• The first half of this course emphasizes quantitative analysis techniques to expand the student's knowledge of oxidation-reduction, gravimetric analysis, colligative properties, reaction rates, electrochemistry, chemical equilibrium and electrolytes. (gulfcoast.edu)
  • Aqueous solubility of any therapeutically active substance is a key property as it governs dissolution, absorption and thus the in vivo efficacy. (scialert.net)
  • Drug efficacy can be severely limited by poor aqueous solubility and some drugs also show side effects due to their poor solubility. (scialert.net)
  • Most of drugs which are weakly acidic and basic show poor aqueous solubility hence various methods like, salt formation, co-solvency, micronization, addition of agent, solid dispersion, complexation etc., are some of the vital approaches routinely employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • Aqueous solutions and gases are included in the equilibrium law. (wikiversity.org)
  • This course emphasizes quantitative and graphical interpretation of acid-base, solubility, distribution, complex ion, and redox equilibria in aqueous solution and soils. (beloit.edu)
  • The concentration of the solute in a saturated solution is known as the solubility. (wikipedia.org)
  • This equilibrium can be expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant known as the solubility product, 𝐾 s p . (nagwa.com)
  • Understanding the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. (brightstorm.com)
  • Comparing methods to calculate equilibria of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction systems. (mpg.de)
  • Chemical equilibrium occurs when the concentrations of the products and the reactants in a reaction do not change, because the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. (wikiversity.org)
  • However, use of activities is very inconvenient, so the equilibrium constant is usually divided by the quotient of activity coefficients, to become a quotient of concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our study supports the hypothesis that the ocean dissolved Fe inventory is controlled by the interplay between Fe solubility and Fe binding by organic matter, although the overall number of metal binding sites in the marine environment may not be directly scalable to DOC concentrations. (news-oceanacidification-icc.org)
  • We need concentrations of phosphorus that are higher than its equilibrium solubility in silicon. (eurekalert.org)
  • Nitrogen solubility in steel increases with either chromium or manganese concentrations, and it decreases with nickel concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, the equilibrium constant for concentration is calculated by multiplying together the concentrations of the products and then dividing that value by the product of the concentrations of the reactants. (nagwa.com)
  • The solubility product  𝐾  s p of a compound is the product of the concentrations of the ions in a saturated solution raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric coefficients. (nagwa.com)
  • In a dynamic chemical equilibrium, products and reactants interconvert rapidly at the molecular scale, while their concentrations remain constant on the macroscopic scale. (wikiversity.org)
  • We report on highly Mn-doped GaAs nanowires (NWs) of high crystalline quality fabricated by ion beam implantation, a technique that allows doping concentrations beyond the equilibrium solubility limit. (lu.se)
  • article{1e6d9f06-8742-4c5a-87af-e60b3040df47, abstract = {{We report on highly Mn-doped GaAs nanowires (NWs) of high crystalline quality fabricated by ion beam implantation, a technique that allows doping concentrations beyond the equilibrium solubility limit. (lu.se)
  • A solution containing a higher concentration of solute than the solubility is said to be supersaturated. (wikipedia.org)
  • A supersaturated solution may be induced to come to equilibrium by the addition of a "seed" which may be a tiny crystal of the solute, or a tiny solid particle, which initiates precipitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Solubility equilibrium is a type of dynamic equilibrium that exists when a chemical compound in the solid state is in chemical equilibrium with a solution of that compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • This type of equilibrium is an example of dynamic equilibrium in that some individual molecules migrate between the solid and solution phases such that the rates of dissolution and precipitation are equal to one another. (wikipedia.org)
  • This dynamic equilibrium is achieved when there is a lack of change in a system as inputs and outputs remain in balance. (wikiversity.org)
  • More recently, the realization that macro- principal experimental challenge is to resolve and quantify molecules occupy 20-30% of the intracellular volume has populations of protein oligomers in dynamic equilibrium. (lu.se)
  • In accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle, when the dissolution process is endothermic (heat is absorbed), solubility increases with rising temperature. (wikipedia.org)
  • When dissolution is exothermic (heat is released) solubility decreases with rising temperature.Sodium sulfate shows increasing solubility with temperature below about 32.4 °C, but a decreasing solubility at higher temperature. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the case of solubility products, the reactants in this heterogeneous equilibrium are the insoluble solid, and the amount that changes between the initial start of the dissolution and the equilibrium is so small that it can be considered constant and is therefore incorporated into 𝐾 s p . (nagwa.com)
  • The solubility of aluminum corrosion product in contact with metallic aluminum in deionized water has been determined over the range 80 to 350/sup 0/C. Evidence is presented to show that oxide dissolution results in the formation of a porous oxide on aluminum exposed in refreshed dynamic systems. (unt.edu)
  • For the BCS class II drugs, the oral absorption is limited by the solubility or dissolution in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (scialert.net)
  • This decrease in activities forces a greater dissolution of the salt to reach the solubility product. (quimicafisica.com)
  • A solubility product has a similar functionality to an equilibrium constant though formally Ksp has the dimension of (concentration)p+q. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concentration of nitrogen is limited to its equilibrium solubility at 1 atmosphere. (cdc.gov)
  • The solubility product of a compound involves the product of the concentration of the ions raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric coefficients. (nagwa.com)
  • At today's semiconductor sizes, the required free-electron concentration of phosphorous, for example, is currently higher than the phosphorous' equilibrium solubility in silicon. (allaboutcircuits.com)
  • Compounds in a liquid or solid state do not appear in the equilibrium law because they have a constant concentration (technically they have unit activity). (wikiversity.org)
  • is by measuring the concentration of each of the reactants and products, and plugging in their values in the equilibrium law. (wikiversity.org)
  • In this explainer, we will learn how to explain and calculate the solubility product. (nagwa.com)
  • The advantage is that the laser silicon interaction time scales are in the femtosecond regime, which drives the system of sulfur and silicon far out of equilibrium conditions and, therefore, allows for so called hyperdoping. (interpv.net)
  • This permits to incorporate more sulfur into the silicon than is allowed by its equilibrium solubility. (interpv.net)
  • Statistical data analysis was performed using Student's t-test for water sorption, solubility and swelling coefficient and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison tests for push-out analysis with a significance level of 0.05. (bvsalud.org)
  • Solubility and Solution Enthalpy of Chiral Naproxen. (mpg.de)
  • Member of the former Commission on Solubility Data and since 2002 member and Chair of Subcommittee on Solubility and Equilibrium Data SSED. (iupac.org)
  • The specific equilibrium law depends on the equilibrium reaction under study. (wikiversity.org)
  • The value of the equilibrium constant connotes the extent to which, in a chemical reaction, reactants are converted into products. (wikiversity.org)
  • In thermal equilibrium the solubility of interstitial Boron in bcc Fe-Co does not exceed 0.1 at. (uni-due.de)
  • Chemical equilibria are fundamental in the understanding of biological and environmental processes and in chemical analysis. (beloit.edu)
  • At the equilibrium the experimental apparent solubility data were successfully correlated with the modified Chrastil equation. (hindawi.com)
  • Solubility equilibria are important in pharmaceutical, environmental and many other scenarios. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among all newly discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and these drugs are rejected by the pharmaceutical industry and will never benefit a patient because of its poor bioavailability due to low water solubility and/or cell membrane permeability. (scialert.net)
  • The solubility of nitrogen in iron alloys depends on both the crystal structure and the alloy composition. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, in some steels where manganese replaces nickel as the principal austenitizing alloy component, nitrogen solubility is increased by a factor of 2. (cdc.gov)
  • A g C l ( s ) ⇋ A g + ( a q ) + C l − ( a q ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {AgCl(s)\leftrightharpoons Ag^{+}(aq)+Cl^{-}(aq)} } The solubility, S, in the absence of a common ion can be calculated as follows. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we introduce a powerful new technique, fast field-cycling magnetic relaxation dispersion, for investigating crowding effects on protein self-association equilibria. (lu.se)
  • Addition of inert macromolecules to a protein solution quantitatively the self-association of bovine pancreatic shifts equilibria toward the more compact state because this trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (Gottschalk et al. (lu.se)
  • The solubility limit can be significantly increased using non-equilibrium preparation methods such as pulsed laser deposition (PLD). (uni-due.de)
  • Aim: To evaluate the long-term post push-out bond strength to dentin, water sorption, solubility and swelling of conventional and self-adhesive dual-cure resin cements. (bvsalud.org)
  • Water sorption and solubility were performed according to ISO 4049:2009. (bvsalud.org)
  • The swelling coefficient was obtained using cement disks of each material immersed in distilled water until the swelling equilibrium was reached. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most challenging task in development of a formulation is the solubility of drug, availability at the site of action and stability of drug. (scialert.net)
  • The two major obstacles in developing a therapeutic agent are Solubility and stability ( Seedher and Sharma, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
  • Units of solubility may be molar (mol dm−3) or expressed as mass per unit volume, such as μg mL−1. (wikipedia.org)
  • Solubility equilibria in the U(VI)-Ca-K-Cl-H2O systems: Transf. (kit.edu)
  • 4 An up-to-date list of WHO international biological reference preparations is available at http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/catalogue/en/ (accessed 11 May 2017). (who.int)
  • This equilibrium constant is dimensionless as activity is a dimensionless quantity. (wikipedia.org)
  • In each case an equilibrium constant can be specified as a quotient of activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • This particular type of equilibrium constant is different from the others where some value of the products is usually divided by some value of the reactants. (nagwa.com)
  • is reserved as the symbol for the equilibrium constant. (wikiversity.org)
  • This article reviews various methods used for improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs and improve the drug release profiles which are exhibited by such formulations for poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • When equilibrium is established and the solid has not all dissolved, the solution is said to be saturated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since, the melting point of the solid is related to solubility, the capacity for a substance to crystallize in more than one crystalline form is polymorphism. (scialert.net)
  • Each type of stone has a particular pathophysiology and specific set of risk factors that alter the equilibrium and solubility of the components of bile. (medscape.com)