Skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor. Medical search. Frequent questions

Located in the sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells are receptors, called dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR). (wikipedia.org)
In cardiac and smooth muscle, activation of the DHPR results in it forming an ion channel. (wikipedia.org)
However, in skeletal muscle the DHPR touches the RyR. (wikipedia.org)
This is because, the Ca2+ that enters the cell via the DHPR in response to the action potential, stimulates both muscle contraction and calcium release from the SR. The Ca2+ released during the spark, then activates two other ion channels on the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The STAC3 protein interacts with two structures in muscle cells that are critical for calcium ion flow, dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1). (medlineplus.gov)
In response to certain signals, DHPR turns on (activates) the RYR1 channel, and the activated RYR1 channel releases calcium ions stored in structures inside muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
It is also known as CACNL1A3 and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR). (bicellscientific.com)
In skeletal muscle tissue, the L-type calcium mineral route or dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) can be mixed up in excitationCcontraction (EC) coupling system. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Vertebrates use two different systems for controlling muscle contraction, with DHPR calcium channels acting as voltage sensors in both. (silverchair.com)
In skeletal muscle, tetrads of DHPR proteins associate directly with ryanodine receptors (RyRs). (silverchair.com)
By contrast, DHPR and RyR in cardiac muscle are located near one another in adjoining membranes but do not interact directly. (silverchair.com)
Using structural analysis of muscle samples from four species that characterize the vertebrate-invertebrate evolutionary junction, the authors found a correlation between lying on the vertebrate side of the evolutionary tree and having an organized DHPR-RyR structure.Although the functional difference between the systems is metabolically important, it can be reversed with some simple genetics. (silverchair.com)
Previous work showed that substitution of either DHPR or RyR skeletal proteins with the cardiac isoform causes a shift toward the cardiac structure and function in tissue culture cells. (silverchair.com)
To investigate the molecular basis of the voltage sensor that triggers excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, the four-domain pore subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) was cut in the cytoplasmic linker between domains II and III. (nebraska.edu)
The results demonstrate that a functional voltage sensor capable of triggering EC coupling in skeletal myotubes can be recovered by the expression of complementary fragments of the DHPR pore subunit. (nebraska.edu)

As mentioned above, Ca2+ sparks depend on the opening of ryanodine receptors, of which there are three types: Type 1 - found mainly in skeletal muscle Type 2 - found mainly in the heart Type 3 - found mainly in the brain Opening of the channel allows Ca2+ to pass from the SR, into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
These DHPRs are located directly opposite to the ryanodine receptors, located on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and activation, by the action potential causes the DHPRs to change shape. (wikipedia.org)
There are roughly 10,000 clusters of ryanodine receptors within a single cardiac cell, with each cluster containing around 100 ryanodine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
During evoked Ca2+ sparks, all clusters of ryanodine receptors, throughout the cell are activated at almost exactly the same time. (wikipedia.org)
Redox-sensitive stimulation of type-1 ryanodine receptors by the scorpion toxin maurocalcine. (smartox-biotech.com)

A calcium spark is the microscopic release of calcium (Ca2+) from a store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), located within muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
Uncontrolled sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release involving the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) results in sustained muscle contraction, elevated temperature, and metabolic acidosis, and may be fatal if not treated. (bmj.com)
Small Ankyrins (sAnk1) are muscle-specific isoforms generated by the Ank1 gene that participate in the organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of striated muscles. (mdpi.com)

In many cases of CCD, mutations in RYR1 have been detected, resulting in defective calcium handling of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. (bmj.com)
En tidligere ikke-beskrevet mutasjon (Thr4853Ile) i ryanodinreseptorgenet (RYR1) er påvist i familien. (tidsskriftet.no)
T) in the ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1), causing an amino acid change of a highly conserved residue (Thr4853Ile), has been identified in this family. (tidsskriftet.no)
Malignant Hyperthermia, an autosomal dominant disorder, is caused by mutations in two genes primarily associated with calcium regulation in skeletal muscle cells known as the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) gene. (capitalpapers.com)
We have previously shown that MCa ( maurocalcine ), a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Maurus palmatus, binds to RyR1 (type 1 ryanodine receptor) and induces strong modifications of its gating behaviour. (smartox-biotech.com)

1999) Differential Regulation of Skeletal Muscle L-type Ca2+ Current and Excitation-contraction Coupling by the Dihydropyridine Receptor Beta Subunit. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)
The IkB alpha antibody outcomes recommend a previously unidentified part from the 2/1 subunit in skeletal c-Kit-IN-2 muscle tissue and support the participation of this proteins in extracellular signalling. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
This fresh part from the 2/1 subunit may be important for muscle tissue advancement, muscle tissue restoration and sometimes where myoblast migration and connection are key. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Initial, the 2/1 subunit shows up sooner than the 1 subunit and its own levels stay high during skeletal muscle tissue development. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)

It also initiates muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscles and muscle relaxation in smooth muscles. (wikipedia.org)
This gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a role in the tensing (contraction) of skeletal muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
The STAC3 protein aids in the process that triggers the release of calcium ions within muscle cells to start (initiate) muscle contraction. (medlineplus.gov)
Excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. (jci.org)
The underlying mechanisms of contraction ( excitation-contraction coupling and the sliding filament mechanism ) are similar in all muscle types. (amboss.com)
Diagram showing ion channels and proteins involved in diseases of excitation-contraction coupling and Ca 2+ homeostasis in muscle. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Myotonia is a state of delayed relaxation, or sustained contraction, of skeletal muscle. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
It may manifest after a voluntary muscle contraction, so-called active myotonia , and the patient may be aware of difficulty in relaxing the grip after grasping something. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Calcium ion movements between cellular stores and the cytosol govern muscle contraction, the most energy-consuming function in mammals, which confers skeletal myofibers a pivotal role in glycemia regulation. (bvsalud.org)
We will first look at the role of calcium in the contraction of striated muscle. (brainkart.com)
In striated muscle, the sheer amount of filaments is such that we actually need quite a bit of calcium to swiftly sat-urate the troponin molecules and trigger contraction. (brainkart.com)
The close alignment of cytoplasmic and ER membranes is, in fact, crucially important for the workings of excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle. (brainkart.com)
In response to electrical stimulation, DHPRs directly signal RyRs, causing release of internal stores of calcium and muscle contraction. (silverchair.com)
The force-frequency relationship refers to the phenomenon in which repetitive stimulation of a muscle within a certain frequency range results in increased force of contraction. (msdmanuals.com)
Normal cardiac muscle at typical heart rates exhibits a positive force-frequency relationship, so a faster rate causes stronger contraction (and corresponding greater substrate requirements). (msdmanuals.com)

In skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, however, these receptors are located within structures known as T-tubules, that are extensions of the plasma membrane penetrating deep into the cell (see figure 1). (wikipedia.org)
Cardiac muscle is also under involuntary control of cardiac pacemaker cells and forms the walls of the cardiac chambers ( myocardium ). (amboss.com)
An increase in blood cardiac troponin levels thus indicates cardiac muscle tissue damage. (amboss.com)
2002) Tissue Engineering of a Differentiated Cardiac Muscle Construct. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)

Dihydropyridine receptor blockers and skeletal muscle metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
first-line antihypertensive medications include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers and thiazide diuretics. (nature.com)

Flucher BE, Campiglio M. (2019) STAC proteins: The missing link in skeletal muscle EC coupling and new regulators of calcium channel function. (i-med.ac.at)
Muscle channelopathies are caused by mutations in ion channel genes, by antibodies directed against ion channel proteins, or by changes of cell homeostasis leading to aberrant splicing of ion channel RNA or to disturbances of modification and localization of channel proteins. (jci.org)
Stargazin (γ 2 ) and the closely related γ 3 , and γ 4 transmembrane proteins are part of a family of proteins that may act as both neuronal voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) γ subunits and transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproponinc (AMPA) receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs). (biomedcentral.com)
While actin and myosin are present and responsible for motility in essentially all cells, a peculiarity of the striated muscle (apart from the sheer amount and regular, parallel packing) is the presence of two additional proteins associ-ated with the actin filaments. (brainkart.com)
However, in the mid 1990s, other proteins were also found to accumulate in the abnormal muscle fibers, and molecular genetic studies revealed several chromosomal loci. (medscape.com)
These include proteins associated with the sarcolemma (see image below), proteins associated with the contractile apparatus (see image below), and various enzymes involved in muscle function. (medscape.com)

If given these drugs, people at risk of malignant hyperthermia may experience muscle rigidity, breakdown of muscle fibers (rhabdomyolysis), a high fever (hyperthermia), increased acid levels in the blood and other tissues (acidosis), and a rapid heart rate. (medlineplus.gov)
The muscle fibers are electrically inexcitable during the attacks. (medscape.com)
Accordingly, the volume of SR tubules localized around the myofibrils is strongly reduced in skeletal muscle fibers of 4- and 10-month-old sAnk1 knockout (KO) mice, while additional structural alterations only develop with aging. (mdpi.com)
To verify whether the lack of sAnk1 also alters intracellular Ca 2+ handling, cytosolic Ca 2+ levels were analyzed in stimulated skeletal muscle fibers from 4- and 10-month-old sAnk1 KO mice. (mdpi.com)
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that is primarily composed of long muscle fibers. (amboss.com)
Myofilaments are protein fibers consisting of thick ( myosin ) and thin ( actin ) filaments and are responsible for the contractile properties of muscle cells. (amboss.com)
The FDB is made up of small predominantly type IIa and IIx fibers that collectively produce less peak isometric force than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles, but demonstrates a greater fatigue resistance than the EDL. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardinal morphologic features of myofibrillar myopathies on muscle biopsy are vacuolated muscle fibers and inclusions that were initially given different names in the 1970s. (medscape.com)

1996) Gene Delivery to Skeletal Muscle Results in Sustained Expression and Systemic Delivery of a Therapeutic Protein. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)

The effects on [Ca2+]cyto of halothane concentrations between 0.5 and 3 % were measured in myotubes and compared with CHCT responses of muscle. (bvsalud.org)

Ion channel dysfunction is usually well compensated with normal excitation, and additional triggers are often necessary to produce muscle inexcitability owing to sustained membrane depolarization. (medscape.com)
The dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor senses the membrane depolarization, alters its conformation, and activates the ryanodine receptor, which releases Ca 2+ from the SR, a Ca 2+ store. (jci.org)

All forms of familial PP show the final mechanistic pathway involving aberrant depolarization, inactivating sodium channels, and muscle fiber inexcitability. (medscape.com)
Action potentials in muscle, initiated by depolarization by a nerve impulse and depolarization of the muscle fibre, require the rapid movement of inorganic ions through transmembrane ion channels. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Malignant hyperthermia occurs in response to some anesthetic drugs, which are used to block the sensation of pain, either given alone or in combination with a particular type of muscle relaxant. (medlineplus.gov)
His response was unexpected, but not unusual for individuals who possess an inherited skeletal muscle disorder leading to a condition called malignant hyperthermia because the symptoms only appear in the presence of certain anesthetics. (capitalpapers.com)
Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but potentially life-threatening skeletal muscle disorder that can be triggered by specific anesthetics used during surgical procedures. (capitalpapers.com)
The unexpected response led the medical team to suspect the presence of an inherited skeletal muscle disorder, specifically malignant hyperthermia. (capitalpapers.com)

STAC3 disorder (formerly known as Native American myopathy) is a condition that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement. (medlineplus.gov)
People with STAC3 disorder have muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body that typically begins at birth. (medlineplus.gov)
Muscle weakness underlies many of the characteristic features of STAC3 disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
A disruption in calcium ion release prevents muscles from contracting normally, leading to the muscle weakness characteristic of STAC3 disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
2018) STAC3 incorporation into skeletal muscle triads occurs independent of the dihydropyridine receptor. (i-med.ac.at)
Campiglio, M. and Flucher, B.E. (2017) STAC3 stably interacts through its C1 domain with Ca V 1.1 in skeletal muscle triads. (i-med.ac.at)

Electrical impulses, known as action potentials, travel along the cell membrane (sarcolemma) of muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
The physiologic basis of flaccid weakness is inexcitability of the muscle membrane (ie, sarcolemma). (medscape.com)

There are a large number of TK enzymes in the body, including the insulin receptor. (keralapharmacist.com)

Calcium has a pivotal role in the control of muscle cell action. (brainkart.com)

Histologically, using oxidative enzyme stains, it is identified by the abundance of central cores, characterised by localised areas of mitochondrial depletion and sarcomere disorganization exclusively in type 1 skeletal muscle fibres, and extending throughout their length. (bmj.com)
Using a novel approach, we also demonstrate methods for assessing mitochondrial respiration in the FDB, which are comparable to the commonly used gastrocnemius muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
These muscles each offer unique advantages across a host of methodologies including measuring isometric force production, susceptibility to muscle injury, mitochondrial respiration, protein content, and histology. (biomedcentral.com)

Muscle strength is normal between attacks but, after a few years, some degree of fixed weakness develops in certain types of PP (especially primary PP). All forms of primary PP (except Becker myotonia congenita [MC]) are either autosomal dominant inherited or sporadic (most likely arising from point mutations). (medscape.com)

In smooth muscle cells, the Ca2+ released during a spark is used for muscle relaxation. (wikipedia.org)
Muscle contractions are triggered by changes in the concentration of certain charged atoms (ions) in muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
The resulting increase in the calcium ion concentration within muscle cells stimulates muscles to contract, allowing the body to move. (medlineplus.gov)
As a result, large amounts of calcium ions are released from storage within muscle cells, causing skeletal muscles to contract abnormally. (medlineplus.gov)
Cav1.1 is expressed in skeletal muscle cells. (bicellscientific.com)
2000) Insulin Signalling and Action in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells From Lean Healthy Humans With High and Low Insulin Sensitivity. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)
Investigators currently employ a variety of established methods for answering such questions, but are often experimentally hampered by unique inherent heterogeneity between muscle groups and cells within the same muscle tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
We find that muscle cells derived from MHS patients have increased content of an activated fragment of GSK3ß - a specialized kinase that inhibits glycogen synthase, impairing glucose utilization and delineating a path to hyperglycemia. (bvsalud.org)
Smooth muscle cells. (brainkart.com)
Skeletal muscle cells. (brainkart.com)
that heart muscle cells are important targets, too should go without saying. (brainkart.com)
The borders between the individual heart muscle cells are bridged by gap junctions, which will ensure swift spread of excitation from one cell to the next. (brainkart.com)
Skeletal muscle cells form long syncytia in which the excitation spreads even faster. (brainkart.com)
This even works in the absence of any cal-cium flux across the cytoplasmic membrane - experimen-tally, skeletal muscle cells can be induced to contract in calcium-free buffers. (brainkart.com)
Ca 2+ ) in muscle cells . (biologyonline.com)

The resting muscle fiber membrane is polarized primarily by the movement of chloride through chloride channels and is repolarized by movement of potassium. (medscape.com)
A muscle fiber is excited via the nerve by an endplate potential and generates an action potential, which spreads out along the surface membrane and the transverse tubular system into the deeper parts of the muscle fiber. (jci.org)
Skeletal muscle provides distinct experimental challenges due to inherent differences across muscle groups, including fiber type and size that may limit experimental approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

8 However, characteristic muscle cores have been reported in association with several other myopathies, namely multi-mini core disease (MmD), nemaline myopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (bmj.com)
Acute rhabdomyolysis with hyperkalemia followed by ventricular dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and death has occurred after use in apparently healthy pediatric patients who were subsequently found to have undiagnosed skeletal muscle myopathy. (nih.gov)

Flucher, B.E. and Tuluc, P. (2017) How and why are calcium currents curtailed in the skeletal muscle voltage-gated calcium channels? (i-med.ac.at)
Skeletal muscle L-type channels are the pharmacological receptors for Ca2+ channel antagonists, including dihydropyridines (DHPs). (aspetjournals.org)
High affinity DHP binding to these channels in skeletal muscle membranes has been reported to be independent of Ca2+ addition and to become dependent on Ca2+ after solubilization. (aspetjournals.org)
There are a number of diverse syndromes involving skeletal muscle which are associated with abnormalities in ion channels. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Organized channels allow vertebrates to make muscles more efficient. (silverchair.com)

2001) Characterization and Mapping of the 12kda Fk506-binding Protein (Fkbp12)-binding Site on Different Isoforms of the Ryanodine Receptor and the Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptor. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)

The heterogeneous group of muscle diseases known as periodic paralyses (PP) is characterized by episodes of flaccid muscle weakness occurring at irregular intervals. (medscape.com)
Affected patients may present with congenital muscle hypotonia, pronounced proximal weakness, delayed motor development, and slightly elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels. (bmj.com)
Later in life muscle strength may improve, but in rare cases progressive muscle weakness is observed. (bmj.com)
Patients with non-dystrophic myotonia typically present with stiffness without weakness or muscle wasting, in contrast to dystrophic myotonic dystrophies (see Ch. 14 ). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy refers to a group of disorders that cause weakness and wasting of the muscles around the shoulders and hips. (medscape.com)
All patients have a history of progressive, symmetric proximal muscle weakness that usually starts in childhood to young adulthood. (medscape.com)
Pelvic muscle weakness is most often the first symptom. (medscape.com)
They are usually adult-onset diseases with slowly progressive weakness involving proximal (and distal) muscles. (medscape.com)

Ca2+ did not affect DHP binding to skeletal muscle membranes. (aspetjournals.org)
Coexpression of all of the subunits completely recapitulated the high affinity DHP binding seen with skeletal muscle membranes in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Kd = 0.15 nM). (aspetjournals.org)

No specific treatment is available for any of the LGMD syndromes, though aggressive supportive care is essential to preserve muscle function, maximize functional ability, and prolong life expectancy. (medscape.com)

This affinity was 4-fold lower than that of skeletal muscle membrane binding sites (Kd = 0.25 nM). (aspetjournals.org)
Such as Imperatoxin A, Maurocalcine acts as a high affinity agonist of the type-1 ryanodine receptor expressed in skeletal muscles with an affinity in the 10 nM range. (smartox-biotech.com)
The scorpion toxin maurocalcine acts as a high affinity agonist of the type-1 ryanodine receptor expressed in skeletal muscle. (smartox-biotech.com)

Here, we investigated the effects of the reducing agent dithiothreitol or the oxidizing reagent thimerosal on type-1 ryanodine receptor stimulation by maurocalcine. (smartox-biotech.com)

to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. (nih.gov)

The coordinated interaction of the myofilaments actin and myosin within the myocytes gives muscle tissue the ability to contract. (amboss.com)
Depending on the intracellular arrangement of these myofilaments , muscle tissue is classified as either striated (skeletal and cardiac) or nonstriated (smooth) muscle. (amboss.com)
On the other hand, muscle tissue from -null mice will not display adjustments in EC coupling in support of modest ramifications of L-type calcium mineral current (Freise 2000). (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Nevertheless, blockade of 2/1 manifestation with siRNA in the dysgenic muscle tissue cell range GLT got no influence on EC coupling and triggered just an acceleration from the calcium mineral current (Obermair 2005). (cell-signaling-pathways.com)

Cranial musculature and respiratory muscles usually are spared. (medscape.com)

This release occurs through an ion channel within the membrane of the SR, known as a ryanodine receptor (RyR), which opens upon activation. (wikipedia.org)

He, along with his family, sought the advice of medical experts to explore the potential underlying cause of this adverse reaction and the possibility of testing for an inherited skeletal muscle disorder linked to MH. (capitalpapers.com)

2001) Intracoronary Infusion of Skeletal Myoblasts Improves Cardiac Function in Doxorubicin-Induced Heart Failure. (lifescienceproduction.co.uk)
The ability to assess skeletal muscle function and delineate regulatory mechanisms is essential to uncovering therapeutic approaches that preserve functional independence in a disease state. (biomedcentral.com)
To date, surprisingly few studies have taken advantage of the FDB to investigate mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)
The results highlight the experimental flexibility afforded the investigator by using the FDB muscle to assess mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle function. (biomedcentral.com)
Skeletal muscle is susceptible to a number of genetic, environmental, and age-related pathologies that impair the tissue's normal mechanical and metabolic function. (biomedcentral.com)
RESULTS: Among 476 MHS patients with positive CHCT, 193 had muscle symptoms, 164 started oral dantrolene, 27 refused treatment, and 2 were excluded due to abnormal liver function before starting therapy. (bvsalud.org)
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) protein defects occur in several pathways involved in the biologic function of muscle and can be divided into groups based on cellular localization. (medscape.com)

Thus, this study demonstrates that alpha 2 delta and gamma are essential for full reconstitution of the DHP binding characteristics of the skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channel/DHP receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
We interpret these results as an indication that maurocalcine acts as a more effective type-1 ryanodine receptor channel agonist under reducing conditions. (smartox-biotech.com)

The myofilaments of striated muscle are arranged into sarcomeres while smooth muscle myofilaments lack a specific arrangement. (amboss.com)
The anatomical arrangement of the cell membrane, the SR, and the myofilaments in the striated muscle is further opti-mized for rapid action. (brainkart.com)

Muscles commonly used for functional and mechanistic experiments include the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior (TA), and/or the quadriceps. (biomedcentral.com)
Heart and skeletal muscle together are classified as striated muscle yet do have some important functional differences (see below). (brainkart.com)

The lion's share of this calcium is not obtained from the extra-cellular space (via the voltage-gated Ca ++ channel, the dihy-dropyridine receptor - see later) but from the intracellular storage, more specifically from the endoplasmic reticulum, which somebody found necessary to christen `sarcoplas-mic' reticulum in the muscle cell (gr. sarx, sarkos = flesh). (brainkart.com)

The protein encoded by CACNA1C binds to and is inhibited by dihydropyridine. (thermofisher.com)

First, we characterized the FDB phenotype and provide reference comparisons to skeletal muscles commonly used in the field. (biomedcentral.com)

Due to its anatomical location, the FDB can be used in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury protocols and is amenable to electroporation of cDNA with a high degree of efficiency allowing for an effective means of genetic manipulation. (biomedcentral.com)

2019) Correcting the R165K substitution in the first voltage-sensor of Ca V 1.1 right-shifts the voltage-dependence of skeletal muscle calcium channel activation. (i-med.ac.at)
It is released from there by a specialized Ca ++ channel, the ryanodine receptor (RyR)3. (brainkart.com)

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. (amboss.com)

Mechanistically driven research often utilizes DNA manipulation to alter protein expression in skeletal muscle. (biomedcentral.com)

The electroporation of cDNA or shRNA into muscles often delivers inconsistent results due to both the size of the muscle and anatomical location, which each impede uniform distribution of cDNA. (biomedcentral.com)

Diagnosis is frequently dependent on the result of histological examination of muscle biopsy specimens in conjunction with clinical diagnosis. (bmj.com)
11, 12 Clinically, MH status may be assessed by exposure in the laboratory of a patient's muscle biopsy specimen to incremental doses of specific trigger agents (caffeine, halothane) and measuring the in vitro contracture response using the contracture test (IVCT). (bmj.com)
Muscle biopsy and genetic testing are the most important tools used in the diagnostic evaluation of patients in whom limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is suspected. (medscape.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes9

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

DHPR15

Ryanodine receptors5

Sarcoplasmic reticulum3

RYR15

Subunit4

Contraction15

Cardiac muscle4

Blockers2

Proteins6

Fibers8

Gene1

Myotubes1

Membrane depolarization2

Depolarization2

Malignant hyperthermia4

STAC36

Sarcolemma2

Insulin Receptor1

Pivotal role1

Mitochondrial3

Mutations1

Cells15

Fiber3

Myopathy2

Channels5

Isoforms1

Weakness8

Membranes2

Syndromes1

Affinity3

Stimulation1

Relaxation1

Tissue4

Respiratory1

Occurs1

Disorder1

Function7

Type2

Myofilaments2

Functional2

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Binds1

Phenotype1

Injury1

Channel2

Voluntary1

Expression1

Results1

Biopsy3