Sodium and water excretion. Medical search. Frequent questions

The reduction in sodium and water excretion observed in the right kidney when the left kidney is subjected to transient denervation, is entirely abolished by bilateral section of the dorsal roots from T9 to L4, whereas section of the left dorsal roots only, at the same spinal level, does not affect the contralateral renal response to left renal nerve cooling. (unimib.it)
Cooling of left renal nerves caused a large increase in sodium and water excretion from the left kidney and a prompt decrease in sodium and water excretion from the right kidney. (unimib.it)
Together with our previous finding that ANP does not alter renal Na excretion, we propose that ANP reduces plasma Na concentration in SW eels by inhibiting drinking and subsequent absorption of Na by the intestine. (bioone.org)
this, in turn, inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. (medscape.com)
Gradual potassium depletion occurs via renal excretion or gastrointestinal (GI) loss or because of low intake. (medscape.com)
7.55) or when sodium chloride or potassium chloride cannot be administered because of volume overload or advanced renal failure. (medscape.com)
Urea , by inducing renal water excretion and promoting sodium (Na) retention, has been well described as a treatment for chronic SIADH. (karger.com)
Orly F. Kohn The use of fractional excretion of sodium as a guide to renal perfusion is hampered by the prior use of natriuretic agents. (karger.com)
The diuretic effect of spironolactone is mediated through its action as a specific pharmacologic antagonist of aldosterone, primarily by competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent sodium-potassium exchange site in the distal convoluted renal tubule. (nih.gov)
Hydrochlorothiazide promotes the excretion of sodium and water primarily by inhibiting their reabsorption in the cortical diluting segment of the distal renal tubule. (nih.gov)
Cardiac and renal problems: Methylprednisolone can increase blood pressure, cause water and sodium retention, and increase potassium and calcium excretion. (rxwiki.com)
Spironolactone is an antiandrogen agent that competes with aldosterone for receptor sites in the distal renal tubules, leading to increased sodium and water excretion while retaining potassium. (acpinternist.org)
The triamterene component of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsules exerts its diuretic effect on the distal renal tubule to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
Polyuria can result in volume depletion, rapid fluctuations in serum sodium levels, and distension of the renal outflow tract due to high urinary output volume. (medscape.com)

Hypertonic sodium chloride is given to restore sodium ions in patients with restricted oral intake, especially those with hyponatremia states or salt-wasting syndromes. (medscape.com)
Urinary output of water and excretion of sodium and chloride are enhanced. (nih.gov)
0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, isotonic solution of sodium chloride and water for injection. (who.int)
Each mL contains sodium chloride 9 mg. (who.int)
Sodium Chloride, USP is chemically designated NaCl, a white crystalline compound freely soluble in water. (who.int)
Sodium chloride in water dissociates to provide sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl) ions. (who.int)
The distribution and excretion of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl) are largely under the control of the kidney which maintains a balance between intake and output. (who.int)
It is also not known whether sodium chloride injection containing additives can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. (who.int)
Sodium chloride injection containing additives should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. (who.int)
Analysis of serum electrolytes gave the following results: sodium 124 mmol/L, potassium 4 mmol/L, chloride 84 mmol/L, bicarbonate 29 mmol/L and creatinine 0.4 mg/dL. (who.int)
He never had significant respiratory problems throughout that period, The possibility of Bartter syndrome was raised, but the diagnosis was dismissed as his blood pressure was initially high, urinary chloride excretion was low with only slightly elevated levels of serum renin (320 ng/dL at rest and standing) and aldosterone (195 ng/dL at rest and 206 ng/dL while standing). (who.int)
The patient was discharged on sodium chloride and potassium chloride supplementation. (who.int)
He underwent fluid resuscitation and investigations showed the following results: serum sodium 128 mmol/L, chloride 76 mmol/L, potassium 3.3 mmol/L, bicarbonate 28 mmol/L, anion gap 15.6 mmol/L, urea 35 mg/dL, creatinine 1.3 mg/dL, calcium 10.5 mg/dL, phosphorus 7.6mg/dL and magnesium 2.3 mg/dL. (who.int)
The hydrochlorothiazide component blocks the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions, and thereby increases the quantity of sodium traversing the distal tubule and the volume of water excreted. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
With continued use of hydrochlorothiazide and depletion of sodium, compensatory mechanisms tend to increase this exchange and may produce excessive loss of potassium, hydrogen and chloride ions. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
By inhibiting the distal tubular exchange mechanism, triamterene maintains or increases the sodium excretion and reduces the excess loss of potassium, hydrogen and chloride ions induced by hydrochlorothiazide. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
sults: sodium 133 mmol/L, potassium membrane regulator gene ( CFTR ) on He was readmitted 5 more times 3.4 mmol/L, chloride 100 mmol/L and chromosome 7. (who.int)
It may also cause electrolyte and with similar biochemical abnormalities urinary chloride excretion (20 mg/dL) acid base disturbances, rarely the mode (Table 1). (who.int)
We report here such a case which initially high, urinary chloride excretion alkalosis to extra cellular compartment presented in infancy. (who.int)
La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale of hypercalciuria, hypocalcaemia, Discussion massive sodium chloride loss which re- hypomagnesaemia, hypermagnesuria sults in significant extracel ular volume or significant hypokalaemia. (who.int)
The patient CF is an inherited disorder affecting contraction and secondary hyperaldos- was discharged on sodium chloride and most organ,s especial y the exocrine teronism. (who.int)

Low fractional excretion indicates sodium retention by the kidney, suggesting pathophysiology extrinsic to the urinary system such as volume depletion or decrease in effective circulating volume (e.g. low output heart failure). (wikipedia.org)
Gan Cao may also cause increase sodium retention and decrease potassium excretion. (sacredlotus.com)
Gan Cao can be combined with Ze Xie (Rhizoma Alismatis) and Fu Ling (Poria) to mitigate water and sodium retention. (sacredlotus.com)
Cucumbers have a high water content and contains caffeic acid that helps to get rid of water retention in our body. (ndtv.com)
As will be described in the following sections, hyponatremia is primarily due to the intake of water that cannot be excreted, hypernatremia is primarily due to the loss of water that has not been replaced, hypovolemia represents the loss of sodium and water, and edema is primarily due to sodium and water retention. (david-cook.org)
Why does water retention cause hyponatremia? (david-cook.org)
In 1950, J. G. Borst and colleagues proposed that the side effects were due to retention of sodium and water along with increased excretion of potassium and suggested the constituent glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizinic acid) was to blame. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)

Taking overdoses of loop and thiazide diuretics can cause not only dehydration from excessive urination but also low levels of potassium, sodium and other electrolytes. (livestrong.com)
Excessive loss of water and electrolytes may lead to serious imbalances. (nih.gov)
With continued use of mannitol a loss of water in excess of electrolytes can cause hypernatremia. (nih.gov)
Water distribution depends primarily on the concentration of electrolytes in the body compartments and sodium (Na+) plays a major role in maintaining physiologic equilibrium. (who.int)
The high water and electrolytes content in Celery prevents dehydration and compounds present in celery cause it to act as a diuretic and reduce instances of bloating," says Delhi-based nutritionist Simran Sinha. (ndtv.com)
INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM. (umassmed.edu)
Rather, replenishing the electrolytes sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium lost during perspiration or excretion is vital to maintaining cellular function. (xendurance.com)

Fractional excretion of sodium is the amount of salt (sodium) that leaves the body through urine compared to the amount filtered and reabsorbed by the kidney. (medlineplus.gov)
Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is not a test. (medlineplus.gov)
The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine. (wikipedia.org)
In clinical use, the fractional excretion of sodium can be calculated as part of the evaluation of acute kidney failure in order to determine if hypovolemia or decreased effective circulating plasma volume is a contributor to the kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)

The denominator is the total amount of sodium filtered by the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Diuretics relieve these symptoms by increasing the excretion of sodium and water from the kidneys. (worstpills.org)
This potassium-sodium balance is also essential for the proper excretion of toxic wastes by the kidneys. (nutters.com)
Drinking excessive amounts of water can cause low sodium by overwhelming the kidneys' ability to excrete water. (david-cook.org)
Then the rats were anesthetized by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg.bw) to obtain blood samples for biochemical analysis and organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, brain, testis) to be conducted for biopsy and organ coefficients. (cdc.gov)

FENa is calculated in two parts-figuring out how much sodium is excreted in the urine, and then finding its ratio to the total amount of sodium that passed through (aka "filtered by") the kidney. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] First, the actual amount of sodium excreted is calculated by multiplying the urine sodium concentration by the urinary flow rate. (wikipedia.org)
First the patient is advised to lose weight, quit smoking and reduce the amount of sodium and fat in the diet. (newsbreak.com.ph)
Its natriuretic activity is limited by the amount of sodium reaching its site of action. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

Increases in urinary excretion of bicarbonate and sodium lead to metabolic acidosis. (medscape.com)
Sodium bicarbonate solution has occasionally been recommended for emergency treatment of acute hyponatraemia particularly where there was also a perceived benefit of the alkalosis. (anaesthesiamcq.com)

Intracellular sodium concentration is 12 mEq/L (12 mmol/L). (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular sodium concentration averages 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L). (msdmanuals.com)
The geometric mean of the creatinine-corrected urinary nitrate concentration was 68.3mg/g cr (95%CI: 64.6,72.3), and the corresponding geometric mean for urinary sodium was 150.0 mmoL/g cr (95%CI: 139.6161.1). (cdc.gov)

It is measured in terms of plasma and urine sodium, rather than by the interpretation of urinary sodium concentration alone, as urinary sodium concentrations can vary with water reabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
Urinary sodium concentration was significantly associated with monthly precipitation at the time of sampling but not with elevation or drinking water source. (cdc.gov)

Chemical signals are sent that result in a release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which leads to a decrease in urinary calcium excretion coupled with a mobilization of calcium from bone. (ironmanmagazine.com)
Release of PTH, in turn, promotes the release of calcitriol, the activated hormone form of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases intestinal calcium absorption while helping to limit calcium excretion. (ironmanmagazine.com)
People who are sodium sensitive react most strongly to that calcium-calcitriol effect. (ironmanmagazine.com)
Hydrochlorothiazide also decreases the excretion of calcium and uric acid, may increase the excretion of iodide and may reduce glomerular filtration rate. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
Triamterene does not affect calcium excretion. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

Instead it is a calculation based on the concentrations of sodium and creatinine in the blood and urine. (medlineplus.gov)
Therefore, the urinary and plasma concentrations of sodium must be compared to get an accurate picture of kidney clearance. (wikipedia.org)

The five participants limited fluid consumption to only the water provided. (bmj.com)
Shift of sodium-free intracellular fluid into the extracellular compartment after mannitol infusion may lower serum sodium concentration and aggravate preexisting hyponatremia. (nih.gov)
Inadequate urine output results in accumulation of mannitol, expansion of extracellular fluid volume and could result in water intoxication or congestive heart failure. (nih.gov)
Joint clinical practice guidelines by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America recommend treatment with loop diuretics (a type of water pills) in most heart failure patients with congestion or fluid buildup resulting in edema (swelling in body tissues, mainly in the feet, legs and ankles) or breathing difficulties. (worstpills.org)
Potassium also works hand in hand with sodium in regulating fluid in the body. (nutters.com)
Low sodium in the elderly can lead to other medical conditions such as a rise in blood pressure, a weakening of muscle tissue, and an imbalance body fluid, lethargy, confusion, and even seizures if it is left untreated. (griswoldhomecare.com)
Cut back on water and fluid consumption. (griswoldhomecare.com)
Thus, osmolality tends to equalize across the various body fluid compartments, resulting primarily from movement of water, not solutes. (msdmanuals.com)
Solutes such as urea that freely diffuse across cell membranes have little or no effect on water shifts (little or no osmotic activity), whereas solutes that are restricted primarily to one fluid compartment, such as sodium and potassium, have the greatest osmotic activity. (msdmanuals.com)
Tonicity, or effective osmolality, reflects osmotic activity and determines the force drawing water across fluid compartments (the osmotic force). (msdmanuals.com)
Osmolality1 of the extracellular fluid is monitored and adjusted by regulating water excretion by the kidney in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (david-cook.org)

Hydrochlorothiazide is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. (nih.gov)
The solution may contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. (who.int)
It is soluble in dilute ammonia, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide and dimethylformamide. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

Sodium is the major determinant of plasma osmolality. (msdmanuals.com)
Sodium and water balance are independently regulated by mechanisms that are designed to maintain circulatory integrity and plasma osmolality, respectively. (david-cook.org)
Sodium balance is regulated by changes in sodium intake and excretion, whereas plasma osmolality is regulated by changes in water intake and water excretion. (david-cook.org)

Yes, too much water in the body can dilute sodium levels in the bloodstream. (griswoldhomecare.com)
Because you lose sodium through sweat, drinking too much water during endurance activities, such as marathons and triathlons, can also dilute the sodium content of your blood. (david-cook.org)

For example, some diuretic medicines (water pills) can affect test results. (medlineplus.gov)
The FENa may be affected or invalidated by diuretic use, since many diuretics act by altering the kidney's handling of sodium. (wikipedia.org)
Detox water is nothing but a type of diuretic. (ndtv.com)
Diuretic is a substance that is responsible for the excretion of excess sodium and water content in the body. (ndtv.com)
3. Watermelons They contain 92% water and are loaded with vitamins and minerals, which have a diuretic effect on our body. (ndtv.com)

This is calculated by multiplying the plasma sodium concentration by the glomerular filtration rate calculated using creatinine filtration. (wikipedia.org)
It induces diuresis by elevating the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate and thereby hinders tubular reabsorption of water. (nih.gov)

There, they are examined for salt (sodium) and creatinine levels. (medlineplus.gov)
Hepatorenal syndrome is diagnosed when a creatinine clearance rate of less than 40 mL/min is present or when a serum creatinine level of greater than 1.5 mg/dL, a urine volume of less than 500 mL/day, and a urine sodium level of less than 10 mEq/L are present. (medscape.com)
a Expected urine creatinine is 0.9 to 1.3 g and is based on urine creatinine excretion of 15 to 20 mg/kg per 24 hours (for females). (medscape.com)
Nitrate, sodium, and creatinine were measured in a spot urine sample collected at the time of interview. (cdc.gov)

Angiotensin II then stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone aldosterone, which decreases kidney sodium excretion, thereby causing blood vessels to constrict. (encyclopedia.com)

Reduced sodium intake and a potassium supplement are recommended when taking Gan Cao in large doses or long term. (sacredlotus.com)
We describe a case of polyuria due to high solute ingestion and excessive water intake leading to a mixed picture of solute and water diuresis. (medscape.com)
Restriction of the daily solute load and water intake resulted in complete resolution of polyuria. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] The differential diagnosis of polyuria includes central diabetes insipidus, congenital or acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, psychogenic polydipsia, high protein or hyperglycemic osmotic diuresis, salt-wasting nephropathies, mixed polyuria due to excess solute and water intake, and postobstructive diuresis following recovery from urinary obstruction. (medscape.com)
METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, we used data and samples collected in 2004-2008 during the enrollment phase of the Golestan Cohort Study from a random sample of 349 participants (300 individuals from 24 rural villages and 49 from the city of Gonbad), stratified by average water nitrate in their district, the source of drinking water, and the usual dietary intake of nitrate and sodium. (cdc.gov)

This results in a subsequent decrease in the excretion of titratable acid and ammonia. (medscape.com)
A decrease in ADH will increase water excretion. (anaesthesiamcq.com)
An increase in blood volume due to NaHCO 3 infusion will cause a fall in plasma oncotic pressure and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule will decrease slightly due to glomerulotubular imbalance. (anaesthesiamcq.com)

There can be other causes of low sodium in elderly people, such as underlying conditions or habits that cause sodium levels to drop. (griswoldhomecare.com)

Urine volume increases with enzyme inhibition (proximal tubule reabsorption of water is reduced by approximately one third), which promotes an alkaline pH. (medscape.com)

2 mg/day and magnesium excretion 2.3 mg/day. (who.int)

This system influences all aspects of blood pressure control, including blood vessel contraction, sodium and water balance, and cell development in the heart. (encyclopedia.com)

the concentration of sodium in serum itself is not affected. (msdmanuals.com)

The fractional excretion of urea (FEUr) has been shown to be affected by volume status. (karger.com)
where serum sodium (Na) is expressed in mEq/L, and glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are expressed in mg/dL. (msdmanuals.com)

Some diuretics eliminate sodium from the body. (livestrong.com)
Water pills, medically known as diuretics, have many legitimate uses, but can cause dehydration and irregular heartbeats if you take them in excess. (livestrong.com)
Abusing diuretics as a weight-control method is not only risky but ineffective, since water weight will re-accumulate when you stop taking the pills. (livestrong.com)
Joint clinical practice guidelines by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America recommend treatment with loop diuretics (a type of water pills) in most heart failure patients with. (worstpills.org)
Diuretics are known to reduce hypertension as well by flushing out sodium from the body and getting rid of harmful toxins through urine. (ndtv.com)

The major extracellular cation is sodium. (msdmanuals.com)

A normal sodium level is between 135-145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). A reading below 135 mEq/L indicates hyponatremia or low sodium. (griswoldhomecare.com)
A normal blood sodium level is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when the sodium in your blood falls below 135 mEq/L. (david-cook.org)

What are Normal Sodium Levels in the Elderly? (griswoldhomecare.com)
What is the normal sodium balance? (david-cook.org)

These foods help clear your system by flushing out the water retained in the body and reduces bloating but they should be taken in moderation as excess of everything is bad. (ndtv.com)
It is full of antioxidants and vitamin C, and helps in flushing out all the excess water. (ndtv.com)
Low levels are associated with hyperthyroidism, and with the rare condition of idiopathic hypophosphatasia associated with rickets and the excretion of excess phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the urine. (cdc.gov)
Polyuria, defined as daily urine output in excess of 3.0 to 3.5 L/d, can occur due to solute or water diuresis. (medscape.com)

The concentration of combined solutes in water is osmolarity (amount of solute per L of solution), which, in body fluids, is similar to osmolality (amount of solute per kg of solution). (msdmanuals.com)

Higher values can suggest sodium wasting due to acute tubular necrosis or other causes of intrinsic kidney failure. (wikipedia.org)
Via this mechanism it may reduce uric acid excretion although it has no tubular effect on uric acid reabsorption or secretion. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

Average normal adult daily requirement ranges from two to three liters (1.0 to 1.5 liters each for insensible water loss by perspiration and urine production). (who.int)

Does hypernatremia retain water? (david-cook.org)
How do you calculate free water flushes for hypernatremia? (david-cook.org)
Combined they may result in serious hypernatremia and water deficit that may pose a therapeutic challenge.Case report: MHBCR, a caucasian female aged 52, was admitted to the Endocrine Department because of serious hypernatremia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Spironolactone is practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and freely soluble in benzene and in chloroform. (nih.gov)

When blood sodium levels become dangerously low, a condition called hyponatremia can occur. (griswoldhomecare.com)
If sodium levels drop too much or too quickly, hyponatremia can quickly become life-threatening. (griswoldhomecare.com)

Fractional sodium delivery to the early distal tubule was elevated, while the fractional deliveries of water and potassium to this nephron site were unaffected. (aspetjournals.org)
A portion of the additional sodium presented to the distal tubule is exchanged there for potassium and hydrogen ions. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

Hydrochlorothiazide is slightly soluble in water. (prescriptiondrugs.com)

A single spot urine sodium sample obtained in the morning or midday may estimate 24-hour urine sodium excretion in patients with an ileostomy and thus help to identify sodium depletion. (ku.dk)

These metabolites can oppose the blood pressure reductions in the soluble epoxide hydrolase null mouse by constricting blood vessels and reducing sodium, and thus water, excretion. (usda.gov)

These changes can cause low blood pressure and increased water excretion that can lead to severe dehydration. (rarediseases.org)
Both spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide reduce exchangeable sodium, plasma volume, body weight, and blood pressure. (nih.gov)
By retaining salt and water and narrowing blood vessels, the body was ensured an adequate blood flow and the ability to repair injured tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
A proper potassium-to-sodium ratio regulates heartbeat and helps reverse the adverse effects sodium can have on blood pressure. (nutters.com)
4. Celery Celery has coumarin, which helps to prevent high blood pressure as well as in cleansing the system by excreting all unwanted water in the form of urine that is retained in the body. (ndtv.com)
Its main role is to regulate salt and water in the body, thus having an effect on blood pressure. (david-cook.org)

Intense exercise may cause excessive consumption of water too quickly. (griswoldhomecare.com)
Ob esity, a sedentary lifestyle, stress, smoking, and excessive amounts of alcohol, or sodium (salt) in the diet may have a role in the genesis of arterial hypertension in subjects who have a predisposition to be hypertensive current user reviews 2020. (newsbreak.com.ph)

While the above values are useful for older children and adults, the FENa must be interpreted more cautiously in younger pediatric patients due to the limited ability of immature tubules to reabsorb sodium maximally. (wikipedia.org)

We aimed to investigate if the sodium concentration in a single spot urine sample may be used as a proxy for 24-hour urine sodium excretion. (ku.dk)
In a prospective observational study with 8 patients with an ileostomy and 8 volunteers with intact intestines, we investigated the correlations and agreements between spot urine sodium concentrations and 24-hour urine sodium excretions. (ku.dk)

Sodium deficiency in patients with an ileostomy is associated with chronic dehydration and may be difficult to detect. (ku.dk)
The deficiency in glucocorticoid causes an increased release of sodium and decreased release of potassium in the urine, sweat, saliva, stomach and intestines. (rarediseases.org)

The hypertonic nature of the solution draws water out of cells until the ECF and ICF tonicities are equal. (anaesthesiamcq.com)

This multifaceted approach to combating dehydration make Extreme Hydro-X ideal for pre or intra-workout supplementation, but it can be utilized any time throughout the day with water, especially during summer, in warmer climates, or by those working outdoors. (xendurance.com)

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water in your cells and the surrounding tissue. (griswoldhomecare.com)

Urinary TCAA is persistent enough to be viable as a biomarker of medium term (days) exposure to drinking water TCAA ingestion within a range of realistic concentrations. (bmj.com)
Chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water pose a challenge to the epidemiological study of both cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes. (bmj.com)
Initial work by Weisel and co-workers 4 and limited pharmacokinetic literature 5, 6 showed promise for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) for integrating medium term exposure to drinking water DBPs. (bmj.com)
Can Drinking Too Much Water Damage Your Lungs? (livestrong.com)
A sustainable policy for salt reduction through dietary interventions along with the promotion of low saline foods and drinking water must be a priority with special emphasis on coastal areas. (iwaponline.com)
Drinking too much water. (griswoldhomecare.com)
Drinking enough water throughout the day to recover your lost fluids is the first and most important step. (xendurance.com)
BACKGROUND: The epidemiological evidence regarding the carcinogenicity of nitrate and sodium in drinking water is limited, partly because measuring the exposure at the individual level is complex. (cdc.gov)
CONCLUSION: In a rural population at high risk for esophageal and gastric cancers, nitrate excretion was associated with living at a higher elevation and using groundwater for drinking. (cdc.gov)

Water is an essential constituent of all body tissues and accounts for approximately 70% of total body weight. (who.int)
We all know that our weight fluctuates due to water weight in our body. (ndtv.com)
Total body water (TBW) is about 60% of body weight in men (ranging from about 50% in obese people to 70% in lean people) and about 50% in women. (msdmanuals.com)
To be sure its supply of salt and water is just right, the body has developed an elaborate series of controls. (david-cook.org)
Sodium plays a key role in your body. (david-cook.org)
Estimate the patient's total body water (TBW): TBW (L) = k x weight (kg). (david-cook.org)

Anatomy20

Organisms11

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs118

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science2

Health Care17

Renal14

Chloride21

Retention7

Electrolytes7

Fractional excret4

Kidneys5

Amount of sodium4

Bicarbonate2

Mmol3

Urinary sodium2

Calcium5

Concentrations of sodium2

Fluid11

Hydroxide3

Plasma osmolality3

Dilute2

Diuretic5

Glomerular2

Creatinine4

Aldosterone1

Intake5

Decrease3

Cause sodium1

Increases1

Magnesium1

Contraction1

Concentration of sodium1

Urea2

Diuretics5

Extracellular1

Below 135 mEq2

Normal sodium2

Excess4

Osmolality1

Tubular2

Perspiration1

Hypernatremia3

Freely soluble1

Hyponatremia2

Distal tubule2

Slightly soluble in water1

Depletion1

Soluble1

Blood6

Excessive2

FENa1

Spot urine2

Deficiency2

Hypertonic1

Dehydration1

Regulate1

Drinking9

Body6