Small g proteins like guanine nucleotide effector proteins ras gtpase activating proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ras is the prototypical member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which are all related in three-dimensional structure and regulate diverse cell behaviours. (wikipedia.org)
RAS is a founding member of the RAS superfamily of GTPases. (nih.gov)
These accessory proteins play a fundamental role in regulating activities of RAS superfamily small GTPase via a conserved guanine binding (G)-domain, which consists of five G motifs. (nih.gov)
Like other members of the RAS superfamily, ARF family proteins can be activated by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
RHO GTPases members of the RAS superfamily of small GTPases are adhesion and growth-factor activated molecular switches that play important roles in tumor development and progression. (sciencepop.org)
Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPases are small (20-30 kDa) GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
There is a superfamily of ras p21/ras p21-like small GTP-binding proteins (small G proteins) with GTPase activity. (nii.ac.jp)
Ras superfamily GTPase activation and inactivation occur by canonical nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
The Rab subfamily of proteins is part of the large Ras superfamily, and all members of this superfamily are activated and inactivated in a similar way, with the binding and unbinding of GDP and GTP taking place at a structure called the G-domain. (elifesciences.org)
Small G-proteins, monomeric GTPases, or the RAS (Rat sarcoma) superfamily are a large family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 30 kDa [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. (lu.se)

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate GTP loading and hydrolysis, respectively. (nih.gov)
They play an important role in the recognition of regulatory factors (GEFs and GAPs) and effectors. (nih.gov)
It is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity, and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase. (novusbio.com)
The exchange of GDP to GTP and thus the activation of Rho GTPases is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which act downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, integrins, cytokine receptors, and cadherins. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPases are key integrating molecules from different extracellular signals, as they can be activated by different GEFs. (biomedcentral.com)
These various functions are controlled through distinct effector proteins and mediated through a GTP-binding/GTPase cycle involving three classes of regulating proteins: GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors), and GDIs (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors). (umbc.edu)
Similar to other small G proteins, the guanine binding state of Rab3 proteins is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange proteins or factors (GEPs or GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). (pancreapedia.org)
Proteins called guanine nucleotide exchange factors, or GEFs for short, activate the Rab protein by promoting the release of GDP and the binding of GTP. (elifesciences.org)
The experiments showed that different amino acids in the active site of the Rab protein are involved when the GEFs mediate the release of the GDP during the activation process. (elifesciences.org)
For example, the amino acid glutamine is involved when the Listeria GEF and one of the human GEFs activate the protein, whereas a different amino acid-aspartate-is involved when one of the other human GEFs is responsible for the activation. (elifesciences.org)
Downstream signalling is controlled by both RAS-intrinsic GTP hydrolysis, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that catalyse hydrolysis and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors ("GEFs") stimulate the dissociation of the GTP hydrolytic product, GDP, from small GTP-binding proteins, to promote the binding of a new GTP molecule. (justia.com)
All NSP proteins contain an NH 2 -terminal SH2 (Src homology domain 2) domain, a central proline/serine-rich domain, and a COOH-terminal domain with modest homology to Ras subfamily GDP-exchange factors (GEFs). (molvis.org)

In cellular signaling, the monomeric small GTPases (small G proteins) are known to play an important role in diverse molecular processes. (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins are membrane-associated, small GTPases that have the function of transmitting a multitude of cellular signals [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Moreover, RAS and RAS GTPases are changed in the development and regression of the corpus luteum. (encyclopedia.pub)
Background The RHO family proteins RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA are small GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches shifting between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that define functions of RHO GTPases. (sciencepop.org)
Upon activation GTP-bound RHO-GTPases interact with a wide spectrum of effectors to regulate various cellular pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics motility cytokinesis cell growth apoptosis and transcriptional activity. (sciencepop.org)
The three best studied members of the RHO family - RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA - are essential for transformation by activated RAS (3 4 and in the case of RAC1 and RAC2 themselves can be oncogenic drivers in human malignancies (5 6 As with RAS the RHO GTPases have proven difficult to Olmesartan medoxomil target directly with small molecule inhibitors. (sciencepop.org)
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Two factors concur to determine specific Rho GTPase function: tissue specificity of GTPase effectors and distinct intracellular localizations of closely related Rho GTPases, due to different lipid modifications [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, small GTPases related to Rac are found even in organisms that lack Ras, such as plants. (biomedcentral.com)
This broad distribution across widely divergent eukaryotic species suggests that Cdc42 and Rac GTPases have an ancient origin, perhaps even predating that of their cousin Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
Ras homology family (Rho) of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases). (umbc.edu)
RAS proteins are GTPases that regulate a wide range of cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)
KRas4b is a membrane-bound regulatory protein belonging to the family of small GTPases that function as a molecular switch, facilitating signal transduction from activated membrane receptors to intracellular pathways controlling cell growth and proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
Activating mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease and previously we showed that activated LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases (Steger et al. (stanford.edu)
Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
Small GTPases function as binary molecular switches, transmitting extracellular signals to an intracellular environment [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)

This process is usually regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors GTPase-activating proteins and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (1). (sciencepop.org)

Two classes of intracellular proteins act as inhibitors of G protein activation: GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which enhance GTP hydrolysis and guanine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which inhibit GDP dissociation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Other proteins-known as GAPs-lead to the inactivation of the Rab protein. (elifesciences.org)

Ras proteins function as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)
High and stable ATP levels prevent aberrant intracellular protein aggregation in yeast. (waseda.jp)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)

Ras activates several pathways, of which the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade has been well-studied. (wikipedia.org)
Pleckstrin, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. (embl.de)
their downstream protein kinase effectors. (sciencepop.org)
For example RAC and CDC42 share two protein serine-threonine kinase effectors in common - PAK and MLK - and inhibitors for both these kinases have been developed. (sciencepop.org)
CDC42 also has distinct kinase effectors such as MRCK and the tyrosine kinase ACK and these kinases too might provide suitable drug targets in cancer. (sciencepop.org)
Activated CDC42 kinase (ACK or TNK2) is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by CDC42 (22). (sciencepop.org)
The key components of the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway include the IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (ebiwinner.com)
Akt activation leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of various downstream targets, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which regulates glycogen synthesis, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which controls protein synthesis and cell growth. (ebiwinner.com)
We focus on six 'core' effectors that operate in almost all these species - members of the Pak, WASP/WAVE, formin, lipid-kinase, IQGAP and NADPH oxidase families. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
They also have roles in cell transformation by Ras in cytokinesis, in focal adhesion formation and in the stimulation of stress-activated kinase. (umbc.edu)
The second Rab3 GEF, known as GRAB, interacts with inositol hexakisphosphate kinase and Rab3A and its protein expression is primarily in brain (41). (pancreapedia.org)
In human cells, SMG1 forms a complex with two NMD effectors SMG8 and SMG9, which inhibit the kinase activity of SMG1 in vitro. (nature.com)
Metformin (MTF) has been reported to target NLK (Nemo-like kinase) to inhibit non-small lung cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
These guanosine triphosphatases bind GTP causing the activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras-like (RAL) pathways [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)
Par3 and Par6 bind one another and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). (rupress.org)
We herein demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and adenylate kinase (ADK) cooperated to maintain cellular ATP levels regardless of glucose levels. (waseda.jp)
A-kinase anchoring protein 10 [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Phosphorylated and activated by PDK1 in the PI3 kinase pathway. (affbiotech.com)
Mediates survival signals downstream of PI3 kinase and several growth factor receptors by phosphorylating AP0pototic proteins. (affbiotech.com)

Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membranes, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways. (embl.de)
RAS family proteins mediate extracellular signals, transduced through their receptors, with multiple signaling pathways, and consequently regulate a wide array of cellular processes [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
RAS family proteins play a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by signaling through a set of molecular pathways [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Due to their ability to activate multiple MAPK pathways MLKs mediate a variety of biological processes. (sciencepop.org)
Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Conserved active-site residues in the Rab switch II region stabilising the nucleotide-free form differentiate these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)

Another Ras-activated signaling pathway is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which stimulates protein synthesis and cellular growth, and inhibits apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
The Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway is a cellular signaling pathway that is activated by the binding of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to its receptor on the cell surface. (ebiwinner.com)
The Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway regulates cell growth and survival by activating downstream signaling molecules that promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and stimulate protein synthesis. (ebiwinner.com)

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small modular domains that occur in a large variety of proteins. (embl.de)
The small-G-protein family consists of numerous proteins with varying degrees of homology, one of which is a guanosine nucleotide-binding protein (RAS) [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)
Because of its localization and homology to the yeast protein Sec4, it was believed to play a role in the terminal steps of secretion. (pancreapedia.org)
Ras proteins are represented by three Ras isoforms with a high degree of homology and nearly 90% sequence identity in the N-terminal GTPase domain33. (typeset.io)
Amino-acid sequence homology of a polymorphic cellular protein from human lymphocytes and the chaperonins from Escherichia coli (groEL) and chloroplasts (Rubisco-binding protein). (wikidata.org)

Tyrosine protein kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily. (embl.de)
Neurofibromin loss potentially hyperactivates classic Ras (H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras), M-Ras, and R-Ras (R-Ras, R-Ras2/TC21) subfamily proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells were transfected with doxycycline-inducible vectors expressing either a pan-inhibitor of the R-Ras subfamily [dominant negative (DN) R-Ras] or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (biomedcentral.com)
The 70 or so members of the Rab subfamily of proteins perform a wide range of important tasks inside cells. (elifesciences.org)

For this reason, Ras inhibitors are being studied as a treatment for cancer and other diseases with Ras overexpression. (wikipedia.org)
While efforts continue to develop direct small GTPase inhibitors a PLCG2 promising and more conventional Olmesartan medoxomil therapeutic approach has been to block the activities of RHO GTPase effectors. (sciencepop.org)
SIGNIFICANCE: An allosteric network formed by interaction between lysine 104 and residues in the switch-II domain is required for KRAS oncogenicity, which could be exploited for developing inhibitors of the activated oncoprotein. (bvsalud.org)
Polyisoprenylated cysteinyl amide inhibitors (PCAIs) are agents that mimic the essential posttranslational modifications of G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)

It consists of two domains: a G domain of 166 amino acids (about 20 kDa) that binds guanosine nucleotides, and a C-terminal membrane targeting region (CAAX-COOH, also known as CAAX box), which is lipid-modified by farnesyl transferase, RCE1, and ICMT. (wikipedia.org)
Ras also binds a magnesium ion which helps to coordinate nucleotide binding. (wikipedia.org)
Mouse protein citron, a putative rho/rac effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac. (embl.de)
In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. (novusbio.com)
Together, these proteins comprise an enzymatic cycle by which Ran binds GTP, hydrolyzes it to GDP (due to the activity of Ran-GAP1), releases the GDP (due to RCC1 activity), and rebinds GTP (due to the presence of a relatively high GTP concentration in the cell). (silverchair.com)
In its GTP-bound form, Cdc42 binds several effectors that help direct polarized cell growth: repolarizing actin and microtubules, directing polarized exocytosis via this reoriented cytoskeleton and by direct contact with exocytic machinery, and recruiting proteins such as septins that form a boundary restricting the region of cell growth. (rupress.org)
After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)

This GTP-bound state of Ras is the "on" state, and the GDP-bound state is the "off" state. (wikipedia.org)
The two switch motifs have a number of conformations when binding GTP or GDP or no nucleotide (when bound to SOS1, which releases the nucleotide). (wikipedia.org)
Post-translational modification within the G4 and G5 motifs activates RAS by populating the GTP-bound "ON" state, either through enhancement of intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange or impairing GAP-mediated down-regulation. (nih.gov)
The RAS family proteins act as binary molecular switches that cycle between active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound states [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. (novusbio.com)
Small G proteins have two interconvertible forms, GDP-bound inactive and GTP-bound active forms. (nii.ac.jp)
The conversion from the GDP-bound to GTP-bound form and the reverse conversion are induced by GDP/GTP exchange and GTPase reactions, respectively. (nii.ac.jp)
GTP/G-alpha complex dissociates from the trimer and associates to an effector until the intrinsic GTPase activity of G-alpha returns the protein to GDP bound form. (embl-heidelberg.de)
A Rab protein is always bound to another molecule, which determines whether it is inactive or active. (elifesciences.org)
It is demonstrated that N-Ras preferentially populated raft domains when bound to Mant-GDP, while losing preference for rafts when it was associated with a GTP mimic, mant-GppNHp. (typeset.io)
Isoforms H and N of Ras GTPase possess a unique ability to switch their lipid domain preference depending on the type of bound guanine nucleotide (GDP or GTP). (typeset.io)
To detect segregation of Ras molecules in raft and disordered lipid domains, we measured Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between the donor fluorophore, mant, attached to the protein-bound guanine nucleotides, and the acceptor, rhodamine-conjugated lipid, localized to the liquid-disordered domains. (typeset.io)
When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)
Depending on which family the G protein is, it goes on to activate (G αs protein subunit) or inhibit (G αi protein subunit) the membrane-bound cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)
Antibodies bound to the blocking peptide no longer bind to the epitope on the target protein. (affbiotech.com)

Additionally, reproductive hormones regulate RAS activity in the cellular physiological function of ovarian follicles during pre-ovulatory maturation and ovulation. (encyclopedia.pub)
RHO-A has a distinct set of effector kinases including the ROCK CITRON Olmesartan medoxomil and PRK1 all of which regulate cellular processes that contribute to tumorigenesis invasion and metastasis (12). (sciencepop.org)
Proteins that regulate vesicle exocytosis cluster at AZs, composing the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ). (eneuro.org)
Our results suggest that although Rab3-GEF acts upstream of Rab3 to control Rab3 localization and likely GTP-binding, it also acts downstream to regulate CAZ development, potentially as a Rab3 effector at the synapse. (eneuro.org)
Several mechanisms regulate the signal output at different stage of the G-protein cascade. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Additionally, BTA-EG 4 requires APP to regulate dendritic spine density through a Ras signaling-dependent mechanism. (jneurosci.org)
Cdc42 interacts with proteins that regulate endocytosis and exocytosis and mediate traffic between ER and Golgi. (rupress.org)

Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr. (embl.de)

When ARF family proteins are activated, they bind to effector molecules, which in turn mediate downstream functions. (biomedcentral.com)
There have been limited successes with molecules that disrupt the binding of guanine nucleotide exchange factors to RAC and CDC42 (7-10) as well as with molecules that disrupt GTPase membrane association (11). (sciencepop.org)
Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
In doing so, this GEF-facilitated exchange of GDP for GTP is associated with structural changes in the GTP-binding protein which influence the degree to which the GTP-binding protein can interact with other molecules. (justia.com)
One novel strategy to overcome AD pathology is the use of small molecules to prevent aggregated Aβ from interacting with cellular components in harmful ways ( Selkoe, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
Members of the benzothiazole aniline (BTA) family of compounds are characterized as a class of small molecules that have shown great promise in preventing Aβ-protein interactions. (jneurosci.org)

RAS genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: signal transduction in search of a pathway. (wikidata.org)
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. (lookformedical.com)

Ras and Ras-related proteins are often deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
This group of proteins is responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation and inhibition of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)

When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which ultimately turn on genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in Ras genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins, which can cause unintended and overactive signaling inside the cell, even in the absence of incoming signals. (wikipedia.org)
The first two Ras genes, HRAS and KRAS, were identified from studies of two cancer-causing viruses, the Harvey sarcoma virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus, by Edward M. Scolnick and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (wikipedia.org)
In 1982, activated and transforming human ras genes were discovered in human cancer cells by Geoffrey M. Cooper at Harvard, Mariano Barbacid and Stuart A. Aaronson at the NIH, Robert Weinberg at MIT, and Michael Wigler at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (wikipedia.org)
The three human ras genes encode extremely similar proteins made up of chains of 188 to 189 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
RAS family proteins include 23 genes coding for at least 25 proteins that are divided into eight paralog groups based on sequence identity, structure, and function: RAS, RAS-like (RAL), RAS-related protein (R-RAS), RAS-like protein in tissues (RIT), RAS-related protein Rap (RAP), RAS homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), Dexamethasone-induced RAS-related protein (RASD), and GTP-binding protein Di-RAS (DIRAS) [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The paralog group of RAS proteins is composed of four isoforms (H-RAS, N-RAS, K-RAS4A, and K-RAS4B) that are encoded by three genes, H-RAS , N-RAS , and K-RAS [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
This domain occurred 117 times on human genes ( 211 proteins). (umbc.edu)
Gain-of-function variants in the three RAS genes have been found in 27 % of human cancers [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The degree of activation and the underlying biochemical mechanism differs between variants in the three RAS genes, with the KRAS isoform being the most commonly disrupted in human carcinomas [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The GTPase Cdc42 was among the original genes identified with roles in cell polarity, and interest in its cellular roles from yeast to humans remains high. (rupress.org)

The A is alanine146, which provides specificity for guanine rather than adenine. (wikipedia.org)
Rab proteins constitute the largest family of Ras-related small G proteins and play a role in regulating the specificity of membrane trafficking (63, 78). (pancreapedia.org)

Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Most Rho proteins contain a lipid modification site at the C-terminus, with a typical sequence motif CaaX, where a = an aliphatic amino acid and X = any amino acid. (umbc.edu)
Lipid binding is essential for membrane attachment, a key feature of most Rho proteins. (umbc.edu)
Here, we demonstrate that the conjugation of a medium-chain lipid tail to the covalent K-Ras(G12C) binder MRTX849 at a solvent-exposed site enables such direct modulation of PMIs. (bvsalud.org)
The conjugated lipid tail interacts with the tethered membrane and changes the relative membrane orientation and conformation of K-Ras(G12C), as shown by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation-supported NMR studies. (bvsalud.org)
In this paper, we report the observation of the nucleotide-dependent switch of lipid domain preferences of the semisynthetic lipidated N-Ras in raft lipid vesicles in the absence of other proteins. (typeset.io)
At the same time, the isolated lipidated C-terminal peptide of N-Ras was found localized outside of the liquid-ordered rafts, most likely-in the bulk disordered lipid. (typeset.io)
A similar increasing trend in the temperature dependence of F/Fo values was observed confirming their conclusion of the localization of the mant-labeled C-terminal N-Ras lipopeptide outside of lipid rafts-readily accessible by acceptor fluorophores. (typeset.io)
Higher cells of download Hanging Sam: A Military and mental Canadian initiation in the 5'-end novo depends the lipid protein directly than NALP1-mediated deafness to the chain. (evakoch.com)
Lipid-specific oligomerization of the Marburg virus matrix protein VP40 is regulated by two distinct interfaces for virion assembly. (uci.edu)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)

The highly conserved Asp-Gln-Arg triad within the GoLoco motif participates directly in GDP binding by extending the arginine side chain into the nucleotide binding pocket, highly reminiscent of the catalytic arginine finger employed in GTPase-activating protein. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The RAS family consists of three proteins all sharing a highly conserved N-terminus region: Harvey RAS (HRAS), Kirsten RAS (KRAS) and neuroblastoma RAS (NRAS). (biomedcentral.com)

This conformational change by the two switch motifs is what mediates the basic functionality as a molecular switch protein. (wikipedia.org)
These small 21 kDa proteins function as molecular switches to initialize signaling cascades involved in various cellular processes, including gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. (nih.gov)
RAS protein plays a vital role in the modulation of cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by molecular pathway signaling. (encyclopedia.pub)
Those molecular functions of RAS family proteins exhibit an essential role that co-occurs in the repeated pattern of physiological change during the ovarian cycle. (encyclopedia.pub)
Our studies reveal that Rab3 and Rab3-GEF act within the same molecular mechanism and support a model wherein Rab3-GEF serves as a Rab3 effector to control active zone protein composition. (eneuro.org)
Publications] Kaibuchi,K.: 'Molecular cloning and characterization of the stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDS)for smg p21s,ras p21ーlike small GTPーbinding proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
Together these proteins form a molecular switch that can be turned on and off. (elifesciences.org)
The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
This case of idiopathic splenomegaly in childhood due to a somatic variant in KRAS expands our understanding of the clinical spectrum of RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder and emphasizes the value of securing a molecular diagnosis in children with unusual early-onset presentations with a suspected monogenic origin. (biomedcentral.com)

RAS is activated by GTP loading and deactivated upon GTP hydrolysis to GDP. (nih.gov)

As the Drosophila homologue of mammalian DENN/MADD and Caenorhabditis elegans AEX-3, Rab3-GEF is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab3 that stimulates GDP to GTP exchange. (eneuro.org)
In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Publications] Sasaki,T.: 'A mammalian inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDI)for smg p25A is active on the yeast SEC4 protein. (nii.ac.jp)
Mammalian regulators of G-protein signalling 12 and 14 (RGS12 and RGS14), multifaceted signal transduction regulators. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Mammalian Purkinje-cell protein-2 (Pcp2). (embl-heidelberg.de)
Drosophila protein Rapsynoid (also known as Partner of Inscuteable, Pins) and its mammalian homologues AGS3 and LGN. (embl-heidelberg.de)

All Ras protein family members belong to a class of protein called small GTPase, and are involved in transmitting signals within cells (cellular signal transduction). (wikipedia.org)
The FGFs are heparin -binding proteins and interactions with cell-surface associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans has been shown to be essential for FGF signal transduction. (beauty104.com.tw)

In heterotrimeric G-protein signalling, cell surface receptors (GPCRs) are coupled to membrane-associated heterotrimers comprising a GTP-hydrolysing subunit G-alpha and a G-beta/G-gamma dimer. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Many membrane-associated proteins were found to stably integrate in the rafts, which is critical for their biological function. (typeset.io)
membrane-associated when activated. (lu.se)
As a small membrane-associated GTPase, Cdc42 is well suited to designate where and when a particular activity should occur ( Etienne-Manneville, 2004 ). (rupress.org)

We have purified and characterized several GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GDP dissociation stimulator (GDS) and GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)) and GTPase activating Proteins (GAP) for small G proteins. (nii.ac.jp)

Ras), Ran's GTP hydrolysis activity and guanine nucleotide affinity are modulated by accessory factors. (silverchair.com)

A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
and proteins that interact with members of the Arp2/3 complex and hence the actin cytoskeleton (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
These proteins are all involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli. (umbc.edu)

Additionally, Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting pro-apoptotic factors and activating anti-apoptotic factors. (ebiwinner.com)
RAS activity is dependent on its nucleotide-binding status, which is modulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAP). (bvsalud.org)
In the case of the Ran-GTPase and its associated nuclear transport factors, there is no rest for the weary. (silverchair.com)
Proteins that act both at the cell surface and intracellularly will be discussed in this thesis, with particular emphasis on the fibroblast growth factors. (beauty104.com.tw)
Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
The download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Proteins( IGFBPs) phase 50 response pathway good research with reviewed N cell and C formation enzymes binding for conjugating Insulin like Growth Factors I and II( IGF I and IGF II). (evakoch.com)
At sites of polar growth, Cdc42 is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors. (rupress.org)
The present study demonstrates that cellular ATP homeostasis ensures proteostasis and revealed that suppressing the high volatility of cellular ATP levels prevented cytotoxic protein aggregation, implying that AMPK and ADK are important factors that prevent proteinopathies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. (waseda.jp)
This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)

This pathway is activated by the binding of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to its receptor, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades. (ebiwinner.com)

These motifs are responsible for the recognition of the guanine moiety in GTP and GDP, and contain residues that undergo post-translational modifications that underlie new mechanisms of RAS regulation. (nih.gov)
Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
We have found that the C-terminal systeine residues of smg p21B, rhoA p21, and smg p25A are geranylgeranylated, and that these prenylation are essential for each small G protein to bind to membranes. (nii.ac.jp)
Despite conservation of active-site residues, the Ras-related Rab GTPase activation pathway differs from Ras and between different Rabs. (elifesciences.org)
These proteins share a core structure, the conserved G-box (GDP/GTP) binding domain, of approximately 170 residues [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Evidence for a novel nucleotide exchange factor. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The present invention relates to diagnosing abnormal cell proliferation in biological samples and screening for drugs which inhibit, reduce or abolish cell growth, especially tumorigenic cell growth, by detecting a phosphovariant isoform of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor biomarker, such as the novel GEF-H1S. (justia.com)

Evidence is accumulating that small G proteins are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. (nii.ac.jp)

Furthermore, Rab1 switch II glutamine mutants refractory to activation by DrrA can be activated by TRAPP, showing that a single Rab can be activated by more than one mechanistically distinct GDP-release pathway. (elifesciences.org)
These proteins had a high degree of amino acid identity but were determined to be distinct mitogens. (beauty104.com.tw)

Ser/Thr protein kinases such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family. (embl.de)
Among these effectors are several protein kinases that either are or might be amenable to small molecule inhibition. (sciencepop.org)
p21 activated kinases (PAKs) the most extensively studied CDC42 and RAC effector proteins consist of two subgroups made up of three members each: group I (PAK1-3) and group II (PAK4-6). (sciencepop.org)
Another common effector of CDC42 and RAC the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that translate signals from cell surface receptors to MAPKs. (sciencepop.org)
This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

KRAS can be acetylated at lysine 104 (K104), and an acetylation-mimetic mutation of K104 to glutamine (K104Q) attenuates the in vitro-transforming capacity of oncogenic KRAS by interrupting GEF-induced nucleotide exchange. (bvsalud.org)
Biochemical and structural analysis indicated that the G12D and K104Q mutations cooperate to suppress GEF-mediated nucleotide exchange, explaining the preferential effect of K104Q on oncogenic KRAS. (bvsalud.org)
Non-malignant somatic KRAS variants underlie a subset of RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorders (RALD). (biomedcentral.com)

One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)

In this article, we focus on the signaling mechanisms of two of these three subgroups, Cdc42 and Rac, as they are often linked in their physiological functions and have several effectors in common. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein-membrane interactions (PMIs) are ubiquitous in cellular signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Extensive research demonstrates the significant involvement of the membrane bilayer in Ras-effector interactions, with anionic lipids playing a critical role in determining protein conformations The preferred topology of KRas4b for interacting with signaling partners has been a long-time question. (bvsalud.org)
It is hypothesized that PCAIs work as anticancer agents by disrupting polyisoprenylation-dependent functional interactions of the G-Proteins. (oncotarget.com)
Thus, existing techniques and current knowledge have not used nor addressed the interactions of GEF-H1 with other proteins as a means by which cell proliferation can be controlled or the detection and treatment of cancerous, tumorigenic cells and tissues be developed. (justia.com)

The G4 motif contains a LVGNKxDL motif, and provides specific interaction to guanine. (wikipedia.org)
Publications] Araki,S.: 'Role of the Cーterminal region of smg p25A in its interaction with membranes and the GDP/GTP exchange protein. (nii.ac.jp)
Interaction of heterotrimeric G protein Galphao with Purkinje cell protein-2. (embl-heidelberg.de)
To search for novel proteins that interact with Galphao, a mouse brain library was screened using the yeast two-hybrid interaction system. (embl-heidelberg.de)
These findings implicate the potential role of PCAIs as anticancer agents through their direct interaction with monomeric G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)

mutations that permanently activate Ras are found in 20 to 25% of all human tumors and up to 90% in certain types of cancer (e.g., pancreatic cancer). (wikipedia.org)
sec5 mutations have been identified and characterized in Drosophila in order to delineate the role of the protein in neurons and particularly at synapses. (sdbonline.org)
Mutations of the NF1 gene potentially results in the activation of multiple Ras proteins, which are key regulators of many biologic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Oncogenic mutations locking KRas4b in the active GTP state are responsible for nearly 85% of all Ras-driven cancers. (bvsalud.org)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)

AND-34/BCAR3 (Breast Cancer Anti-Estrogen Resistance 3) associates with the focal adhesion adaptor protein, p130CAS/BCAR1. (molvis.org)
adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interac. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Treatment with EP3 antagonists induced upregulation of estrogen receptor β and decreased activity of Ras and led to attenuated proliferation and migration of RL95-2 cells. (oncotarget.com)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
However, despite growing biological and clinical significance, little is known about the structural arrangement of this receptor or any of its family members. (uci.edu)
Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)

The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

2017). Moreover, Golgi-associated Rab29 can recruit LRRK2 to the surface of the Golgi and activate it there for both auto- and Rab substrate phosphorylation. (stanford.edu)

Ras, from "Rat sarcoma virus", is a family of related proteins that are expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs. (wikipedia.org)
The domain family possesses multiple functions including the abilities to bind inositol phosphates, and various proteins. (embl.de)
Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
They form a G-protein regulator family that also contains TPR repeats. (embl-heidelberg.de)
OMIM: 190,070) encodes one of three small guanosine triphosphatase proteins belonging to the RAS family. (biomedcentral.com)
A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. (lookformedical.com)
The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. (lookformedical.com)

MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

The heterotrimeric G protein Galphao is ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system, but many of its functions remain to be defined. (embl-heidelberg.de)

These proteins aggregate at presynaptic active zones (AZs) to form the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ), which controls the recruitment, docking, and priming of synaptic vesicles and enhances calcium channel accumulation ( Gundelfinger and Fejtova, 2012 ). (eneuro.org)

This cyclic conformation allows cyclic nucleotides to bind to proteins to which other nucleotides cannot. (pancreapedia.org)

In this research project, we have investigated the C-terminal structures of small G proteins, purified the regulatory proteins for small G proteins, and made monoclonal antibodies against small G proteins and their regulatory proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
Among these regulatory proteins, we have cloned the cDNAs of smg p21 GDS, smg p25A GDI, and rho GDI, and made monoclonal antibodies against them. (nii.ac.jp)
Production and characterization of anti-RAS p21 monoclonal antibodies. (wikidata.org)

The D is aspartate57, which is specific for guanine versus adenine binding, and Q is glutamine61, the crucial residue that activates a catalytic water molecule for hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. (wikipedia.org)
Binding to a molecule called GDP makes the Rab protein inactive, while binding to GTP makes it active. (elifesciences.org)
The tetra(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline, BTA-EG 4 , is a novel amyloid-binding small molecule that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and protect cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. (jneurosci.org)
Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
The second signaling mechanism involves the binding of a small signaling molecule to a soluble cyclase. (pancreapedia.org)

We assessed the expression and activation of these proteins in MPNST cells and inhibited them to determine the effect this had on proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and the phosphoproteome. (biomedcentral.com)
Consistent with classical Ras inhibition, DN R-Ras and R-Ras2 knockdown inhibited proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition of R-Ras action inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion but not survival. (biomedcentral.com)

R-Ras2 was uniformly expressed in MPNST cells, with R-Ras present in a major subset. (biomedcentral.com)

This Rac1 antibody was developed against a synthetic peptide from amino acid region 100-150 as a part of human Rac1 conjugated to blue carrier protein. (novusbio.com)
Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. (genome.jp)

At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the small GTPase Rab3 controls the distribution of CAZ proteins across release sites, thereby regulating the efficacy of individual AZs. (eneuro.org)
Here we identify Rab3-GEF as a second protein that acts in conjunction with Rab3 to control AZ protein composition. (eneuro.org)
We show here that Rab3-GEF is required for controlling the protein composition of release sites in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (eneuro.org)
Our results indicate that loss of Rab3-GEF results in the development of NMJs that are structurally and functionally indistinguishable from NMJs that lack the protein Rab3. (eneuro.org)
The structure of the Rabs changes upon binding GTP and mutant Rab3 species have been described similar to Ras that are locked into active and inactive configurations (6). (pancreapedia.org)
Rab3 GEP is identical to the human DENN/MADD protein and contains a death domain which can bind the TNFR1 (15). (pancreapedia.org)

In cells, this PMI modulation restricts the lateral mobility of K-Ras(G12C) and disrupts nanoclusters. (bvsalud.org)

183:1129-1143) provide new insights into how Cdc42 and Par proteins work together to modulate cell adhesion and polarity during embryonic morphogenesis by regulating the traffic of key cell junction proteins. (rupress.org)

Anatomy13

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs129

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes49

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Superfamily12

GEFs13

GTPases22

Regulated by guanine nucleot1

GAPs2

Intracellular4

Kinase21

Pathways13

Signaling pathway3

Homology6

Subfamily4

Inhibitors4

Binds7

Bound15

Regulate7

Releasing factor1

Molecules6

Saccharomyces2

Apoptosis3

Genes11

Specificity2

Tumor2

Lipid10

Highly conserved2

Molecular9

Upon GTP hydrolysis1

Mammalian6

Signal transduction2

Membrane-associated4

Dissociation stimulator1

Hydrolysis activity1

Actin4

Factors9

Downstream1

Residues5

Exchange factor2

Differentiation1

Distinct2

Kinases5

KRAS3

Extracellular3

Several effectors1

Interactions4

Interaction5

Mutations5

Adaptor2

Receptor4

CDC42 and RAC1

Substrate1

Family7

Anionic lipids1

Heterotrimeric G prote1

Vesicles1

Bind to proteins1

Monoclonal antibodies3

Molecule5

Proliferation3

Subset1

Amino acid2

Receptors1

Rab36

Modulation1

Cell adhesion1