• In contrast, MRN along with the long-range nuclease Exo1 and helicase BLM digests the DNA to create long 3' single-stranded DNA overhangs, which are rapidly bound by the single-stranded DNA binding protein RPA. (utexas.edu)
  • If NHEJ fails, DSBs may be nucleolytically cleaved to generate 3' single-stranded DNA overhangs via a process called end resection. (columbia.edu)
  • Instead, the experiments indicate that it is the resection of the DNA around a double-strand break to form single-stranded tails that inhibits transcription in budding yeast. (elifesciences.org)
  • When genes are heavily transcribed, they have a tendency to form single-stranded DNA loops, called R-loops, near their promoter. (mdanderson.org)
  • In human cells, there exist two canonical pathways of DSB repair: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR). Two protein complexes that rapidly bind DNA ends coordinate these separate pathways: the Ku70-Ku80 heterodimer (Ku) and the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex (MRN), respectively. (utexas.edu)
  • Next, Rad51 replaces RPA and facilitates strand exchange into a homologous chromosome to resynthesize the missing information in a largely error-free way. (utexas.edu)
  • Severing the DNA double helix is a requisite step in the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in meiosis and between immunoglobulin domains during the generation of immune-receptor diversity. (columbia.edu)
  • Therefore, the conversion of the DSB ends from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA, which is necessary to initiate DSB repair by homologous recombination, is responsible for loss of transcription around a DSB in S. cerevisiae . (elifesciences.org)
  • Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)
  • The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family is a well-known player in repairing DNA double strand break through non-homologous end joining pathway. (molcells.org)
  • There are two main mechanisms for repairing double strand breaks: homologous recombination and classical nonhomologous end joining. (news-medical.net)
  • Homologous recombination involves the exchange of nucleotide sequences to repair damaged bases on both strands of DNA through the utilization of a sister chromatid. (news-medical.net)
  • Classical nonhomologous end joining connects the break ends without a homologous template through the use of short DNA sequences called microhomologies. (news-medical.net)
  • [ 7 , 8 ] Sister chromatid exchanges are considered a sensitive indicator for cell genome instability, as they are thought to be the outcome of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from homologous recombination repair. (medscape.com)
  • The authors were specifically interested in showing the utility of strand-seq in detecting sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) at high-resolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or Strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell's parental template strands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following methods concentrate on the DNA sequencing of a single daughter cell's DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new genetic sensor called PRISM makes use of a host cell's DNA replication machinery to trigger fluorescence in neurons with damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • These single-stranded DNA 'tails' are then free to interact with an intact copy of the same DNA sequence from elsewhere in the cell's nucleus, which is used as a guide when repairing the damage. (elifesciences.org)
  • Whether or not a cell can repair itself after being damaged by radiation depends on the type of damage to the cell's DNA. (windows2universe.org)
  • Moreover, it cannot be sacrificed as the cell's nuclear DNA is is only present in two copies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Here we describe prime editing, a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit. (nature.com)
  • A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. (nature.com)
  • The enzymes remove the damaged base forming an AP site which is repaired by AP endonuclease before the nucleotide gap in the DNA strand is filled by DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • Possesses single-strand endonuclease activity and double-strand-specific 3'-5' exonuclease activity. (lu.se)
  • The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is involved in the correction of base/base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops arising during replication. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The third excision mechanism is called mismatch repair and occurs when mismatched bases are incorporated into the DNA strand during replication and are not removed by proofreading DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • Predicted to contribute to single-stranded DNA helicase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Crystal structure of the Bloom syndrome helicase BLM in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 4CGZ). (medscape.com)
  • Since the DSB ends undergo nucleolytic degradation (resection) of their 5′-ending strands, we investigated the contribution of resection in this DSB-induced transcriptional inhibition. (elifesciences.org)
  • This process is called 'resection' and it exposes single strands of DNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)
  • Most research on this topic involves observing the assortment of chromosomal template strands through many cell development cycles and correlating non-random assortment with particular cell fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)
  • The study establishes a link between TDRD3 and an enzyme that unwinds DNA at regions of active gene expression, and provides evidence that this partnership can prevent DNA breakage and chromosomal translocations - two of the hallmarks of cancer. (mdanderson.org)
  • Assays included salmonella mutagenicity (the Ames test) and mammalian cell activities for micronucleus induction, chromosomal aberrations, and DNA single and double strand breaks measured by singlecell gel electrophoresis. (cdc.gov)
  • When they were still embryos, He said he modified the twins' DNA with Crispr editing tools to give them genetic resistance to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, as the babies' father was HIV-positive. (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • Here, I use a combination of ensemble biochemical assays as well as high-throughput single-molecule microscopy to visualize the repair process. (utexas.edu)
  • Theranostics are emerging as a pillar of cancer therapy that enable the use of single molecule constructs for diagnostic and therapeutic application. (osti.gov)
  • CRISPR-Cas9 is revolutionary because of the precision with which it homes in on a specific DNA sequence out of billions in the genome and cleaves the double-stranded DNA molecule. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The DNA molecule is chemically unstable giving rise to DNA lesions of different nature. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The dense packing allows DNA molecule with a length of about two meters to fit into a microscopic cell nucleus, but it makes significant surfaces of the DNA inaccessible for the repair enzymes -- the proteins that manage the "repair" of damaged DNA regions. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Therefore, when it is necessary to synthesize specific protein, small region of DNA is unwound, the two strands are disconnected, and the information on the protein structure with one of the DNA strands is written in form of RNA, single-stranded molecule. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Then a single nucleosome transcribed by a single RNA molecule was studied. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The resected DNA strands are poor substrates for NHEJ and instead search for homology in the genome to resynthesize the sequence surrounding the break site. (columbia.edu)
  • In the latest example, University of California, Berkeley, scientists found that people's assumptions about how cells repair the genome after the Cas9 enzyme snips DNA are wrong. (sciencedaily.com)
  • And it could help researchers boost the efficiency with which cells insert new DNA into the genome -- to replace a harmful mutation with the correct DNA sequence, for example -- and generally tweak CRISPR-Cas9 editing to get the desired outcome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DNA encodes the cell genome and is therefore a permanent copy of a structure necessary for the correct functioning of a cell. (news-medical.net)
  • Single-stranded annealing provides end joining between interspersed nucleotide repeats within the genome leading to one copy of the repeat and the intervening sequence being deleted in the process. (news-medical.net)
  • The kinetics of repair of oxidative DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimidines) in human cells. (harvard.edu)
  • P.69 left column:'DNA suffers oxidative damage from free radicals generated by ionising radiation as well as from reactive oxygen species such as those inevitably arising in respiration. (harvard.edu)
  • Oxidative damage to DNA, and/or the direct adduction of reactive molecules to DNA, such as can occur with formaldehyde, is the most important intermediate outcome of chemical carcinogenesis. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Dental methacrylates may exert genotoxic effects via the oxidative induction of DNA double strand breaks and the inhibition of their repair. (nih.gov)
  • Basal, oxidative and alkylative DNA damage, DNA repair efficacy and mutagen sensitivity in breast cancer. (nih.gov)
  • After oxidative stress, one of the main base lesions formed in DNA is 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) that, if left unrepaired, induces mutations potentially involved in cancer and aging. (cea.fr)
  • After analysing for many years the way that DNA glycosylases, APE1 and XRCC1 initiate the repair of 8-oxoG or abasic sites, our laboratory is now interested in studying the effect on BER proteins of cellular environmental changes such as oxidative stress or the switch from stem cells to differentiation. (cea.fr)
  • Localisation of BER complexes into euchromatin regions after induction of oxidative DNA damage. (cea.fr)
  • Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA has been implicated in human degenerative diseases, tumorigenesis and aging. (cea.fr)
  • This protein plays a pivotal role in DNA recombination and repair. (medscape.com)
  • While these DNA transactions are essential for human fertility and the development of the immune system, misrepaired or unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to chromosome rearrangements or cell death. (columbia.edu)
  • The most deleterious DNA damages are double-strand breaks (DSBs), and a single unrepaired DSB can lead to cell death. (utexas.edu)
  • DNA movements can lead to the clustering of DSBs into a common repair focus. (columbia.edu)
  • Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
  • A new tool called PRISM draws on virus-host interactions and a DNA repair pathway to help researchers visualize how cellular stress may contribute to neurodegenerative disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)
  • The base excision repair (BER) pathway is the main pathway for the repair of DNA base damage and single strand breaks. (cea.fr)
  • Scientists discovered that a well-known DNA repair pathway, the Fanconi anemia pathway, surprisingly plays a key role in repairing double-strand DNA breaks created by CRISPR-Cas9. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Scientists could potentially tweak proteins involved in the pathway to preferentially steer the outcome toward replacement with DNA, which is important for gene therapy for hereditary diseases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation regulates RECQL4 pathway choice and ubiquitination in DNA double-strand break repair. (nih.gov)
  • They work by binding to topoisomerase and causing single-strand DNA breaks. (medscape.com)
  • Topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I, inhibiting DNA replication. (medscape.com)
  • Because MMR is assumed to modulate cytotoxicity to various chemotherapeutic agents that act upon DNA, our objectives have been to define its possible involvement in the cytotoxicity of topoisomerase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We have shown that colorectal cancer cell lines defective in DNA MMR exhibit an increased sensitivity to both camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. (aacrjournals.org)
  • They found that TDRD3 forms a complex with a protein called topoisomerase 3B (TOP3B), an enzyme that unwinds DNA and, in so doing, prevents DNA structures from forming that impede gene transcription. (mdanderson.org)
  • The meiotic topoisomerase VI B subunit (MTOPVIB) is essential for meiotic DNA double-strand break formation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Reprod. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • In the case of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I, it has been suggested that a 30 kDa fragment moves away from the rest of the protein to create an entrance into the central hole in the protein. (rcsb.org)
  • As poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is overexpressed in various cancer types, and is localized to the nucleus, PARP-1 can be safely targeted with Auger emitters to induce DNA damage in tumors. (osti.gov)
  • The broken ends of DNA activate the enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase resulting in NAD and ATP depletion and disruption of cellular metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • DNA polymerase and ligase activities are then required to restore the DNA integrity. (cea.fr)
  • The process involves the recognition of damage which is then cleaved on both sides by endonucleases before resynthesis by DNA polymerase. (news-medical.net)
  • During the transcription of information (its rewriting into RNA) the RNA polymerase enzyme "rides" on the DNA chain, and stops when it finds the break. (sciencedaily.com)
  • At the same time, the RNA polymerase cannot detect discontinuities present in the other DNA strand. (sciencedaily.com)
  • According to our hypothesis, it occurs due to the formation of special small DNA loops in the nucleosome, although normally DNA wounds around the histone "spool" very tightly," -- says Vasily M. Studitsky, -- "The loops form when the DNA is coiled back on nucleosome together with polymerase. (sciencedaily.com)
  • RNA polymerase can "crawl" along the DNA loops nearly as well as on histone-free DNA regions, but when it stops near locations of the DNA breaks, it "panics," triggering the cascade of reactions to start DNA "repairs. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This protocol offers improved cytogenetic resolution, allowing researchers to observe single strands as opposed to whole chromatids with pulse-chase experiments. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the arrival of a new class of single-nucleotide editors, researchers can target the most common type of pathogenic SNP in humans. (the-scientist.com)
  • Researchers find that temporary double-stranded DNA breaks commonly result from normal neuron activation-but expression of an Alzheimer's-linked protein increases the damage. (the-scientist.com)
  • Researchers often supply a single-stranded piece of DNA and hope that the cell uses it to replace the faulty sequence with the new one. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The researchers stated in their conclusion that both radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause single and double strand breaks to DNA. (newstarget.com)
  • A group of researchers has discovered a new mechanism of DNA repair, which opens up new perspectives for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A group of researchers, lead by Vasily M. Studitsky, professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, discovered a new mechanism of DNA repair, which opens up new perspectives for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A group of researchers, lead by Vasily M. Studitsky, studied the mechanism of detection of single-stranded DNA breaks at which the connection is lost between nucleotides on one strand in the places where the DNA is associated with histones. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The single biggest roadblock in autism research is that researchers stay in their silos and do not pay attention to what is happening in other fields. (ageofautism.com)
  • Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that modify the topological state of DNA and participate in fundamental metabolic processes such as replication, transcription, repair, recombination, and chromosome segregation (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • This mechanism requires enzymes to eat away at the end of one of the DNA strands on each side of the double-strand break. (elifesciences.org)
  • Enzymes can stitch the dangling ends back together, which often results in one or more bases -- the building blocks of DNA -- being added or deleted, disrupting the function of the gene. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Alternatively, other enzymes can patch the break with a single strand of DNA that matches the DNA sequence upstream and downstream of the cut. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To find out which DNA repair enzymes are critical to homology-directed repair after CRISPR cutting, Richardson and Corn employed a technique called CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to knock out, one at a time, more than 2,000 genes known or suspected to be involved in DNA repair, a function critical to a healthy cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • During the experiment, special sites, where single-stranded breaks can be introduced by adding specific enzymes in a test tube, were inserted into the DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • DNA topoisomerases are the enzymes responsible for maintaining the topological states of DNA. (rcsb.org)
  • Past methods have been used to track the inheritance patterns of chromatids on a per-strand basis and elucidate the process of non-random segregation: Pulse-chase experiments have been used for determining the segregation patterns of chromosomes in addition to studying other time-dependent cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • At this point the chromosomes are composed of nascent strands with BrdU in place of thymidine and the original template strands are primed for DNA sequencing library preparation. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes along with histone proteins. (mdanderson.org)
  • Alternative joining has an undefined mechanism for repairing double strand breaks but is known to risk genomic integrity by joining end breaks on different chromosomes. (news-medical.net)
  • Over the past few decades it has become increasingly clear that epigenetic changes - heritable changes in the cell that do not result from DNA sequence alteration - may be just as important as gene mutations in cancer development. (mdanderson.org)
  • Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in individual brain cells were measured at 4h post-exposure using a microgel electrophoresis assay. (nih.gov)
  • We speculate that these effects could result from a direct effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy on DNA molecules and/or impairment of DNA-damage repair mechanisms in brain cells. (nih.gov)
  • Intrastrand cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA precursors are among the proposed mechanisms of action for cisplatin. (medscape.com)
  • We are presently trying to understand what mechanisms regulate the targeting of the DNA glycosylases, in particular OGG1, to the mitochondria and how BER is coordinated in this organelle. (cea.fr)
  • The Yokomori laboratory investigates the mechanisms of chromosome structural organization and how they affect DNA repair and gene regulation in human health and disease. (uci.edu)
  • DNA repair can be divided into a set of mechanisms that identify and correct damage in DNA molecules. (news-medical.net)
  • Studies have also found that double strand breaks can be repaired through alternative mechanisms such as single-stranded annealing and alternative joining during certain conditions. (news-medical.net)
  • Three hours after the treatment, BER proteins become insoluble and associate to those regions in which DNA (stained with DAPI, blue) is less condensed, corresponding to euchromatin regions. (cea.fr)
  • Chemical modification of these histones is one way that the cell regulates the packing and unpacking of the DNA and its associated proteins (collectively called chromatin), which in turn helps to determine whether a given gene is activated or repressed. (mdanderson.org)
  • Here we highlight some of the latest evidence where DNA-PKcs has been shown to localize not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm, phosphorylating various proteins involved in cellular metabolism and cytokine production. (molcells.org)
  • DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), encoded by PRKDC gene, is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, which also includes the two DNA damage repair proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related protein (ATR). (molcells.org)
  • In higher organisms DNA is bound with proteins in complexes called the nucleosome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Every ~200 base pairs are organized in nucleosomes, consisting of eight histone proteins, which, like the thread on the bobbin, wound double helix of DNA, which is coiled into two supercoiled loops. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Kosicki, M., Tomberg, K. & Bradley, A. Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR-Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements. (nature.com)
  • The mechanism and function of heterochromatin disruption in FSHD muscular dystrophy is another area of research, in which we perform single cell/nucleus analyses to isolate and characterize a small number of disease-driving cells and are developing 3D and tissue on a chip to measure intrinsic defects of FSHD and CRISPR-engineered mutant myocytes. (uci.edu)
  • Direct reversal of DNA damage is a mechanism of repair that does not require a template and is applied to two main types of damage. (news-medical.net)
  • Excision is the general mechanism by which repairs are made when one of the double helix strands is damaged. (news-medical.net)
  • Nucleotide excision repair is a widespread mechanism for repairing damage to DNA and recognizes multiple damaged bases. (news-medical.net)
  • DNA damage is ubiquitous to all organisms and very complex pathways have evolved to recognize and repair these lesions. (utexas.edu)
  • Thus BER is a major barrier to prevent accumulation of DNA lesions therefore protecting against cell death or mutagenesis. (cea.fr)
  • Genes belonging to proteases, bacterial exporters and DNA stabilization were found to be under strong positive selection, thus facilitating pathogenicity and survival of the outliers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Previous research has reported that forming a double-strand break in the DNA reduces the levels of transcription for the genes that surround the break, but it was not clear how this occurred. (elifesciences.org)
  • Interestingly, in yeast and mammalian cells, DNA motion is increased following DSB generation. (columbia.edu)
  • Drosophila TAFII150: similarity to yeast gene TSM-1 and specific binding to core promoter DNA. (uci.edu)
  • Our data further support the results of earlier in vitro and in vivo studies showing effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Frankenberg-Schwager, M. (1989) Review of repair kinetics for DNA damage induced in eukaryotic cells in vitro by ionizing radiation, Radiother. (harvard.edu)
  • In vitro genotoxicity of lead acetate: induction of single and double DNA strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links. (nih.gov)
  • We have shown, not yet in the cell, but in vitro, that the repair of breaks in the other DNA chain, which is "hidden" in the nucleosome, is still possible. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Filter collected DPM has been dispersed into surfactant, usually dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in saline, and assayed in vitro for clastogenic, DNA damage, and mutagenic activities. (cdc.gov)
  • Using unidirectional probes that recognize major satellite regions, coupled to fluorescently labelled dyes, individual strands can be bound. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study used single-cell gel electrophoresis (the Comet assay) and flow cytometry to investigate DNA damage in A549 cells exposed to ozone levels below the current ambient standard. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • CO-FISH, or strand-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization, facilitates strand-specific targeting of DNA with fluorescently-tagged probes. (wikipedia.org)
  • HYCAMTIN (topotecan) for injection, for intravenous use is supplied as a sterile, lyophilized, buffered, light yellow to greenish powder available in single-dose vials. (globalrph.com)
  • HYCAMTIN® for injection, as a single agent, is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic ovarian cancer after disease progression on or after initial or subsequent chemotherapy. (globalrph.com)
  • HYCAMTIN for injection, as a single agent, is indicated for the treatment of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with platinum-sensitive disease who progressed at least 60 days after initiation of first-line chemotherapy. (globalrph.com)
  • For HYCAMTIN for injection as a single agent, reduce the dose to 0.75 mg/m²/day for patients with creatinine clearance (CLcr) of 20 to 39 mL/min (calculated with the Cockcroft-Gault method using ideal body weight) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. (globalrph.com)
  • There is evidence, also, that 2-CdATP is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells, resulting in impairment of DNA synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • have reported that increased DNA-PKcs activity can suppress HR repair in G1 phase of cells through increasing RBX1 protein expression, which prompts the neddylation and activity of cullin 1, a key component of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box ubiquitin 3 ligase, consequently mediating ubiquitination and degradation of EXO1. (molcells.org)
  • results from their study show the importance of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament conformation for stimulating DNA pairing by BLM . (medscape.com)
  • This genomic technique selectively sequencings the parental template strands in single daughter cells DNA libraries. (wikipedia.org)
  • In experiments used to study non-random chromosome assortment, stem cells are labeled or "pulsed" with a nucleotide analog that is incorporated in the replicated DNA strands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Damage to DNA is caused by the incorporation of incorrect nucleotide bases during DNA replication and the chemical changes caused by spontaneous mutation or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation. (news-medical.net)
  • Base excision repair of modified bases is initiated by lesion-specific DNA glycosylases. (cea.fr)
  • They inhibit DNA synthesis through the formation of DNA cross-links. (medscape.com)
  • Ifosfamide forms DNA interstrand and intrastrand bonds that interfere with protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, 2-chloro-2΄-deoxy- β -D-adenosine can be distinguished from other chemotherapeutic agents affecting purine metabolism in that it is cytotoxic to both actively dividing and quiescent lymphocytes and monocytes, inhibiting both DNA synthesis and repair. (nih.gov)
  • The non-defective strand is used as a template with the damaged DNA on the other strand removed and replaced by the synthesis of new nucleotides. (news-medical.net)
  • Strand-seq (single-cell and single-strand sequencing) was one of the first single-cell sequencing protocols described in 2012. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single-cell sequencing protocols were foundational in the development of this technique, but they differ in several aspects. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, some of the MMR components participate in recombination and double-strand break repair as well as cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Breaks that form across both strands in a DNA double helix are considered the most dangerous type of DNA damage, and can cause a cell to die or become cancerous if they are not repaired accurately. (elifesciences.org)
  • Breaks in these strands may not be repaired correctly, and this can cause cell abnormalities - and eventually cancer - to develop. (newstarget.com)
  • Construction of a Human Cell Landscape of COVID-19 Infection at Single-cell Level (Aging Dis. (shsmu.edu.cn)
  • Because the minimal event in dose-delivery of ionizing radiation is a single track, we can define the least possible disturbance to a single cell-nucleus: It is the traversal of the nucleus by just one primary ionization track. (ratical.org)
  • Specifically, we use various DNA damaging methods, including laser microirradiation to study nucleus-wide epigenetic responses to complex DNA damage through PARP signaling and metabolic alteration. (uci.edu)
  • Moreover, while there are several DNA-PK inhibitors currently being evaluated in the clinical trials in attempt to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, multiple functions and subcellular localization of DNA-PKcs in various types of cells may further complicate the effects at the cellular and organismal level. (molcells.org)
  • Development and application of Crystal Digital PCR-based single pollen nucleus genotyping to measure meiotic recombination rates in barley (Hordeum vulgare) in high-throughput. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • Thin and long strand of the DNA is packed in the nucleus and can tear at the exit to the outside. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The dynamics of these foci may be observed by time-lapse microscopy making it possible to observe the behavior of breaks undergoing HDR and NHEJ. (columbia.edu)
  • In this chapter, I also investigate how Arp2/3-driven DSB movements specifically promote the dynamics of HDR breaks, while Arp2/3 activity does not influence NHEJ breaks. (columbia.edu)
  • Repairing damaged DNA appears to drive aging by causing the loss of epigenetic information, but restoring that information reverses such effects, a study finds. (the-scientist.com)
  • We have observed that after induction of 8-oxoG in the cellular DNA, OGG1, APE1 and XRCC1 are recruited from a soluble nucleoplasmic fraction to the chromatin, following a kinetics that is in good correlation with the repair rate. (cea.fr)
  • Biochemical fractionation as well as confocal microscopy studies revealed that KBrO3-induced BER foci are completely excluded from heterochromatin rich regions, and are preferentially located in less-condensed DNA areas where active transcription takes place. (cea.fr)
  • R-loop accumulation at a gene can prevent transcription, and these loops are also often sites of DNA breaks. (mdanderson.org)
  • UV light induces the formation of pyrimidine dimers which can distort the DNA chain structure, blocking transcription beyond the area of damage. (news-medical.net)
  • Ku encircles the DNA ends and recruits other factors, such the kinase DNA-PKcs, to bluntly ligate the ends back together. (utexas.edu)
  • Replication indicates detection of minus-strand RNA. (cdc.gov)
  • A Single Adaptable Cochaperone-Scaffold Complex Delivers Nascent Iron-Sulfur Clusters to Mammalian Respiratory Chain Complexes I-III. (nih.gov)