• The aqueous solubility of hexafluorobenzene has been determined, at 298.15 K, using a shake-flask method with a spectrophotometric quantification technique. (ua.pt)
  • Aqueous solubility of any therapeutically active substance is a key property as it governs dissolution, absorption and thus the in vivo efficacy. (scialert.net)
  • Drug efficacy can be severely limited by poor aqueous solubility and some drugs also show side effects due to their poor solubility. (scialert.net)
  • Most of drugs which are weakly acidic and basic show poor aqueous solubility hence various methods like, salt formation, co-solvency, micronization, addition of agent, solid dispersion, complexation etc., are some of the vital approaches routinely employed to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • The clinical application of gambogic acid, a natural component with promising antitumor activity, is limited due to its extremely poor aqueous solubility, short half-life in blood, and severe systemic toxicity. (dovepress.com)
  • The aqueous solubility of a variety of ionic compounds as a function of temperature. (kiddle.co)
  • Based on solubility alone, a higher bioavailability of form I might be expected. (simulations-plus.com)
  • Among all newly discovered chemical entities about 40% drugs are lipophilic and these drugs are rejected by the pharmaceutical industry and will never benefit a patient because of its poor bioavailability due to low water solubility and/or cell membrane permeability. (scialert.net)
  • 5 - 10 Unfortunately, gambogic acid has poor solubility (less than 0.5 μg/mL), a short half-life (less than 1 hour in dogs and less than 20 minutes in rats), and low bioavailability, which limits its application. (dovepress.com)
  • Contributor Cindy H. Dubin spoke with several contract research/manufacturing organizations on how they are successfully overcoming solubility/bioavailability challenges, such as matching APIs to formulations and choosing the best excipients. (drug-dev.com)
  • Check out Drug Development & Delivery's SPECIAL FEATURE - Bioavailability & Solubility: New Approaches to Enhance Drug Performance featuring ABITEC. (abiteccorp.com)
  • However, CUR has poor solubility in aqueous solvents and poor oral bioavailability. (who.int)
  • In the case of the perhalogenated compounds (CFC-113, CFC-114, and their isomers), the solubility behavior between isomers in the ionic liquid is practically identical with large immiscibility gaps. (acs.org)
  • The combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening increases the solubility of poorly water soluble compounds. (scialert.net)
  • Higher lattice energy indicates stronger ionic bonds and greater stability, while compounds with higher lattice energy have lower solubility in water. (managenergy.tv)
  • Compounds with higher lattice energy tend to have lower solubility in water, as the strong ionic bonds make it difficult for the compound to dissolve. (managenergy.tv)
  • Understanding the relationship between lattice energy and solubility is important in predicting the behavior of ionic compounds in solution. (managenergy.tv)
  • Some compounds exhibiting unusual solubility behavior have been included. (kiddle.co)
  • This paper, devoted to cadmium(II) carbonate, is the first in a series dedicated to the solubility of compounds relevant to mobility of metals in the environment. (ua.pt)
  • Ionic liquids show high solubility for both polar and apolar compounds. (tudelft.nl)
  • Therefore, the high-pressure phase behavior of ternary systems containing epoxidation reaction compounds, ionic liquids and scCO2 were measured. (tudelft.nl)
  • COSMO-RS, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents, has been used to predict the corresponding aqueous solubilities at conditions similar to those used experimentally. (ua.pt)
  • The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent (including their pH and the presence of other dissolved substances) as well as on temperature and pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Determining temperature/humidity-dependent powder rheological properties enables the characterization of flow and mechanical behavior of pharmaceutical powders. (anton-paar.com)
  • The Bureau of Mines investigated the effects of hcl concentration and solution temperature on the solubility and crystal form of the chlorides of CO, mn, and ni when sparged with hcl gas at temperatures of 20 deg. (cdc.gov)
  • The effect of temperature on solubility was greatest for cocl2 and least for nicl2, 15 and 7 pct change, respectively, over the temperature range of 20 deg. (cdc.gov)
  • We provide test data for physicochemical properties including melting temperature (A.1), boiling point (A.2), relative density (A.3), vapour pressure (A.4), surface tension (A.5), water solubility (A.6) and partition coefficient (A.8). (intertek.com)
  • The solubility of cadmium(II) carbonate depends on temperature, carbon dioxide partial pressure, pH, the presence of complexing ions, and ionic strength of the solution. (ua.pt)
  • Chapters 8 and 9 focus on the experimental part of this dissertation, analyzing different experimental procedures to determine salt solubility at high temperature and pressure, and developing a setup to perform those measurements. (dtu.dk)
  • The effects of both temperature and pressure on the solubility are addressed, and explanation of the model calculations is also given. (dtu.dk)
  • In chapter 8, alternative experimental procedures to determine solubility at high temperature and pressure are introduced: Synthetic fluid inclusion technique, electrochemical technique, quartz crystal microbalances, and conductivity measurements. (dtu.dk)
  • Chapter 9 describes the experimental procedure followed and the setup employed to determine barite solubility in NaCl solutions at high temperature and pressure. (dtu.dk)
  • A new process set-up based on this phase behavior has been proposed, in which the reaction is carried out in a homogenous phase at high rate (no mass transfer limitations) by selection of a suitable pressure, temperature and CO2 concentration. (tudelft.nl)
  • Firstly, the molecular models of vegetable oil bio-asphalt and waste edible oil were established, and the two bio-asphalt molecular models were verified according to the physical quantities such as density, viscosity, cohesive energy density (CED), glass transition temperature and solubility parameter. (magiran.com)
  • The solubility and membrane diffusion behavior through a cellulose membrane were determined in different physiological pH environments, and enhanced drug absorption, release and distribution was observed in vitro . (rsc.org)
  • Equilibrium and kinetic solubility studies were performed on LHC forms I and II, as a function of pH and buffer composition. (simulations-plus.com)
  • At this point, the two substances are said to be at the solubility equilibrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In more specialized contexts the solubility may be given by the mole fraction (moles of solute per total moles of solute plus solvent) or by the mass fraction at equilibrium (mass of solute per mass of solute plus solvent). (wikipedia.org)
  • The thermodynamic software Thermo-calcTM was also used to analysis solubility of microalloyingelements and their precipitates that may exist at different equilibrium conditions. (ac.ir)
  • Through research partnerships with major universities, we develop new applications papers and guidance on solubility, phase behavior, and permeability of functional lipid formulations that are available to formulators and provide a starting point for formulation development. (abiteccorp.com)
  • The most challenging task in development of a formulation is the solubility of drug, availability at the site of action and stability of drug. (scialert.net)
  • Understand the flow behavior of your powders at every step - from formulation to production. (anton-paar.com)
  • Additionally, the surface area and porosity of a powder pharmaceutical formulation provide even more insight, particularly into solubility and dissolution rates. (anton-paar.com)
  • Conjugation of hydrophilic polymers with small molecule drugs to produce polymer-drug conjugate systems has been demonstrated to be a viable formulation strategy for utilizing hydrophobic drugs in a water-soluble manner, which may offer advantages over the corresponding parent drugs, including fewer side effects, improved solubility, passive tumor targeting, an improved pharmacokinetic profile, and lower plasma concentrations. (dovepress.com)
  • A low-viscosity LCPM (F) consisting of 40% wt/wt polyoxpropylene-(5)-polyoxyethylene-(20)-cetyl alcohol, 50% wt/wt oleic acid, and 10% wt/wt chitosan dispersion at 0.5% with the addition of 16% poloxamer 407 was developed to take advantage of the lyotropic phase behavior of this formulation. (who.int)
  • The formulated DLH EOP systems with improved concentration- independent behavior helped to address the challenges of IR formulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Combining available accurate vapor pressure data with the experimentally determined water solubility, a novel air-water partition coefficient has been derived. (ua.pt)
  • For the BCS class II drugs, the oral absorption is limited by the solubility or dissolution in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (scialert.net)
  • Specifically: the greater the overall surface area and the more pores present in a powder, the better the solubility and dissolution rate. (anton-paar.com)
  • On the other hand, lower lattice energy results in higher solubility, as the weaker ion-ion interactions allow for easier separation of ions and dissolution in a solvent. (managenergy.tv)
  • The scope of this study is limited to understanding of hydrophilic polymers and their behaviors on amorphous dispersions. (drug-dev.com)
  • The ionized form has low lipid solubility (but high water solubility-ie, hydrophilic) and high electrical resistance and thus cannot penetrate cell membranes easily. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Julien Meissonnier reviews the development of a broad range of advanced oral drug delivery technologies, including a toolkit of technologies based upon the broad application of lipid-based drug delivery systems for optimum solubility enhancement. (drug-dev.com)
  • Diffusion rate is directly proportional to the gradient but also depends on the molecule's lipid solubility, size, degree of ionization, and the area of absorptive surface. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Understanding the relationship between ion charge and stability helps predict the reactivity and solubility of ions, and is important in the design of pharmaceuticals and the development of new materials. (managenergy.tv)
  • This is the first time T+H has been used to predict empirical nonmonotonic dissociation behavior, where hydrate dissociation and reformation occurred as parallel events. (acs.org)
  • Physicochemical data can be vital in designing the appropriate toxicological and ecotoxicological test packages and help predict toxicological or environmental hazards and behavior. (intertek.com)
  • The two major obstacles in developing a therapeutic agent are Solubility and stability ( Seedher and Sharma, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
  • Flowability, solubility, consistency, purity, and stability are parameters to be considered when it comes to optimizing pharmaceutical powders. (anton-paar.com)
  • Among them, 42 could be produced and characterized for solubility, oligomerization state, thermal stability, epitope exposure and structural properties. (europa.eu)
  • This leads to a decrease in the stability of the compound and an increase in its solubility. (managenergy.tv)
  • We prepared several cocrystals consisting of a BCS class-II drug, ethenzamide, combined with gentisic acid, γ-resorcylic acid, protocatechuic acid or α-resorcylic acid, and investigated the drug⋯coformer and solute⋯solvent non-covalent interactions, which can play significant roles in understanding drug solubility and permeation behavior. (rsc.org)
  • In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentration of the solute in a saturated solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute can exceed its usual solubility limit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility is also not the same as the rate of solution, which is how fast a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility of a specific solute in a specific solvent is generally expressed as the concentration of a saturated solution of the two. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, the solubility of a solute can be expressed in moles instead of mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solubility of a substance in a liquid may also be expressed as the quantity of solute per quantity of solution, rather than of solvent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results indicated that solubilities of LHC polymorphs are strongly dependent on the composition and pH of the buffer media. (simulations-plus.com)
  • GastroPlus® was used to evaluate the potential effect of solubility differences due to polymorphism, particle size, and physiological conditions, on the drug pharmacokinetics. (simulations-plus.com)
  • It also showcases the benefits of using PBPK simulations, to assess the risk and pharmacokinetic relevance of different solubility and particle size between crystal forms, for diverse physiological conditions. (simulations-plus.com)
  • The electrochemical behavior of glucose on the fabricated GOx/nano-ZnO/PVA/FTO biosensor was investigated by I - V techniques. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we present compilations and critical evaluation of the experimental solubility data for cadmium(II) carbonate, otavite, in aqueous ternary and higher-order systems. (ua.pt)
  • Reliable experimental solubility measurements under conditions similar to those found in reality will help the development of strong and consistent models. (dtu.dk)
  • Chapter 6 deals with the system NaCl-H 2 O. Available data for that system at high temperatures and/or pressures are addressed, and sodium chloride solubility calculations are performed up to 2000 bar. (dtu.dk)
  • Aim: To evaluate the sorption, solubility and color change in two lining materials after 120 days of immersion in either sodium perborate or artificial saliva. (bvsalud.org)
  • This interesting behavior, which is known as the miscibility switch phenomenon, is generally applicable for ternary systems containing ionic liquids, CO2 and organics. (tudelft.nl)
  • This study demonstrates the importance of investigating the effect of the buffer nature when evaluating the solubility of ionizable polymorphic substances. (simulations-plus.com)
  • The quantitative solubility of such substances is generally not well-defined, however. (wikipedia.org)
  • Accordingly, the toxicokinetic behavior of the substances of the MDI category at the extracellular site of contact is directly responsible its substance toxicity. (europa.eu)
  • While no oral toxicokinetic studies of oral MDI exposure are available, the behavior of MDI substances in the stomach following gavage is expected to be similar to another aromatic diisocyanate. (europa.eu)
  • The prediction potential of COSMO-RS regarding aqueous solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients has been compared with typically used QSPR-based methods. (ua.pt)
  • Solubility of Disperse Dyes in Water: Measurement and Implications. (epa.gov)
  • Forces of attraction between nutrient ions and soil and water molecule determines their behavior and mobility in soil. (pioneer.com)
  • Phosphorus is an exception, as it exists as an anion but has low water solubility, making it relatively immobile in the soil. (pioneer.com)
  • Since uric acid is near its physiologic limit of solubility in the body, the persistent hyperuricemia increases the risk of uric acid crystal precipitation in the tissues to form tophi. (medscape.com)
  • C and 22 pct hcl concentration and increased in solubility at greater hcl concentrations because of the formation of chloride complexes. (cdc.gov)
  • The basic physicochemical parameters including refractive index, solubility in polar media, foaming properties and wettability were investigated and compared. (springer.com)
  • As the dilution increased, the ceria particles, the pad roughness, and the surfaces of wafer were all in direct contacts with one another during the polishing processAlso original colloidal silica slurry showed 'mixed lubrication' behavior. (mrs.org)
  • Testing predicted amphoteric solubility affirmed the accuracy of the descriptor, provided solution-phase snapshots of alkali-POM interactions, yielded a new POM formulated [Ti 6 Nb 14 O 54 ] 14− , and provides guidelines to exploit alkali-POM interactions for new POMs discovery. (lu.se)
  • Elucidating their complex solubility behavior with alkali-counterions can inform natural and synthetic aqueous processes. (lu.se)
  • Phase behavior experiments were carried out using a synthetic method in the Cailletet apparatus at five different concentrations of CO2, at temperatures and pressures up to 368 K and 12.1 MPa, respectively. (tudelft.nl)
  • Furthermore, the solubility of hexafluorobenzene in saline aqueous solutions, at distinct salt concentrations, has been measured. (ua.pt)
  • Pigs respond aversively to high concentrations of CO 2 , and there is uncertainty about what behaviors occur before and after loss of consciousness. (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim was to assess timing of unconsciousness in pigs during exposure to high concentrations of CO 2 based on changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and the relation with the behaviors sniffing, retreat and escape attempts, lateral head movements, jumping, muscular contractions, loss of posture, and gasping. (frontiersin.org)
  • These concentrations are very close to those affecting fish behavior. (janusinfo.se)
  • of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant at 25 °C. In order to design the subsequent separation step using CO2 extraction, it is critical to have the knowledge on the phase behavior of the systems involved. (tudelft.nl)
  • Higher lattice energy corresponds to lower solubility, as the strong attraction between ions in the lattice makes it difficult for the compound to dissolve in a solvent. (managenergy.tv)
  • However, several independent sources report an estimated fat solubility (log P ow ) above 4, indicating that the substance has a high potential for bioaccumulation. (janusinfo.se)
  • Up to now, the absence of accurate solubility data for hexafluorobenzene hampered the calculation of the respective partition coefficients. (ua.pt)
  • This e-book, focused on pharmaceutical powder characterization and containing real measurement data, tells you how to deal with pharmaceutical powder challenges such as flowability, solubility, and consistency under real-life conditions. (anton-paar.com)
  • Solubilities of disperse dyes are examined with regard to data reliability and to behavior in the dye bath and in the environment. (epa.gov)
  • In the literature there are contradictory fat solubility data for alimemazine reported. (janusinfo.se)
  • Alimemazine has not been studied in the environment, relevant efficacy studies are lacking and there are contradictory fat solubility data for alimemazine. (janusinfo.se)
  • However, the limited data available suggests that effects in the environment of alimemazine are fully possible, but further investigation of alimemazine fat solubility should be done. (janusinfo.se)
  • This article reviews various methods used for improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs and improve the drug release profiles which are exhibited by such formulations for poorly soluble drugs. (scialert.net)
  • Strickley, 2004 ) have been shown to improve drug solubility. (scialert.net)
  • The isomer effect on the solubility in the ionic liquid becomes significant for the dihydrogen-substituted halocarbons (HFC-134 and HFC-134a), and these isomers can be separated using [emim][Tf 2 N] as an entrainer in an extractive distillation. (acs.org)
  • Methods that have been used for measuring solubility of disperse dyes are critically examined along with a dynamic method heretofore unused for dyes. (epa.gov)
  • We prepared a set of monosubstituted 2 I - O -, 3 I - O -, and 6 I - O -(3-(naphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-yl) derivatives of γ-CD using two different methods. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Further, this study sheds light upon the trade-off action between solubility and diffusivity, which is crucial for the advancement of pharmaceutical science. (rsc.org)
  • In this study, removal rates and friction behaviors of diluted ceria and colloidal silica slurries were investigated for oxide CMP process. (mrs.org)
  • In this paper, the bio-asphalt-aggregate adhesion and healing behaviors were evaluated and compared using molecular dynamics approaches. (magiran.com)
  • Report regarding the solubilities of H₂-O₂ and 2H₂:1O₂ mixture over a range of temperatures and an atmospheric pressure of up to 2,000 pounds per square inch. (unt.edu)