• Since cyanide forms volatile hydrogen cyanide gas, tissue sampling techniques, storage, and cyanide analysis must be done with caution. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (HCN or AC) gas is lighter than air, so the gas will rise. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (HCN, also known as prussic acid) is a volatile liquid that boils at 25.6° C (78.1° F). Potassium and sodium cyanide salts are water soluble, whereas mercury, copper, gold, and silver cyanide salts are poorly water soluble. (medscape.com)
  • The LCt 50 (the concentration-time product capable of killing 50% of the exposed group) for hydrogen cyanide is 2500-5000 mg/min/m 3 . (medscape.com)
  • Methyl bromide poisoning primarily occurs after inhalational exposure, but concurrent dermal exposure might also occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Methyl bromide is an ocular, dermal, and mucous membrane irritant. (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of bromide below toxic levels does not rule out methyl bromide poisoning. (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of methyl bromide in environmental samples, as determined by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for methyl bromide exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Methyl bromide intoxication during grain store fumigation. (cdc.gov)
  • Death and injury caused by methyl bromide-an insecticide fumigant. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanogen chloride (CNCl or CK) is heavier and will sink to low-lying areas and increase the risk of exposure. (medscape.com)
  • the other is cyanogen chloride (NATO designation CK). (medscape.com)
  • The introduction of cyanogen chloride by the French in 1916 made available a compound that, being both more toxic and less volatile, was a more effective chemical agent. (medscape.com)
  • Alternate synthesis routes generally involve more steps, such as replacing cyanogen bromide with sodium or potassium cyanate to form an intermediate and then reacting it with concentrated hydrochloric acid. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Inhalation of tobacco smoke is an important source of cyanide, and exposure may occur from smoke due to fires. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 1 ] In addition, intensive treatment with sodium nitroprusside or long-term consumption of cyanide-containing foods is a possible source of cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Like some other cyanogen compounds, cyanogen bromide undergoes an exothermic trimerisation to cyanuric bromide ((BrCN)3). (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, a number of cyanide-containing compounds, known as cyanogens, may release cyanide during metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • The disadvantages of this approach include the toxicity of cyanogen bromide and its sensitivity to oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide toxicity is generally considered to be a rare form of poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Toxicity from inhalation of cyanide gas manifests rapidly. (medscape.com)
  • The determination of cyanide in body fluids requires the separation of cyanide from thiocyanate, usually by distillation of cyanides or microdiffusion into an absorber solution. (cdc.gov)
  • The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. (dbpedia.org)
  • The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring cyanide, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to cyanide. (cdc.gov)
  • However, cyanide exposure occurs relatively frequently in patients with smoke inhalation from residential or industrial fires. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide exposure most often occurs via inhalation or ingestion, but liquid cyanide can be absorbed through the skin or eyes. (medscape.com)
  • however, detection of elevated bromide levels in serum (reference level: 50-100 mg/L) might indicate that an exposure has occurred. (cdc.gov)
  • This leaves the carbon particularly vulnerable to attack by a nucleophile, and the cleavage reaction begins with a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which bromine is ultimately replaced by the sulfur in methionine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cyanide is measured spectrophotometrically after a colorimetric reaction involving the cyanide ion and chloramines-T plus pyridine-pyrazolone, p -benzoquinone, or p -phenylene diamine (see Table 7-1). (cdc.gov)
  • If the sulfur in cysteine attacked cyanogen bromide, the bromide ion would deprotonate the cyanide adduct, leaving the sulfur uncharged and the beta carbon of the cysteine not electrophilic. (wikipedia.org)
  • The failure of this measure was probably attributable to the high volatility of cyanide and the inability of the 1- to 2-lb munitions used to deliver the amounts of chemical required for biologic effects. (medscape.com)
  • The carbon atom in cyanogen bromide is bonded to bromine by a single bond and to nitrogen by a triple bond (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • The electron density in cyanogen bromide is shifted away from the carbon atom, making it unusually electrophilic, and towards the more electronegative bromine and nitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The strongest electrophile would then be the cyanide carbon, which, if attacked by water, would yield cyanic acid and the original cysteine. (wikipedia.org)
  • After absorption, cyanide is rapidly distributed in the body through blood. (cdc.gov)
  • Br−C≡N). The compound is linear and polar, but it does not spontaneously ionize in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide is a rapidly lethal agent when used in enclosed spaces where high concentrations can be achieved easily. (medscape.com)
  • Once absorbed, cyanide enters the bloodstream and is distributed rapidly to all organs and tissues in the body. (medscape.com)
  • The choice of tissues and the factors influencing measured cyanide concentrations are also important (Ballantyne 1983c, 1987a). (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, the tissues with the highest oxygen requirements (brain and heart) are the most profoundly affected by acute cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanogen bromide is also often used because it reacts with the hydroxyl groups on agarose to form cyanate esters and imidocarbonates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide was first used as a chemical weapon in the form of gaseous HCN in World War I. Starting in 1915, the French military used approximately 4000 tons of cyanide, without notable success. (medscape.com)
  • Sodium Alginate is the sodium salt form of alginic acid and gum mainly extracted from the cell walls of brown algae, with chelating activity. (kuwaityellowpagesonline.com)
  • Because of its simplicity and mild pH conditions, cyanogen bromide activation is the most common method for preparing affinity gels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The (±)-cis isomers [racemate (1:1-mixture) of the (4R,5S)-isomer and the enantiomeric (4S,5R)-isomer] generally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared in situ by reacting sodium cyanide with bromine). (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Cyanide exists in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. (medscape.com)
  • Inside cells, cyanide attaches itself to ubiquitous metalloenzymes, rendering them inactive. (medscape.com)
  • 2 (CN)Br}}} When refrigerated the material has an extended shelflife. (wikipedia.org)