejection. (wikidoc.org)
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tabalumab, a monoclonal antibody that neutralises membrane-bound and soluble B-cell activating factor (BAFF), in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who showed inadequate response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. (bmj.com)
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a ligand in the TNF family that exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form and is required for B-cell survival as they leave the bone marrow and enter the periphery. (bmj.com)
thus, neutralising BAFF is an alternative therapeutic approach to targeting B cells. (bmj.com)
However, the ability of B cells directly to stimulate dermal fibroblasts and the role of BAFF are not fully understood. (ox.ac.uk)
We therefore investigated the involvement of B cells and BAFF in the expression of collagen and profibrotic markers by dermal fibroblasts. (ox.ac.uk)
METHODS: Cocultures of blood B cells from healthy blood donors and normal or SSc dermal fibroblasts stimulated with anti-IgM and BAFF were performed. (ox.ac.uk)
B cell- and BAFF-induced collagen secretion was highly reduced by anti-TGF-β1 antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed for the first time a direct role of B cells on the production of collagen by dermal fibroblasts, which is further enhanced by BAFF. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, these results demonstrate a new pathogenic role of B cells and BAFF in fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. (ox.ac.uk)
TACI can bind to both APRIL and BAFF, stimulate the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, and can mediate the calcineurin-dependent activation of NF-AT (nuclear-factor of activated T cells). (peprotech.com)
Determined by its ability to block human BAFF induced T2B cell survival using a concentration range of 1.0-3.0 µg/ml. (peprotech.com)
The antibody, generically called belimumab, inhibits the B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), sometimes called the B-cell activating factor (BAFF). (evaluate.com)
By binding to both forms of BAFF, Lilly believes the agent may further reduce the activity, survival and proliferation of B cells and therefore control disease symptoms more effectively. (evaluate.com)

It expresses a range of cell surface molecules involved in adaptive and innate immunity, as well as crucial sentinel molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are pivotal in early cellular defense against virus infection. (molvis.org)
Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) belongs to the semaphorin family, which binds to receptors such as Pleixn-B1 (transmembrane structure receptor), CD72 (cluster of differentiation antigen 72, mainly expresses on lymphocyte cells), then activates downstream signaling molecules. (jcancer.org)
Different fragments, released from individual components during complement activation, operate by a non-cytolytic mechanism through specific receptors present on various cell types. (dadamo.com)
The direction and intensity of the biological response depend on the state of the receptors (affinity and density) and on the function of cells bearing receptors. (dadamo.com)
Adherent receptors mediate adherence of cells and other particles with bound C3b or C4b fragments and are known as CR1 to CR5. (dadamo.com)
The second group of receptors reacts with small complement fragments (C4a, C3a, C5a) as well as with C1q, Ba, Bb and factor H. Stimulation of these receptors results in various biological effects (chemotaxis, secretion of vasoactive amines, mediators of the inflammatory and anaphylactic reaction etc. (dadamo.com)
Platelet receptors for ADP include the P2Y12 receptor, which sends signals to suppress adenylate cyclase, decreases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, and promotes activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (assembled on the activated platelet surface membrane from glycoproteins IIb and IIIa). (msdmanuals.com)

Inhibitor profile of the enzyme, including inhibition by serine protease inhibitors and no inhibition by elastatinal, coincides with that previously reported for proTGF-alpha cleavage activity on CHO cells. (nih.gov)
The decrease in fibrinolysis might be due to an increase in thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and an increase in factor XIIIa. (medscape.com)

In platelets and other cells, factor XIII lacks the B domain, existing instead as an A 2 dimer. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] while megakaryocytes are probably responsible for synthesizing the factor XIII found in platelets. (medscape.com)
In platelets, a nonproteolytic process activates cellular factor XIII. (medscape.com)

Osteoblasts arise from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. (medscape.com)
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types (Figure 1 ), including adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Furthermore, we have shown that there are relevant secreted soluble factors, such as HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), involved in lung repair in COPD. (lu.se)

Activates NFKB, stimulates the proliferation of T-cells, and inhibits growth of the adenocarcinoma HT-29. (joplink.net)

Apoptotic caspase activity inhibits cell death-associated inflammation. (nature.com)
Soluble TACI inhibits APRIL-stimulated proliferation of primary B cells by blocking the binding of APRIL to the membrane-anchored TACI receptor. (peprotech.com)

In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)
Consistent with this observation, cAMP elevation in HUVECs produced a transient yet robust activation of ERK, and subsequent phosphorylation of transcription factor C/EBPβ, both of which were resistant to PKA inhibition. (gla.ac.uk)
After proteolytic activation on the host cell surface, PA forms a membrane-inserting heptamer that translocates the toxic enzymes, oedema factor and lethal factor, into the cytosol. (rcsb.org)
Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified in humans and mice as a population of immature myeloid cells with the ability to suppress T cell activation. (scienceopen.com)
Here, we have isolated tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) from mouse cell lines and shown that an interaction between TDE-associated Hsp72 and MDSCs determines the suppressive activity of the MDSCs via activation of Stat3. (scienceopen.com)
In addition, tumor-derived soluble factors triggered MDSC expansion via activation of Erk. (scienceopen.com)
Thrombin cleavage of the Arg 37 -Gly 38 bond in the A chain, causing the release of an M r 4500 activation peptide, is the key step in the activation of plasma factor XIII. (medscape.com)

Upon binding of IL-6 to the receptor (alpha subunit), gp130 is homodimerized and is subsequently involved in down-stream signal processes binding tyrosine kinases and activating STAT1 and STAT3 transcriptional factors. (sbhsciences.com)

While some signals are mitogenic and proosteogenic, others function to inhibit osteogenesis and increase bone resorption, and it appears that a well-controlled, delicate balance of inflammatory factors is necessary for proper fracture repair [ 3 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Key open questions in MS research are the identification of the target antigen recognized by tissue resident CD8 + T-cells and B-cells and the molecular nature of the soluble inflammatory mediators, which may trigger tissue damage. (frontiersin.org)
This leads to initiation of cascade of enzymatic cleavages and formation of crucial enzymatic complexes (C3 and C5 convertases), release of pro-inflammatory anaphylatoxins (C5a, C3a) that attract white blood cells and finally formation of membrane attack complex (MAC, pore in a membrane). (lu.se)

1 Biological therapies that selectively target key molecules associated with joint inflammation, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, are effective options for RA treatment. (bmj.com)
Analysis of the supernatant from hypoxic/reoxygenated endothelial cell cultures and studies using inhibitors of secretion suggested platelet activating factor (PAF) may be a major component in this overall sequence of events. (bl.uk)
Several of these inhibitors circulate in blood whereas others are expressed on virtually all cells of the body to protect self-tissue from complement attack. (lu.se)
Most inhibitors act on complement convertases through increased dissociation of these enzymatic complexes (acceleration of decay) or through promoting enzymatic cleavage of activated complement factors C3b or C4b by a serine proteinase factor I (FI). (lu.se)
Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has become available for treating people with hemophilia with inhibitors who experience bleeding or require surgery. (medscape.com)
Originally, rFVIIa was developed for the treatment of bleeding complications in patients with hemophilia with alloantibodies (inhibitors) against exogenous factor VIII or IX. (medscape.com)
We describe the uses of rFVIIa in conditions unrelated to hemophilia and the treatment of acquired inhibitors of factors VIII and IX. (medscape.com)

The interaction of FAS/FASL in immature dendritic cells (DCs) induces functional maturation. (biolegend.com)

The basic and common immunologic defect in common variable immunodeficiency is a failure of B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells that produce the various immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. (medscape.com)

RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaler l'importance clinique du ligand de CD40 soluble (sCD40L) chez des patients atteints d'un carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) associé au virus de l'hépatite C (VHC). (who.int)
Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)
B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)

RESULTS: Coculture of blood B cells and dermal fibroblasts isolated from SSc patients induced IL-6, TGF-β1, CCL2, and collagen secretion, as well as Alpha-SMA, TIMP1, and MMP9 expression in dermal fibroblasts. (ox.ac.uk)

Methods were initially developed to examine the adhesion of neutrophils to monolayers of a cultured endothelial cell line (ECV304) after periods of hypoxia and reoxygenation. (bl.uk)
When neutrophils were exposed to both hypoxic/reoxygenated endothelial cells and the soluble factor (s) released by them a large oxidative burst was elicited. (bl.uk)

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is synthesized and transported to the cell surface as a membrane-anchored precursor (proTGF-alpha) that is converted to the soluble form by proteolytic cleavage. (nih.gov)
The other type of inflammation is a slow accumulation of T-cells and B-cells in the absence of major blood brain barrier damage in the connective tissue spaces of the brain, such as the meninges and the large perivascular Virchow Robin spaces, where they may form aggregates or in most severe cases structures in part resembling tertiary lymph follicles. (frontiersin.org)
TL1A can be released to circulate as a homotrimeric soluble form. (enzolifesciences.com)
We further substantiate this through functional studies showing that the MS risk allele directs expression of a novel, soluble form of TNFR1 that can block TNF. (researchgate.net)
Benlysta only targets the soluble form. (evaluate.com)
Both IL-6R and gp130 also occur in soluble form in biological fluids and has been purified from human serum and urine. (sbhsciences.com)
The soluble form of IL-6R can bind its ligand and induce cellular responses by association with gp130, thus acting as an IL-6 agonist. (sbhsciences.com)
Interestingly, the association of IL-6 with the soluble form of IL-6R alpha is capable of eliciting a biological response in cells that express only the membrane gp130. (sbhsciences.com)
FAS also exists in a soluble form that weight approximately 26kDa. (thermofisher.com)
[ 6 ] Although a clot will form if factor XIII is absent, it will not be adequate for hemostasis. (medscape.com)

Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. (scienceopen.com)

FAS (Fas, CD95, APO-1) is a 46 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a cell death receptor of the TNFR (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily. (thermofisher.com)
Also known as fibrin-stabilizing factor, the 320,000-Dalton glycoprotein is activated by thrombin in the presence of calcium and has a plasma half-life of approximately 10 days. (medscape.com)

When activated by thrombin, factor XIIIa forms an insoluble clot by causing cross-linkage between fibrin molecules. (medscape.com)

Normally, adult, tissue-specific stem cells are held in a kind of cellular deep freeze called quiescence to avoid unnecessary cell division in the absence of injury. (stanford.edu)

Measured by its ability to neutralize IL‑12-induced proliferation in PHA-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) [Yokota, T. et al . (rndsystems.com)
Recombinant Human IL‑12 (Catalog # 219-IL ) stimulates proliferation in PHA-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent manner (orange line). (rndsystems.com)

Coagulation factors interact on platelet and endothelial cell surfaces to produce thrombin , which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (msdmanuals.com)
Factor XIII, an enzyme that cross-links fibrin, belongs to the blood coagulation system. (medscape.com)

Initial increases in total and mature B cells were followed by progressive decreases, despite declines in serum tabalumab. (bmj.com)
In the new study, Rodgers and his colleagues identified the activating factor by injecting uninjured animals with blood serum isolated from animals with an induced muscle injury. (stanford.edu)
After 2.5 days, the researchers found that muscle stem cells from the recipient animals were in an alert state and completed their first cell division much more quickly than occurred in animals that had received blood serum from uninjured mice. (stanford.edu)
This kit is to be used with biological fluids (serum and cell culture supernatant) from human origin. (enzolifesciences.com)
For the quantitative determination of soluble human TL1A from biological fluids (serum and cell culture supernatant). (enzolifesciences.com)
Target cells for MAC action may be heterologous erythrocytes, nucleated cells (autologous or foreign), bacteria (Gram-negative, susceptible to serum), microscopic fungi, viruses with a surface envelope and virus-infected cells. (dadamo.com)

At 8 weeks of gestation, the trophoblast cells invade from the placenta into the maternal tissue and into the uterine arteries. (frontiersin.org)
In particular, neutrophil elastase (NE), and other elastolytic proteases, such as cathepsin G, and macrophage elastase are thought to be the main causative factors of tissue damage in this condition. (biomedcentral.com)
Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
At the site of injury, tissue factor (TF) and factor VIIa activate factors X and IX. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Plasma factor XIII also plays a role in wound healing and tissue repair, and the enzyme is essential in maintaining pregnancy. (medscape.com)

ROS generation in turn caused the release of a soluble factor (s) which induced a conformational change on the neutrophil surface allowing it to bind to the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelial cell. (bl.uk)
These studies described failure of B-cell differentiation because of altered B-cell surface-molecule expression. (medscape.com)

Invading trophoblast cells will encounter maternal complement system (C) in the decidua and in the intervillous space. (frontiersin.org)
The complement system influence the activity of numerous cells, tissues and physiological mechanism of the body. (dadamo.com)
The result of cytotoxic complement reaction may be beneficial for the body (elimination of the infectious agent or damaged cells) or harmful (damage to autologous normal cells by immunopathological reactions). (dadamo.com)

Mechanism(s) controlling conversion of the membrane-anchored precursor to the soluble TGF-alpha are unknown, and the responsible protease has not been identified. (nih.gov)

By crosslinking fibrin to alpha 2-antiplasmin, factor XIIIA also protects fibrin from fibrinolysis. (medscape.com)

Screening for factor XIII, also known as fibrin-stabilizing factor, is performed when its absence is suspected. (medscape.com)

Inhibition of cytotoxic effect of FASL on Jurkat cells in the presence of recombinant human FAS. (biolegend.com)
ED 50 = 10 - 50 ng/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of 0.02 - 0.1 x 10 6 units/mg, as determined by inhibition of apoptotic cell death induced by FASL on Jurkat cells. (biolegend.com)
Properly designed drug delivery systems like liposomes and nanoparticles have been reported as efficient emodin carriers and to enhance emodin activity in cancer cell inhibition. (longdom.org)

ProTGF-alpha cleavage is activated in response to tumor-promoting phorbol ester or to calcium ionophore. (nih.gov)
Using the fluorogenic substrate succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-MCA), containing the sequence similar to the cleavage sites for proTGF-alpha processing, we identified a putative candidate proTGF-alpha-converting enzyme in the membrane fractions of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. (nih.gov)

Clots are soluble in 5-molar urea. (medscape.com)

Circulation of plasma factor XIII occurs in association with its substrate, fibrinogen. (medscape.com)

TACI also plays a key role in the stimulation of B and T cell function. (peprotech.com)

2018. The novel oncolytic adenoviral mutant Ad5-3Δ-A20T retargeted to αvβ6 integrins efficiently eliminates pancreatic cancer cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)

2020. Cancer antigen discovery is enabled by RNA-sequencing of highly purified malignant and non-malignant cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)

Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
Here we have investigated a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNFRSF1A gene, that encodes tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), which was discovered through GWAS to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but not with other autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn's disease. (researchgate.net)

This interaction triggers signals essential for the formation and maintenance of B cell, thus it is important for a B-cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
The relatively large number of pediatric cases in this outbreak enabled closer investigation of factors associated with increased survival of pediatric patients with EVD. (cdc.gov)
In addition, FAS/FASL interaction increases the production of chemokines in NK-T cells, and FASL acts as a survival factor for human CD34 + cells and increases their colony formation. (biolegend.com)
Current treatments for patients with breast cancer bone metastases have shown that targeting tumor cells alone is not sufficient for long-term survival, but a multi-faceted approach is needed to inhibit tumor cells in the bone microenvironment that drive immunosuppression and tumor growth. (bcrfa.org)

The TL1A soluble (human), ELISA kit is a complete assay for the quantitative determination of soluble human TL1A concentration. (enzolifesciences.com)

What physiological functions has mitochondrial inflammation during cell death? (nature.com)
ABSTRACT The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. (scienceopen.com)
Introduction A growing body of research has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), membraneous sacs released by a variety of cells, in diverse physiological and patho-physiological conditions [1]-[9]. (scienceopen.com)
We have demonstrated that lung stromal cells stretched in vitro with physiological lung motions actively sense the mechanical stimuli from their environment. (lu.se)

Eleven of the patients had at least one risk factor for LTBI (e.g., born in countries where TB is prevalent or contact with a person with TB disease). (cdc.gov)
Three patients underwent a medical history for TB risk factors before beginning therapy with a TNF-α antagonist. (cdc.gov)
Les concentrations sériques de sCD40L circulant et d'interleukine 10 circulante ont été analysées à l'aide de la méthode immuno-enzymatique chez 30 patients positifs pour le VHC avec un CHC, chez 30 patients patients positifs pour le VHC avec une cirrhose du foie, et chez 30 volontaires d'âge correspondant en bonne santé avec des anticorps anti-VHC négatifs servant de groupe témoin. (who.int)
Patients typically have recurrent infections and presentation and complications can vary depending upon where the defect has occurred in B-cell development or the degree of functional impairment. (medscape.com)
We also demonstrated that this mechanism is relevant in cancer patients, as TDEs from a human tumor cell line activated human MDSCs and triggered their suppressive function in an Hsp72/TLR2-dependent manner. (scienceopen.com)
We hope to provide more information about the mechanisms activated in lung regeneration due to exercise in COPD patients. (lu.se)
Although measurement of factor XIII levels is not considered routine, patients with an unexplained tendency to bleed may be considered for this screen. (medscape.com)

Neutrophil adhesion to ECV304 cells, which had been hypoxic for 4 hours and then reoxygenated for 30 minutes, was significantly increased. (bl.uk)
Initial platelet adhesion is to long strings of von Willebrand factor (VWF) that have been previously secreted by, and anchored to, stimulated endothelial cells. (msdmanuals.com)

This interaction induces IFN-gamma gene expression, enhancing the cytotoxic activity of resting NK and T cells, inducing and synergizing with IL-2 in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, acting as a co-mitogen to stimulate proliferation of resting T cells, and inducing proliferation of activated T and NK cells. (rndsystems.com)

Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)

Various mechanisms, including endothelial cell nitric oxide and prostacyclin, promote blood fluidity by preventing platelet aggregation and dilating intact blood vessels. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms5

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs36

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes16

Information Science1

Cytokine9

Protein29

Monocytes6

Apoptosis9

Cytokines7

Lymphocytes5

Surface of activated platelets2

Pathways9

Immune14

Vascular6

Proteins2

BAFF21

Receptors7

Inhibitor2

Platelets3

Mesenchymal stem2

Hepatocyte growth1

Proliferation of T-cells1

Inhibits2

Activation8

Tyrosine kinases1

Inflammatory3

Inhibitors7

Maturation1

Lymphocyte1

CD402

Dendritic cells3

Secretion1

Neutrophils2

Form10

STAT31

Glycoprotein2

Molecules1

Cellular1

PBMC2

Coagulation2

Serum6

Tissue5

Molecule2

Complement3

Membrane-anchored1

XIIIa1

Fibrin1

Inhibition3

Cleavage2

Clots1

Occurs1

TACI1

Pancreatic1

Malignant1

Tumour2

Survival4

Quantitative1

Physiological4

Patients7

Adhesion2

Cytotoxic1

Molecular1

Endothelial cell1