Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A5 gene. (wikipedia.org)

Bicarbonate transporters that move BICARBONATE IONS in exchange of CHLORIDE IONS or SODIUM IONS across membranes. (rush.edu)
Chloride is an extracellular fluid anion that plays an important role in maintaining normal acid-base balance and along with sodium maintains water balance and serum osmolality. (medscape.com)
3] It mainly exists as sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid. (medscape.com)
3] Chloride usually reflects changes in sodium, except in acid-base disorders in which changes in chloride are independent from sodium. (medscape.com)
In general, chloride reabsorption follows sodium reabsorption. (medscape.com)
To maintain electroneutrality, it should also contain around the same amount of anions, which are mainly chloride (110 mEq) and bicarbonate (24 mEq). (medscape.com)
Sixty-five to seventy percent of the total amount of filtered chloride is reabsorbed, which is close to the fractional reabsorption of sodium and water. (medscape.com)
Chloride is mainly transported via electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporters, which allow Cl to always follow cations mainly Na and K across cellular membranes. (medscape.com)
Excessive intake or inadequate excretion of chloride can result in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, in which case bicarbonate, acetate, citrate, or phosphate salts should be substituted for chloride salts when administering infusions to such patients. (medscape.com)
The thick segment of the loop of Henle, which begins about halfway up the ascending limb, has thick epithelial cells that have high metabolic activity and are capable of active reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium (see Figure 27-8). (brainkart.com)
About 25 per cent of the filtered loads of sodium, chloride, and potassium are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, mostly in the thick ascending limb. (brainkart.com)
In thethick ascending loop , movement of sodium across the luminal membrane is mediated primarily by a 1-sodium , 2-chloride , 1-potassium co-transporter (Figure 27-9). (brainkart.com)
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the site of action of the powerful " loop " diureticsfurosemide, ethacrynic acid , and bumetanide , all ofwhich inhibit the action of the sodium 2-chloride, potassium co-transporter. (brainkart.com)
Although the 1-sodium, 2-chloride, 1-potassium co-transporter moves equal amounts of cations and anions into the cell, there is a slight backleak of potas-sium ions into the lumen, creating a positive charge of about +8 millivolts in the tubular lumen. (brainkart.com)
Finally, aldosterone also stimulates the formation of a potassium-chloride cotransporter protein in the renal tubules. (mensgadgets.net)
Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM CHLORIDE and POTASSIUM CHLORIDE across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled process. (wakehealth.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters" by people in this website by year, and whether "Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
As a diuretic, cyclothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. (drugbank.com)
Thiazides like cyclothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. (drugbank.com)
Cyclothiazide increases excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. (drugbank.com)
Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. (drugbank.com)
Normally, the sodium-chloride symporter transports sodium and chloride from the lumen into the epithelial cell lining the distal convoluted tubule. (drugbank.com)
By blocking the sodium-chloride symporter, hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces the osmotic gradient and water reabsorption throughout the nephron.Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter (SLC12A3) in the distal convoluted tubule, which is responsible for 5% of total sodium reabsorption. (drugbank.com)

This gene encodes a member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) family, part of the bicarbonate transporter superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
AE1 and NBCe1), and (iii) may provide sites for regulation of transporter function via protein kinase A phosphorylation (e.g. (tcdb.org)
6] Cation-Cl cotransporters are transmembrane proteins that include thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter, loop diuretic-sensitive Na-K-2Cl co-transporters, and K-Cl co-transporters. (medscape.com)
Thiazides and loop diuretics exhibit their diuretic effects from the luminal side by inhibiting the Na + -Cl - cotransporter of the distal tubule and the Na + -K + -2Cl - co-transporter of the loop of Henle, respectively ( Ives, 2001 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Usually, when chemical neurotransmitters are released in the central nervous system, they act at receptor proteins and are then inactivated by sulfation or by FAD-linked mono-oxygenases or alternatively are carried by transporter proteins back into the initiating neurone. (simplymimi.net)
The dopamine transporter ( DAT ) also ( sodium-dependent dopamine transporter ) is a membrane-spanning protein coded for in the human by the SLC6A3 gene , (also known as DAT1 ), that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol . (cloudfront.net)
In the most widely accepted model for monoamine transporter function, sodium ions must bind to the extracellular domain of the transporter before dopamine can bind. (cloudfront.net)
Studies using electrophysiology and radioactive-labeled dopamine have confirmed that the dopamine transporter is similar to other monoamine transporters in that one molecule of neurotransmitter can be transported across the membrane with one or two sodium ions. (cloudfront.net)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)

The encoded transmembrane protein appears to transport sodium and bicarbonate ions in a 1:1 ratio, and is thus considered an electroneutral cotransporter. (nih.gov)
The principal cells (PC) have channels, pumps, and co-transporters that move potassium, sodium and other ions around. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
The first portion of each renal tubule is called the proximal tubule, and the proximal tubules are collectively responsible for reabsorbing the vast majority of the filtered NaCl, bicarbonate and water, and secreting acid in the form of ammonium ions. (yale.edu)
Considerable amounts of other ions, such as calcium, bicarbonate, and magnesium, are also reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle. (brainkart.com)
Increase the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) in the renal tubules of the kidneys, which increases the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) and blood volume. (mensgadgets.net)
One of the main functions of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) in the renal tubules of the kidneys. (mensgadgets.net)
This pump transports sodium ions from the renal tubules and into the bloodstream. (mensgadgets.net)
This increases the number of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and blood, increasing blood volume. (mensgadgets.net)
Aldosterone also helps to maintain electrolyte balance by regulating the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body. (mensgadgets.net)
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, increasing sodium ions' reabsorption in the renal tubules. (mensgadgets.net)
Stimulate the excretion of potassium ions (K+) in the urine, which helps to maintain the balance of potassium and sodium ions in the body. (mensgadgets.net)
This protein helps to transport potassium ions out of the renal tubules and into the urine. (mensgadgets.net)
DAT is a symporter that moves dopamine across the cell membrane by coupling the movement to the energetically-favorable movement of sodium ions moving from high to low concentration into the cell. (cloudfront.net)

Sodium bicarbonate cotransporters are involved in intracellular pH regulation and electroneural or electrogenic sodium bicarbonate transport. (wikipedia.org)
2007). These proteins are important for the regulation of intracellular pH (pH i ) and play crucial roles in the epithelial absorption of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the renal proximal tubule) and secretion of HCO 3 - (e.g., in the pancreatic duct). (tcdb.org)
Regulates intracellular pH and may play a role in bicarbonate salvage in secretory epithelia. (nih.gov)
The encoded protein likely plays a critical role in regulation of intracellular pH involved in visual and auditory sensory transmission. (nih.gov)

The Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) lets sodium into the cell from the urine and the Renal Outer Medullary Potassium channel (ROMK) lets potassium out of the cell into the urine. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
This creates a lack of sodium inside the cell, so sodium leaves the urine to enter the cell through the ENaC on the opposite side of the cell. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
One problem with this mechanism is that the ratio of potassium excreted to sodium absorbed from the urine is limited. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
Because the Na-K-pump exchanges 2 potassium for 3 sodium, the best ratio that this pump can achieve in the urine is 0.67. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
In the report from 1975 (1) , the Yanomami had a ratio of potassium to sodium excreted in the urine of over 150 to 1. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
Acetazolamide, a major carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, blocks the re-absorption of sodium bicarbonate, resulting in an alkaline diuresis with loss of sodium and bicarbonate in the urine. (aspetjournals.org)
We found that this kidney transport protein also plays a very crucial role in the intestine, where it secretes oxalate and thereby limits how much of ingested oxalate is absorbed and then excreted in the urine. (yale.edu)
Despite a diminishing GFR, sodium and water balance is well-maintained by increased fractional excretion of sodium in urine and a normal response to thirst. (msdmanuals.com)
This leads to the formation of potassium bicarbonate, which is then excreted in the urine. (mensgadgets.net)
or excessive loss of bicarbonate in urine or stool. (diabetestalk.net)
The ammonia gets excreted in the urine, while the bicarbonate is transported into the blood where it replenishes the plasma buffer system. (renalfellow.org)

Scientists have discovered many potassium channels, sodium channels, active pumps, and proteins called co-transporters in our cells to balance sodium and potassium. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)

Electroneutral sodium- and bicarbonate-dependent cotransporter with a Na(+):HCO3(-) 1:1 stoichiometry. (nih.gov)

Carbonic anhydrase plays an important role in bicarbonate reabsorption from the proximal tubule ( Ives, 2001 ). (aspetjournals.org)

This locus encodes a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter. (nih.gov)
The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on chromosome 5 , consists of 15 coding exons , and is roughly 64 kbp long. (cloudfront.net)

Our lab has specifically focused on identifying the proteins involved in mediating the transport of bicarbonate, NaCl and ammonium in the proximal tubule. (yale.edu)
As in the proximal tubule, the reabsorption of other solutes in the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle is closely linked to the reabsorptive capability of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which maintains a low intracellular sodium concentra-tion. (brainkart.com)
KEGG pathway enrichment correlation revealed that protein digestion and absorption (Ko04974), proximal tubule bicarbonate (Ko04964), and bile secretion (Ko04976) played important roles in Na + /H + and Na + /K + exchange. (hindawi.com)

To do it, the potassium secretion would have to be independent of the ENaC-sodium pump that we just mentioned, since it has such limited potassium excretion and sodium reabsorption. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
In addition, because the binding of diuretics to plasma proteins is generally high (more than 90%), tubular secretion is the main route of urinary excretion of the diuretics. (aspetjournals.org)
Our general goal is to characterize the mechanisms regulating sodium, acid-base, and anion excretion by the kidney. (yale.edu)
It has also recently been shown that K has an antihypertensive effect by promoting sodium excretion, while it is also attracting attention as an important component that can suppress hypertension associated with excessive sodium intake. (mdpi.com)
This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. (drugbank.com)

Which of the following is the main site of sodium reabsorption in the nephron? (fracpractice.co.nz)

On the cell surface that is against blood vessels, the sodium-potassium-ATPase pump (Na-K-pump) gets energy from ATP to move sodium out of the cell into the bloodstream and potassium into the cell from the bloodstream. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
An important component of solute reabsorption in the thick ascending limb is the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the epithelial cell basolateral mem-branes. (brainkart.com)
When aldosterone levels are high, it binds to renal tubular receptors, activating the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. (mensgadgets.net)
One of these processes inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the renal tubules. (mensgadgets.net)
Once sodium has entered the cell, it is transported out into the basolateral interstitium via the sodium-potassium ATPase, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium, thereby establishing an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. (drugbank.com)

7] "These membrane proteins are involved in several physiological activities including transepithelial ion absorption and secretion, cell volume regulation, and setting intracellular Cl concentration below or above its electrochemical potential equilibrium. (medscape.com)
The thick ascending limb also has a sodium-hydrogen counter-transport mechanism in its luminal cell membrane that mediates sodium reabsorption and hydrogen secretion in this segment. (brainkart.com)

While this is an intriguing hypothesis, a major gap in the field is that how the kidney actually senses changes in blood bicarbonate concentrations and responds with changes in ammonia production remains unknown. (renalfellow.org)
Because the kidneys are poised to sense plasma concentrations of compounds such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen ion, oxygen, and glucose, they are important regulators of blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and erythropoeisis. (wikidoc.org)
Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)

The process of sulfation also affects the functioning of peptides and proteins. (simplymimi.net)

This protein is thought to be an integral membrane protein. (wikipedia.org)
The animal AE proteins consist of homodimeric complexes of integral membrane proteins that vary in size from about 900 amino acyl residues to about 1250 residues. (tcdb.org)
All AE proteins are hypothesized to share a similar topology in the cell membrane. (tcdb.org)
ZO-1 is a protein located on a cytoplasmic membrane surface of intercellular tight junctions. (thermofisher.com)
Our work is primarily focused on membrane transport proteins mediating ion exchange, namely NHE isoforms mediating Na + -H + exchange, and SLC26 isoforms mediating anion exchange. (yale.edu)
This co-transport protein carrier in the luminal membrane uses the potential energy released by downhill diffusion of sodium into the cell to drive the reabsorption of potassium into the cell against a concentration gradient. (brainkart.com)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
The energy for this is provided by a sodium gradient established by sodium-potassium ATPases on the basolateral membrane. (drugbank.com)
DAT is an integral membrane protein that removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft and deposits it into surrounding cells, thus terminating the signal of the neurotransmitter. (cloudfront.net)
Once dopamine binds, the protein undergoes a conformational change, which allows both sodium and dopamine to unbind on the intracellular side of the membrane. (cloudfront.net)
Because of the tight coupling of the membrane potential and the sodium gradient, activity-induced changes in membrane polarity can dramatically influence transport rates. (cloudfront.net)

Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and blood metabolites have been noted in IVH/PHH, but osmolality and electrolyte disturbances have not been evaluated in human infants with these conditions. (researchsquare.com)

Local attraction of substrates and co-substrates enhances weak acid and base transmembrane transport, and principles in the attraction and facilitation of weak acid and base transport substrates, including monocarboxylates, ammonium, bicarbonate, and arsenite, plus protons as a co-substrate have been elucidated ( Epalle and Beitz 2022 ). (tcdb.org)

Thus, in this situation bicarbonate supplementation may act to inhibit this ammoniagenic response and therefore help slow the progression of kidney disease. (renalfellow.org)

Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins , channels and pumps . (wikibooks.org)
The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)

We found that "knockout" mice lacking one of these transport proteins have a high incidence of calcium oxalate urinary stones, the same type that is most common in human patients with kidney stones. (yale.edu)
Total serum calcium is divisible into protein-bound and ultrafiltrable (diffusible) calcium ( Fig. 6-1 ). (abdominalkey.com)
Approximately 40% of total calcium is bound to serum proteins, and 80% to 90% of this calcium is bound to albumin. (abdominalkey.com)
Variations in serum protein alter proportionately the concentration of the protein-bound and total serum calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
An increase in serum albumin concentration of 1 g/dL increases protein-bound calcium by 0.8 mg/dL, whereas an increase of 1 g/dL of globulin increases protein-bound calcium by 0.16 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
Marked changes in serum sodium concentration also affect the protein binding of calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Hyponatremia increases, whereas hypernatremia decreases protein-bound calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Changes in pH also affect protein-bound calcium, and an increase or decrease of 0.1 pH increases or decreases protein-bound calcium by 0.12 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
The calcium complexes are formed with bicarbonate, phosphate, and acetate. (abdominalkey.com)
The inhibition could be mimicked by the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (1 μ m ) as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 μ m ) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 n m ), and blocked by the PKC inactivator (±)-1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (200 μ m ), suggesting a mechanism involving PKC modulation of L-type calcium channels. (jneurosci.org)
In hypothalamic neurons, modulators such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine depress glutamatergic transmission by either a pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive G-protein-coupled pathway or by inhibition of voltage-activated calcium channels (VACCs). (jneurosci.org)

The low intracellular sodium concentration in turn provides a favorable gradient for movement of sodium from the tubular fluid into the cell. (brainkart.com)

Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)
X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)
A complementary approach uses mice with targeted gene disruption to elucidate the physiological roles of ion exchangers and associated proteins under in vivo conditions. (yale.edu)
Evidence for the associations between DAT and dopamine related disorders has come from a type of genetic polymorphism , known as a variable number tandem repeat , in the SLC6A3 gene, which influences the amount of protein expressed. (cloudfront.net)

C-reactive protein as a predictor for chorioamnionitis in cases of premature rupture of the membranes. (qxmd.com)
We evaluated C-reactive protein for its ability to predict the occurrence of clinical chorioamnionitis in 51 patients with spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes at less than or equal to 34 weeks of gestational age. (qxmd.com)

The most abundant anions in their diet were bicarbonate and bicarbonate precursors, because of the alkalinity of their diet. (highpotassiumfoods.org)

Tissue extracts of Mouse Testis (Lane 6) and Mouse Kidney (Lane 7) were electrophoresed using NuPAGE™ 3-8% Tris-Acetate Protein Gel (Product # EA0378BOX). (thermofisher.com)

In general, with a pure or uncompensated metabolic acidosis, every 10 mEq/L fall in bicarbonate (HCO3) results in an average pH fall of 0.15. (diabetestalk.net)

The average bicarbonate level in a neonate is 20 mEq/L. A diagnosis of metabolic acidosis can be made when the pH is less than 7.35 and a base deficit greater than 5 exists. (diabetestalk.net)
This further supports the idea that bicarbonate supplementation is beneficial in CKD patients, even in patients without acidosis. (renalfellow.org)
In order to understand how bicarbonate helps "protect" the kidney, we first have to understand how the kidney deals with an acidosis. (renalfellow.org)
This could explain why bicarbonate therapy might be beneficial even to individuals in the early stages of CKD who do not have overt acidosis . (renalfellow.org)

1 liter of filtrate in kidney tubules contains around 140 mEq of sodium. (medscape.com)
One of the best known methods of balancing potassium and sodium involves an exchange of potassium and sodium in the distal part of the kidney in the principal cells (PC) of the connecting tubule. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
To eliminate waste products from the body, the kidney filters gigantic quantities of the plasma (over 160 quarts per day) resulting in the flow of huge quantities of water, NaCl and the base bicarbonate through the renal tubules. (yale.edu)
Furthermore, other data indicates that higher bicarbonate levels within the normal range (20-30 mEq/L) are associated with better kidney outcomes (slower GFR decline and longer time to dialysis). (renalfellow.org)
This link between kidney health and bicarbonate has opened the door for basic science to provide insight into these unexpected but exciting clinical observations. (renalfellow.org)
To this end, recent basic science research has demonstrated a link between kidney bicarbonate transport and ammonia handling that may help partly explain this effect of bicarbonate therapy on ammonia production. (renalfellow.org)

Thus, the plasma sodium concentration is typically normal, and hypervolemia is infrequent unless dietary intake of sodium or water is very restricted or excessive. (msdmanuals.com)

These studies have also shown that transport rate and direction is totally dependent on the sodium gradient. (cloudfront.net)
A chemical gradient was still detected at pH 7.4 in the usual HEPES-based transport buffer in contrast to what was observed in a bicarbonate/CO 2 -buffered medium. (aspetjournals.org)
An antifolate chemical gradient was also detected in bicarbonate buffer at pH 6.9 versus 7.4, also suppressed by carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone. (aspetjournals.org)

Kidneys control the fluid, potassium, and sodium balance in our bodies. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
The kidneys allow a large intake of potassium, and they do an excellent job of conserving large amounts of sodium. (highpotassiumfoods.org)

This is how the cell can keep the right number of potassium and sodium molecules inside the cell. (highpotassiumfoods.org)
It is a comprehensive science focusing on translational changes, posttranslational modifications, and interactions among protein molecules. (hindawi.com)

Food was mostly alkaline from its abundant bicarbonate precursors. (highpotassiumfoods.org)

The pump pushes sodium out of the cell into the bloodstream. (highpotassiumfoods.org)

combatting a daily acid-load that is primarily from dietary protein intake, through production of an equivalent amount of "new" bicarbonate. (renalfellow.org)

2002). The NHE1 and Na + /HCO 3 − cotransporter (NBC) are spatially separate in the heart. (cellphysiolbiochem.com)

and a sodium borate cotransporter (SLC4A11 protein). (rush.edu)

4] It is usually used along with sodium, potassium, and CO2 to assess electrolyte, acid-base, and water balance. (medscape.com)
CSF osmolality increased in PHH, largely driven by electrolyte changes rather than protein levels. (researchsquare.com)

So the food that was eaten and absorbed into the bloodstream would overload the bloodstream with potassium and starve the bloodstream of sodium. (highpotassiumfoods.org)

Among them, seven SNPs of moderate effect led to changes in the amino acid contents in the final proteins of the following genes: ANSa, GDH2, 4Cl, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. (bvsalud.org)

Although the C-terminal domain comprises a small percentage of the total protein, this domain in some cases (i) has PSD-95/Discs Large/ZO-1-binding motifs that may be important for protein-protein interactions (e.g. (tcdb.org)
We hypothesized that CSF total protein, osmolality, electrolytes, and immune cells increase in PHH. (researchsquare.com)
Osmolality, total protein, and electrolytes were measured in 52 infants (18 controls, 10 low grade (LG) IVH, 13 high grade (HG) IVH, and 11 PHH). (researchsquare.com)
CSF total protein was higher in both HGIVH and PHH compared to control (p=0.0009 and 0.0006 respectively) and LGIVH (p=0.034 and 0.028 respectively). (researchsquare.com)
CSF total nucleated cells also positively correlated with CSF osmolality, sodium, potassium, and total protein (p=0.025-0.0008) in the whole cohort. (researchsquare.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs15

Phenomena and Processes1

Electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter1

Chloride25

Transporter9

Ions13

Intracellular pH4

Urine11

TRANSPORTERS2

Electroneutral1

Role in bicarbonate1

Encodes2

Proximal3

Excretion5

Reabsorption in the nephron1

ATPase5

Secretion2

Concentrations3

Peptides1

Membrane11

Extracellular1

Ammonium1

Inhibit1

Carrier Proteins2

Calcium11

Movement of sodium1

Gene4

Membranes2

Anions1

Acetate1

HCO31

Acidosis4

Kidney6

Concentration1

Gradient3

Kidneys2

Molecules2

Alkaline1

Pump1

Intake1

20021

SLC4A111

Electrolyte2

Bloodstream1

Amino1

Total protein5