AmmoniaDenitrificationUreaSandy loamAmmoniumGroundwaterContaminantsFertilizersAnaerobic soilsLossesSurfaceNitrateSorptionAcidic1996SedimentPollutantsFertilizerProcessesMicrobesDrainageMANURECropsResiduesScience Society of AmericaFertilityOccurMicroorganismsDecreaseDesorptionResidualTemperatureDiffusionLossAffectsAgriculturalOxidationAtmosphericIncreasesPhasesPlantAmendmentsFactorsBiodegradationGreenhouseNutrient managementChanges in soilLost from theGenerallyAtmosphereWaterAnoxicOrganic carbonEstimationMercurySulfurLimestoneSalinityFumigant
Ammonia30
- Addition of urease inhibitor has no effect on ammonia volatilization following soil application of poultry litter or organomineral fertilizer, unlike urea. (embrapa.br)
- Abstract: Quantification of ammonia volatilization after addition of animal residues and nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizers to the soil is important for N management in fertilization programs. (embrapa.br)
- The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a urease inhibitor to N fertilizers to minimize ammonia losses following soil application. (embrapa.br)
- Ammonia volatilization was measured for 56 days following fertilizer application to the soil using sponge discs impregnated with phosphoric acid and glycerin, which were fitted inside the tubes 0.15 m above the soil surface. (embrapa.br)
- Ammonia volatilization peaks varied according to the fertilizer, and most of them occurred in the first 15 days following application to the soil. (embrapa.br)
- Total ammonia volatilized from the soil treated with PL or OMF had no influence on the urease inhibitor, probably because the losses were small, attaining a maximum of 2.5 and 9 % of the total N applied, respectively. (embrapa.br)
- In the treatment that received urea, NBPT delayed the peak of volatilization by three weeks and decreased the loss of ammonia from 22 to 9 % of the N applied. (embrapa.br)
- Use of urease inhibitor does not always decrease ammonia volatilization, especially when mixed with fertilizers in which urea is not the only source of N. (embrapa.br)
- Coal char affects soil pH to reduce ammonia volatilization from sandy " by Dinesh Panday, Maysoon M. Mikha et al. (unl.edu)
- Ammonia (NH3) volatilization loss adversely affects N availability in soil-plant systems, reduces crop yield, and negatively impacts environment. (unl.edu)
- Ammonia volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen losses from soils. (aes.org.cn)
- Ammonia volatilization from soil in winter wheat field was measured using in-situ measurement method. (aes.org.cn)
- Detectable ammonia volatilization occurred 1~2 weeks after N fertilization in winter wheat field, and the peaks of ammonia volatilization happened 2~3 days after fertilization. (aes.org.cn)
- The ammonia volatilization rates were the highest after basal fertilization and top dressing, which were 2.41 and 1.42 kg·hm-2·d-1, respectively. (aes.org.cn)
- The amount of ammonia volatilization varied from 0.81~ 4.29 kg·hm-2 after basal fertilization, 2.20~6.91 kg·hm-2 after top dressing. (aes.org.cn)
- Throughout the entire winter wheat growing period, ammonia volatilization was higher in high- than low-nitrogen treatments. (aes.org.cn)
- At nitrogen rates exceeding 150 kg·hm-2, total nitrogen loss increased sharply due to elevated ammonia volatilization. (aes.org.cn)
- Therefore, optimizing nitrogen rates could reduce ammonia volatilization loss without decreasing wheat production. (aes.org.cn)
- The present data show that 150 kg·hm-2 nitrogen would be optimal for better yield and less ammonia volatilization losses. (aes.org.cn)
- So, the present study was aimed to quantify the role of ammonia volatilization from Iranian soils and to introduce simple and helpful techniques for ammonia volatilization reduction in Iranian wheat farms. (ac.ir)
- The results showed that more than 59% of applied ammonium sulfate at the soil with the pH value of 7.88 was lost through ammonia volatilization and resulted in air pollution. (ac.ir)
- In addition, our results proved that soil pH reduction from 7.88 to 6.5, reduced total ammonia volatilization for ammonium sulfate and nitrate from 227.15 and 189.82 to 2.39 and 0.99 mg N, respectively. (ac.ir)
- While soil pH reduction from7.88 to 4.5 from soils treated with urea reduced ammonia volatilization from 188 to 157, this increased ammonia volatilization from sulfur coated urea from 29.2 to 87.05 mg N. In other words, our results proved that increasing soil pH resulted in a significant decrease in total volatilized ammonia from sulfur coated urea. (ac.ir)
- As ammonia volatilization depends on N sources, it is possible to decrease ammonia loss by selecting the proper nitrogen fertilizer source. (ac.ir)
- The results demonstrated that potassium nitrate had minimum ammonia loss and can be introduced as the optimum source of nitrogen fertilizer for a wide range of soil pH from 4.5 to 7.88. (ac.ir)
- Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers had the least ammonia loss at soils with a pH of 6.55 and less. (ac.ir)
- However, sulfur-coated urea had the least ammonia loss at soil pH of 7.88 and more. (ac.ir)
- It is this free ammonia form that is vulnerable to volatilization loss from surface applications or causes seed-burn when seed-placed. (gov.mb.ca)
- In the course of volatilization, Ammonium ions are basically anhydrous ammonia (NH3) molecules with an extra hydrogen (H+) attached. (proessay.com)
- Several of the evaluated N2O mitigation measures implied negative side- effects on yield, soil organic carbon storage, nitrate leaching and/or ammonia volatilization. (orgprints.org)
Denitrification2
- A8: Yes, nitrogen can be lost from the soil through leaching, denitrification, and volatilization, which can decrease its availability for plants. (virtualtourist.com)
- That means that 40-60% of the nitrogen is not taken up by the crop, some being lost permanently through volatilization, deep leaching and denitrification and some being temporarily tied up or immobilized by soil microbes to decompose straw. (gov.mb.ca)
Urea13
- Treatments consisted of addition of poultry litter (PL), organic mineral fertilizer (OMF) and urea to the soil, with and without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), plus a control with no fertilizer. (embrapa.br)
- The NH3 loss can be greatly affected by a shift in soil pH or urea hydrolysis. (unl.edu)
- Two char rates (0 and 13.4 Mg C ha−1) and two urea rates (0 and 200 kg N ha−1) were mixed in soil in four 2-way combinations with four replications of each. (unl.edu)
- There were 11 sets of all treatment combinations and each set was analyzed for soil moisture, pH, NH3 volatilization, and residual N (urea, NH4, and NO3) every other day for 3 wk. (unl.edu)
- Char did not affect urea hydrolysis process but it lowered soil pH in the fertilized treatments in the first week. (unl.edu)
- The soils with three levels of acidity (7.88, 6.5, and 7.88) were incubated with five sources of nitrogenous fertilizers including ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea, sulfur coated urea, and potassium nitrate for 22 days. (ac.ir)
- The total volatilized nitrogen from soils with the pH values of 4.5, 6.55, and 7.88 was equal to 22, 20 and 6% of applied sulfur coated urea. (ac.ir)
- With decreasing soil pH the maximum volatilization rate from urea fertilizer increased. (ac.ir)
- Surface applications of urea containing fertilizers are at risk for N volatilization. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- Rainfall amounts of 0.25" or more are generally adequate to sufficiently incorporate urea into the soil. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- Since UAN solutions contain about 50% of their N as urea some losses can be expected from surface application without incorporation and there has not been a product that has been demonstrated to reduce N volatilization from liquid solutions. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- Turns urea fertilizers and manures on the soil surface into gases that also join the atmosphere. (missouri.edu)
- Significant amounts of nitrogen from ammonium and urea fertilizers could be lost by volatilization if fertilizer is applied immediately after the lime application. (msucares.com)
Sandy loam2
Ammonium5
- The results showed that potassium nitrate had the minimum cumulative ammonium volatilization of less than 0.07 mg N and it was not affected by soil acidity. (ac.ir)
- Total volatilized nitrogen from ammonium sulfate and nitrate from soils with pH of 4.5 were 2.51 and 1.33 mg N, respectively. (ac.ir)
- The maximum volatilized rate of ammonium was affected by soil pH and fertilizer sources. (ac.ir)
- However, the maximum volatilization rate from ammonium nitrate and sulfate increased with soil pH increase. (ac.ir)
- Ammonium thiosulphate has been evaluated as a nitrification and volatilization inhibitor with some success in North Dakota studies but without affect in Canadian studies. (gov.mb.ca)
Groundwater9
- The present paper examines the analysis of a contaminated site, focusing the attention on the negative effects for receptors exposed to soil and groundwater contamination caused by industrial activities. (scirp.org)
- Pollution in that area is mainly due to contamination of soil and groundwater with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (scirp.org)
- In particular the attention has been focused on a specific migration way: if pollutants in the soil or in the groundwater undergo a phase change, they spread and get to the soil surface, causing a dispersion of vapors in the atmosphere. (scirp.org)
- The analysis of the resulting estimates is an excellent aid to draw interesting conclusions and to verify if the soil and groundwater pollutants volatilization affects the human health considerably. (scirp.org)
- P. Morra, L. Leonardelli and G. Spadoni, "The Volatilization of Pollutants from Soil and Groundwater: Its Importance in Assessing Risk for Human Health for a Real Contaminated Site," Journal of Environmental Protection , Vol. 2 No. 9, 2011, pp. 1192-1206. (scirp.org)
- Release and transport mechanisms from source to air, groundwater, soil. (up.ac.za)
- Carries nitrates soo deep into the soil that plants can no longer use them, producing a dual concern - for lost fertility and for water quality, as nitrates enter the groundwater and the wells that provide our drinking water. (missouri.edu)
- Therefore, understanding the impacts of FTCs and WTFs in PHC-contaminated soils and groundwater is critical for environmental risk assessment and natural attenuation of PHCs. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Those limit values of contamination in groundwater and soils above which site characterization and risk assessment are required. (eni.com)
Contaminants7
- Primary pathways of contaminants including sorption, volatilisation, biotic and abiotic transformations. (up.ac.za)
- Generic or site-specific soil-quality limits for organic contaminants have been adopted or proposed in various countries in an effort to control or assess contamination. (lancs.ac.uk)
- This is because loss of contaminants from soils is often biphasic, whereby a short period of rapid dissipation is followed by a longer period of contaminant release. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Bioremediation is defined as use of biological processes to degrade, break down, transform, and/or essentially remove contaminants or impairments of quality from soil and water. (montana.edu)
- During bioremediation, microbes utilize chemical contaminants in the soil as an energy source and, through oxidation-reduction reactions, metabolize the target contaminant into useable energy for microbes. (montana.edu)
- Part II contains three chapters on physicochemical processes affecting the transport of major types of contaminants: organic in liquid and solid phases in the subsurface, organic volatilization and gas-phase transport, and inorganic contaminants. (epa.gov)
- An in situ remediation technique applicable to unsaturated soil that stimulates the biodegradation by native microorganisms (naturally present in the soil) of organic compounds adsorbed into the unsaturated soil by blowing oxygen or air at a low pressure into the soil layers affected by the presence of organic contaminants. (eni.com)
Fertilizers7
- We applied the fertilizers over the soil surface, with no soil incorporation, at a rate of 200 mg kg-1 N. Experimental units consisted of PVC tubes with a diameter of 0.15 m, containing 1.0 kg of soil (dry basis). (embrapa.br)
- In other words, around 80% of N fertilizers are lost through leaching and volatilization, which increases the potential of environmental contamination with the increased N input expenditure of the farmer, or stored in the soil. (ac.ir)
- A7: Nitrogen enters the soil through various processes, including nitrogen fixation, decomposition of organic matter, and application of nitrogen-based fertilizers. (virtualtourist.com)
- The continuous and excessive application of synthetic fertilizers leads to harmful effects on soil, plants, animals and humans health 1 . (nature.com)
- Furthermore, the improper and continuous use of synthetic fertilizers lead to soil degradation, reduced water holding capacity (WHC) of soil, increased soil erosion and losses of soil nutrients ultimately soil fertility which are vital concerns being faced by agriculture lands worldwide 5 . (nature.com)
- Factories that produce nitrogen fertilizers add nitrogen to the soil when farmers and gardeners "feed" their crops. (missouri.edu)
- Carries the nitrogen in fertilizers and manure and the nitrogen in the soil into our rivers and streams - a concern for water quality. (missouri.edu)
Anaerobic soils2
- Microbial transformations of elements in anaerobic soils play a large role in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and in greenhouse gas emissions. (kenyon.edu)
- 2001). When oxygen is limited in supply or absent, as in saturated or anaerobic soils or lake sediment, anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration prevails. (montana.edu)
Losses7
- How much heat stress can these crops withstand without incurring major yield losses even when adequate soil moisture is available? (farmprogress.com)
- Soil nitrogen reactions are described in Figure 1 below, where those leading reactions to losses are labelled in red with red arrows. (gov.mb.ca)
- It would be considered inferior to Agrotain in terms of reducing volatilization losses. (gov.mb.ca)
- This matric potential is maintained by the soil moisture deficit created by ET losses. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- This substantial N input for stimulating straw decomposition may favor N losses with nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions and hold a potential for soil N eutrophication in the long term if the level is not carefully adjusted to the N requirement of the subsequent crops and changes in soil organic matter levels. (hindawi.com)
- Volatilization losses with a polyethylene film was 90% and therefore this treatment was ineffective at preventing volatilization loss. (charite.de)
- Volatilization losses using a polyethylene film were significantly lower, 38% and 53%, from two soils high in organic matter and capable of rapidly degrading the chemical. (charite.de)
Surface14
- Char (coal combus- tion residue), which contains up to 293 g kg−1 total C by weight, has been shown to reduce NH3 volatilization due to its considerably high surface area and cation exchange capacity. (unl.edu)
- For growing tree crops, growers have found it beneficial to create soil-filled trenches another 10-20 inches (25-50 cm) deep in the bedrock beneath the rock-plowed surface layer. (ufl.edu)
- These organic acids react with the bedrock, and dissolve it to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca) ions in the soil solution or in the surface water. (ufl.edu)
- If at all possible, broadcast foliar applications should be avoided if drop nozzles are available to stream UAN on the soil surface. (no-tillfarmer.com)
- and these effects may be observed within only a few millimeters of the soil surface (Schlesinger, 1997). (kenyon.edu)
- But, if the soil were dry enough, some water could be wicked to the surface and be lost to the atmosphere by evaporation. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- This occurs when water cannot percolate very fast due to "tight" soils or a clogged infiltrative surface. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- Photodecomposition and volatilization occur when the product remains on the surface for prolonged periods without incorporation. (ncsu.edu)
- Adjusting your soil pH - The pH in acidic soils is commonly raised by surface applying or incorporating a liming material. (msucares.com)
- Dissipation of methyl iodide from open surface water was found to be primarily a result of volatilization(4). (charite.de)
- Experiments were conducted to assess the volatilization loss of methyl iodide, applied at 30 cm, from 60-cm packed soil columns with different soils and under various soil surface conditions(1). (charite.de)
- The responses to the imposed water table fluctuations and ethanol/naphthalene injections were monitored by measuring soil surface CO2 and CH4 effluxes, dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations, depth-dependent moisture content, δ13C isotope composition of CO2 and CH4, DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and major anions at the end of each drainage-imbibition cycle. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Secondary drift refers to the volatilization of a pesticide from the surface to which it was applied (e.g. soil or plant foliage) and subsequent off-site movement in ambient air. (cdc.gov)
- The Washington aerial spray drift study: assessment of off-target organophosphorus insecticide atmospheric movement by plant surface volatilization. (cdc.gov)
Nitrate2
- Interestingly, soil pH had no significant effect on the maximum volatilized rate from potassium nitrate fertilizer and it was equal to 0.04 mg N per day. (ac.ir)
- Bacteria change nitrate in the soil to atmospheric nitrogen, which joins the atmosphere. (missouri.edu)
Sorption3
- Sorption of Carbon Tetrachloride, Ethylene Dibromide and Trichloroethylene on Soil and Clay. (epa.gov)
- The primary rate-limiting factors governing this behavior are postulated to be fundamental sorption/ desorption mechanisms, including intraparticle diffusion, intrasorbent diffusion and chemisorption, which control the distribution of contaminant between the solid and aqueous or gaseous phases of soils and, hence, the supply of contaminant available to the various dissipation processes. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The model represents solute diffusion, volatilization, and sorption, as well as a reaction network of 13 biogeochemical processes. (uwaterloo.ca)
Acidic3
- Volatilization of mercury under acidic conditions from soil polluted with mercuric chloride (1.5 mg Hg/kg soil) was studied with resting cells of a mercury-resistant strain, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans SUG 2-2. (elsevierpure.com)
- Rhizobia are marginal lands with low rainfall, extremes of temperature, acidic soils of low nutrient status, and poor water-holding capacity. (proessay.com)
- Liming is commonly used to improve the productivity of acidic soils in pasture and hay systems by increasing the availability of nutrients and microbial activity that result in increased decomposition of soil organic matter decomposition to release mineral nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon. (msucares.com)
19963
- U.S. EPA, "Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Back- ground Document and User's Guide," Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington D.C., EPA/540/R-95/128, 1996. (scirp.org)
- A typical gravelly soil was classified in the 1996 soil survey as Krome soil (Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, hypothermic Lithic Udorthents). (ufl.edu)
- However, non-rock-plowed rocky pineland soils had been classified as Rockdale in 1958 soil survey, and these were not included in 1996 soil survey. (ufl.edu)
Sediment4
- The Level III model in EPI Suite predicts partitioning between air, soil, sediment and water using a combination of default parameters and various input parameters that may be user defined or estimated by other programs within EPI Suite. (europa.eu)
- The model environment consists of 4 main compartments: air, water sediment and soil. (europa.eu)
- The log Koc value of 3.3 indicates a low to moderate potential for adsorption/accumulation in soil and sediment. (europa.eu)
- Emissions to air will deposit largely to soil, and emissions to water will volatilize somewhat to air but also will partition to sediment. (europa.eu)
Pollutants1
- If effluent water is retained in the soil for some time by matric potential rather than percolating on through in short order, a number of biological and chemical mechanisms are given a better chance to remove pollutants from the water. (venhuizen-ww.com)
Fertilizer6
- Results showed that soil acidity, fertilizer source, and their interactions had significant effects on total volatilized nitrogen, maximum volatilized rate, and day of highest volatilization rate. (ac.ir)
- Total volatilized nitrogen depends on nitrogen fertilizer source and soil acidity. (ac.ir)
- Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be adjusted according to the type of cropping system, soil, and climatic conditions of the specific location. (hindawi.com)
- Therefore, it is often required to apply a certain amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to promote the rapid decomposition of straw and avoid soil "nitrogen starvation" [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Such a process can vary depending on the soil type, vegetation, fertilizer regimes, and other climatic factors. (msucares.com)
- If plantings/crops are indicated on page 2 of the Soil Test Questionnaire, recommendations (for limestone and fertilizer) will be provided, including the nitrogen (N) requirement for the crops indicated. (rutgers.edu)
Processes9
- The risks of sugarcane management on soil microbes and their relationships with soil physicochemical factors and biogeochemical processes have not been described from an integrated perspective for different agronomic practices. (intechopen.com)
- We compile the benefits and risks of nutrient management and soil amendments as well as of crop residue and harvest management in sugarcane soils on belowground microbial life and biogeochemical processes mediated by soil microbial communities, and we demonstrate that the massive planting of the crop brings environmental risks that include a potential impact on tropical soil ecosystem sustainability. (intechopen.com)
- Dissipation processes, including leaching and volatilization, exhibit similar behavior. (lancs.ac.uk)
- What little oxygen that is present in saturated soils in the form of dissolved O 2 is quickly consumed through metabolic processes. (kenyon.edu)
- Together, these first two processes account for most of the nitrogen lost to the cycle - a concern for soil fertility. (missouri.edu)
- This paper summarizes the general processes of bioremediation within the soil environment, focusing on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. (montana.edu)
- Conventional methods to remove, reduce, or mitigate toxic substances introduced into soil or ground water via anthropogenic activities and processes include pump and treat systems, soil vapor extraction, incineration, and containment. (montana.edu)
- Biostimulation consists of adding nutrients and other substances to soil to catalyze natural attenuation processes. (montana.edu)
- Given its ability to represent the dominant processes controlling CH4 and CO2 fluxes and porewater chemical changes, this modeling approach can be used to simulate the sensitivity of soil biodegradation processes to FTC frequency and duration driven by temperature fluctuations in anoxic soil conditions. (uwaterloo.ca)
Microbes2
- Here, we provide a platform for multi-analytical interactions between ecologists analyzing the soil microbes at multiple ecological levels and geoscientists measuring the release of greenhouse gases and the physicochemical soil factors including labile fractions from soil organic matter in tropical sugarcane management systems. (intechopen.com)
- Oxygen is used as terminal electron acceptor via respiration by roots, soil microbes, and soil organisms (Sylvia, 2005), and is lost from the soil system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). (kenyon.edu)
Drainage5
- Drainage is rapid through the soil and underlying bedrock down to the water table. (ufl.edu)
- Drainage of marl soils is poor or very poor. (ufl.edu)
- Most of the marl soils in Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties are affected by the modern drainage system. (ufl.edu)
- The flooded soils condition can be often converted into non-flooded soil condition by the water level fluctuation and drainage. (kenyon.edu)
- Typically, layers from top to bottom are topsoil, water drainage system, clay soil or a geocomposite of equivalent permeability, an HDPE waterproofing membrane and, finally, in some cases, a gas drainage system. (eni.com)
MANURE2
- 160:90:60 kg ha −1 NPK), poultry manure (10 t ha −1 PM), compost (10 t ha −1 CM), farmyard manure (20 t ha −1 FYM), and biochar (7 t ha −1 BC) on cotton productivity and soil health indices. (nature.com)
- Conversely, crops are obtaining the remainder of their nitrogen needs elsewhere (residual soil N, mineralization of organic matter, manure and previous pulse crops, etc). (gov.mb.ca)
Crops6
- Touching soil or crops in a field where it was sprayed or touching freshly sprayed areas in a house. (cdc.gov)
- An important amount of vegetable crops are harvested during late autumn and despite decreasing soil temperatures during autumn, high rates of N mineralization and nitrification still occur. (mdpi.com)
- 4. Crop Rotation and Cover Crops: Rotating crops and planting cover crops can help improve soil fertility by increasing the nitrogen content. (virtualtourist.com)
- Leguminous cover crops, such as alfalfa or red clover, have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil for future crops. (virtualtourist.com)
- After this operation, scarified soils are deep enough for growing vegetable crops. (ufl.edu)
- The report will include recommendations if planting/crops were indicated on the Soil Test Questionnaire. (rutgers.edu)
Residues7
- However, at the same time vegetable crop residues are a vital link in closing the nutrient and organic matter cycle of soils. (mdpi.com)
- Enhanced greenhouse gas fluxes during spring freeze-thaw are related to the mineralization of bioavailable substrates, which may be elevated when soil is amended with organic residues (e.g., biobased residues such as compost, digestate, biosolids). (frontiersin.org)
- Therefore, soil amended with biobased residues may either increase or reduce greenhouse gas fluxes during spring freeze-thaw events depending on the source and production method of the organic material. (frontiersin.org)
- then animal and plant residues return nitrogen to the soil again, completing the cycle. (missouri.edu)
- Crop residues are of crucial importance to maintain or even increase soil carbon stocks and fertility, and thereby to ad- dress the global challenge of climate change mitigation. (orgprints.org)
- However, crop residues can also potentially stimulate emis- sions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. (orgprints.org)
- A better understanding of how to mitigate N2O emissions due to crop residue management while promoting positive effects on soil carbon is needed to reconcile the opposing effects of crop residues on the greenhouse gas balance of agroecosystems. (orgprints.org)
Science Society of America1
Fertility5
- A soil test kit is comprised of Soil Sampling Instructions, a Soil Test Questionnaire, and a mailer (cotton bag with plastic insert attached to an envelope), and it is available at county offices of Rutgers Cooperative Extension at a cost that covers the soil fertility test fee. (rutgers.edu)
- What is included with a standard Fertility test (including pre-paid with soil test kit)? (rutgers.edu)
- The Fertility Test includes: Soil pH and Adams-Evans buffer pH (aka Lime Requirement Index), and Nutrients extracted by Mehlich 3: phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and iron (Fe). (rutgers.edu)
- The standard Fertility test cannot be used for organic matter-based media, such as compost or potting soil. (rutgers.edu)
- The standard Fertility test uses a chemical extractant that is calibrated for use with 'natural' mineral soils and is not appropriate for high-organic content soils (for example, more than 20% organic matter by weight). (rutgers.edu)
Occur7
- When soybeans experience heat stress, yield reductions can begin to occur, especially when soil moisture is limiting. (farmprogress.com)
- Because of the effects of the primary rate-limiting mechanisms discussed above, it is unlikely that (in the absence of any engineering solution to the problem) any appreciable change in the contaminant concentration will occur over practical time scales under prevailing environmental conditions for a given soil. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Flooded soils occur with complete water saturation of soil pores, and generally result in anoxic conditions of the soil environment. (kenyon.edu)
- Stem girdling and swelling at the soil line may occur in some sensitive species. (ncsu.edu)
- Since microbial activities can occur at a wide range of soil pH, most of the nitrogen inhibition will happen when soil pH is less than 5. (msucares.com)
- Methyl iodide's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). (charite.de)
- Phthalic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). (charite.de)
Microorganisms6
- Atmospheric Benzene Depletion by Soil Microorganisms. (epa.gov)
- Some of these microorganisms live in the soil, while others live in nodules of roots of certain plants. (missouri.edu)
- This natural attenuation relies on natural conditions and behavior of soil microorganisms that are indigenous to soil. (montana.edu)
- Bioaugmentation involves introduction of exogenic microorganisms (sourced from outside the soil environment) capable of detoxifying a particular contaminant, sometimes employing genetically altered microorganisms (Biobasics, 2006). (montana.edu)
- An in situ remediation technique applicable to the saturated zone and the capillary fringe that consists of injecting oxygen or air at a low pressure into the aquifer to stimulate the biodegradation of organic compounds adsorbed into the saturated soil, by the native microorganisms naturally present. (eni.com)
- A process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes, naturally occurring in environmental matrices (soil and water), to decontaminate sites and restore them to their original condition or to achieve concentrations below threshold values defined by an environmental/health risk assessment. (eni.com)
Decrease1
- Drying your soil sample(s) before packaging may also decrease mailing cost. (rutgers.edu)
Desorption2
- In this article, we consider the relevance of biphasic desorption kinetics to existing soil-quality limits. (lancs.ac.uk)
- An in situ remediation technique applicable to saturated soil and the capillary fringe that consists of blowing pressurized air into saturated soil to cause the volatilization and desorption (stripping) of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. (eni.com)
Residual1
- We contend that the concentration of a given contaminant in a given soil when the "residual" phase of dissipation is reached represents an intrinsic kinetic constraint to the remediation of contaminated soil. (lancs.ac.uk)
Temperature5
- The optimum pH and temperature for mercury volatilization were 2.5 and 30°C. Approximately 92% of the total mercury in a salt solution (pH 2.5) with resting cells of SUG 2-2 (0.01 mg of protein), ferrous sulfate (3%) and mercury-polluted soil (1 g) was volatilized by further addition of both resting cells and Fe 2+ and by incubating for 30 d at 30°C. (elsevierpure.com)
- When soil moisture is sufficient, as it is for the most part this July, the crop does not have a measurable yield response to one day of temperatures between 93° F and 98° F. However, the fourth consecutive day with a maximum temperature of 93° F or above results in a 1% yield loss in addition to that computed from the leaf rolling. (farmprogress.com)
- 0.05), and soil temperature strongly correlated with CO 2 fluxes. (frontiersin.org)
- The reactive transport of PHCs is strongly controlled by hydrological and climatic forcings, including water table fluctuations (WTFs) and freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), which cause large temporal variations in the local geochemical conditions and the distributions of temperature and soil water content which are key determinants of natural source zone depletion (NSZD) process rates. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The model successfully simulated the soil porewater and headspace concentration time series by representing the temperature dependencies of microbial reaction and gas diffusion rates during FTCs. (uwaterloo.ca)
Diffusion1
- Mass transport between the compartments via volatilization, diffusion, deposition and runoff are modeled. (europa.eu)
Loss5
- This study supported our hypothesis that char altered soil pH and thereby reduced NH3 volatilization loss from the fertilized soil. (unl.edu)
- Kinetic constraints on the loss of organic chemicals from contaminated soils: Implications for soil-quality limits. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Effective remediation of contaminated soils is frequently limited by the slow kinetics of contaminant loss from soils under prevailing environmental conditions. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Changes in the oxidation state of terminal electron acceptors may result in nutrient loss from the system via volatilization or leaching. (kenyon.edu)
- N2 fixation) leading to the improvement of agricultural productivity while minimizing soil loss and ameliorating adverse edaphic conditions are essential (Zahran, 1999). (proessay.com)
Affects1
- The effects of soil pH on nutrient availability - Nitrogen (N) is affected by soil pH because microbial activity affects N availability in the soil. (msucares.com)
Agricultural2
- In general, flooded soil condition occurs due to seasonal flooding or agricultural activity. (kenyon.edu)
- Since natural limestone is relatively water-insoluble, agricultural limestone must be very finely ground so that it can mix with the soil particles and react with other nutrients to change soil acidity. (msucares.com)
Oxidation1
- Hydrogen Oxidation in Soils as a Possible Toxic-Effects Indicator. (epa.gov)
Atmospheric1
- Rain storms contribute atmospheric nitrogen through rain drops that reach the soil. (missouri.edu)
Increases3
- The availibility and concentration of electron acceptors changes as the soil profile increases in depth. (kenyon.edu)
- As the soil becomes wetter -- than is, as saturation increases -- matric potential decreases. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- It also increases the organic matter content of the soil by increasing the level of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients. (hindawi.com)
Phases2
- J. Grifoll and Y. Cohen, "Chemical Volatilization from the Soil Matrix: Transport through the Air and Water Phases," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1994, pp. 445-457. (scirp.org)
- It can be applied in combination (alternating phases) with a Soil Vapour Extraction (SVE) process to ensure the removal of both volatile/semi-volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbon fractions. (eni.com)
Plant7
- Bacteria found in soils convert organic forms of nitrogen to inorganic forms that the plant can use. (missouri.edu)
- When the plant dies, it decays and becomes part of the organic matter pool in the soil. (missouri.edu)
- Plant and animal wastes decompose, adding nitrogen to the soil. (missouri.edu)
- If the trench is shallow enough, or if plant roots run deep enough, water held in the soil by matric potential can be taken into the roots, to be lost to the atmosphere by transpiration out of the leaves. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- At low soil pH nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are less available to the plant. (msucares.com)
- Some of the visible symptoms associated with soil acidity in forage systems include: (1) poor plant vigor (uneven growth, reduced growth, and low biomass production), (2) poor establishment of forage species (stunted growth), poor nodulation of leg-umes, (3) persistence of acid tolerant weed species such as broom sedge, and (4) increased susceptibility to diseases such as rust and leaf spot due to low potassium availability. (msucares.com)
- Phytophthora , a genus of soil, water or air borne plant pathogens, pose major challenges to global biosecurity. (scionresearch.com)
Amendments1
Factors2
- A sensitivity analysis of models was performed, in order to identify the most significant parameters to estimate the volatilization factors among the wide range of input parameters for the application of models. (scirp.org)
- Performing an accurate selection and data processing of the contaminated site, models for the volatilization factors calculation are applied, thus evaluating air concentrations and Human Health Risk. (scirp.org)
Biodegradation2
- The effect of soil conditions on rate of biodegradation of hydrocarbons is addressed. (montana.edu)
- A ten-month soil column experiment to simulate the effects of water table fluctuations on methanogenic PHCs biodegradation rates and pathways was conducted. (uwaterloo.ca)
Greenhouse2
- In temperate cold regions, the gradual resurgence of soil microbial activity during spring freeze-thaw events is frequently associated with greenhouse gas emissions. (frontiersin.org)
- This suggested that soil warming driven by ambient conditions as well as the type and quantity of carbon input influenced soil microbial activity, leading to greenhouse gases production. (frontiersin.org)
Nutrient management1
- Production practices based on guess and not on a nutrient management plan (soil testing) could gradually lower the soil pH. (msucares.com)
Changes in soil1
- Long-term different tillage system field trials can provide vital knowledge about sustainable changes in soil health indices and crop productivity. (nature.com)
Lost from the1
- Q8: Can nitrogen be lost from the soil? (virtualtourist.com)
Generally1
- Generally marl soils form a layer 2 to 72 inches (5-183 cm) thick above the limestone bedrock. (ufl.edu)
Atmosphere2
- indicating a moderate potential for volatilization from water to atmosphere. (europa.eu)
- Nitrogen in the atmosphere or in the soil can go through many complex chemical and biological changes, be combined into living and non-living material, and return back to the soil or air in a continuing cycle. (missouri.edu)
Water13
- Pollution of different elements (air, water, soil and subsoil) resulting both from accidental events and from ordinary industrial and civil activities causes negative effects on the human health and on the environment. (scirp.org)
- Emerson Nafziger, University of Illinois agronomist notes that "afternoon temperatures in the mid-90s are not a problem for corn … if they have enough soil water available. (farmprogress.com)
- Mineralogical analyses have indicated that almost 100% of the soil minerals are calcite that had precipitated from water saturated with calcium bicarbonate. (ufl.edu)
- Utility of each of these conventional methods of treatment of contaminated soil and/or water suffers from recognizable drawbacks and may involve some level of risk. (montana.edu)
- Water can be "wicked" out of the trench and held in the soil by matric potential, which is the suction force caused by air-filled voids in the soil, just like capillary action draws water up a tube. (venhuizen-ww.com)
- Leaching is the process in the course of which nitrogen accumulated in the soils is removed under the impact of water. (proessay.com)
- In newly planted or potted ornamentals, water plants to settle the soil before applying Barricade. (ncsu.edu)
- In the remaining four columns, the soils remained saturated over the period of the experiment, simulating a static water table. (uwaterloo.ca)
- The remaining three chapters in Part I cover basic analytical and statistical concepts, the geochemical variability of the natural and contaminated subsurface, and geochemical sampling of soil and ground water. (epa.gov)
- Chapter 14 outlines basis approaches to remediation of contaminated soil and ground water. (epa.gov)
- The concluding chapters provide more detailed information on specific techniques for cleaning up contaminated soil and ground water. (epa.gov)
- The treatment involves piling layers of contaminated soil in which aerobic biological activity is stimulated through aeration and the addition of nutrients, minerals and water. (eni.com)
- The intermediate layer situated above the water table, between the "saturated" and "unsaturated" zone of an aquifer where ground water infiltration occurs by capillary action to fill pores in the soil. (eni.com)
Anoxic1
- The fully saturated soil was exposed to successive 4-week FTCs under anoxic conditions with temperatures fluctuating between -10°C and +15°C. The headspace gas for the concentrations and 13C isotope compositions of CH4 and CO2, and the porewater for pH, acetate, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, and toluene were analyzed. (uwaterloo.ca)
Organic carbon1
- The freezing-induced soil matrix organic carbon release is considered an important process causing an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) following each freezing period according to the calculations of carbon balance and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) index. (uwaterloo.ca)
Estimation1
- Among the different models dealing with the estimation of volatilization factor, those mostly known and used in the national and international field of Human Health Risk Assessment were chosen: Jury's and Farmer's models. (scirp.org)
Mercury2
- When resting cells of SUG 2-2 (0.01 mg of protein) were incubated for 10 d at 30°C in 20 ml of 1.6 mM sulfuric acid (pH 2.5) with ferrous sulfate (3%) and mercury-polluted soil (1 g), which contained 7.5 nmol of Hg, approximately 4.1 nmol of mercury was volatilized, indicating that 54% of the total mercury in the soil was volatilized. (elsevierpure.com)
- The amount of mercury volatilized from the soil was dependent on the concentration of Fe 2+ added to the medium. (elsevierpure.com)
Sulfur1
- If your soil is alkaline, it is also possible to lower the soil pH by using a liquid acid solution or finely ground elemental sulfur, but this is rarely done because of the high cost, and we hardly see alkaline soils in the southern USA. (msucares.com)
Limestone2
Salinity1
- Soil materials were provided from the Tea Research Institute located in Lahijan, Iran as well as the National Salinity Research station located in Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran. (ac.ir)