Semliki ForesSINVAlphavirusVectorsViralGenomeTogaviridaeChikungunyaGenusArbovirusHumansGlycoproteinsAntibodyUsutuZikaFlavivirusesInfectivityPathogenicFlavivirusAdeno-assoc1969InfectionsPathogenesisRNAsEncephalitis virusGenomicReplicationWestern equine encephalomyelitis virusEnvelopeAedesMosquitoesStrainRubellaCDNAInfluenza VirusesAntigenicEnvelopesSingle-stranded RNA virusIsolationPathogensMeaslesAnimal virusesFeverCharacterizationHemorrhagicCellsProteinIllnessWidelyTeratogenic
Semliki Fores5
- They inhibit competitively the hemagglutination of all viruses of group B so far tested and of Semliki Forest virus of group A. Infectivity of West Nile virus is also inhibited. (dtic.mil)
- Alphaviruses , like Sindbis Virus and Semliki Forest Virus, belong to the Togaviridae family of viruses . (genetherapynet.com)
- Alphaviruses are of interest to gene therapy researchers, in particular the Ross River virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus have all been used to develop viral vectors for gene delivery. (genetherapynet.com)
- Genome organisation of Semliki Forest virus. (genetherapynet.com)
- Alphaviruses comprise a genus of the family Togaviridae, currently containing about 26 members, including the well-characterized prototype viruses, semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SV). (elsevierpure.com)
SINV8
- Sindbis virus (SINV) is a member of the Togaviridae family, in the Alphavirus genus. (wikipedia.org)
- Mosquitoborne viruses such as chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Sindbis virus (SINV) are members of the genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae ) and cause human arthritic diseases ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
- Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Based on the divergence of nucleotide sequencing and biological characteristics, Sindbis virus can be divided into two groups: SINV and Sindbis-like virus (SINLV) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)
- To address this gap, we use a genetic approach to activate macroautophagy / autophagy in the yellow fever mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ), infected with a recombinant Sindbis virus (SINV) expressing an autophagy activator. (bvsalud.org)
- We find that modulation of autophagy using this recombinant SINV negatively regulated production of infectious viruses . (bvsalud.org)
Alphavirus6
- Alphavirus infection MicrobiologyBytes: Togaviruses CDC: Pogosta disease and Sindbis virus Sindbis virus-ICTVdB-The Universal Virus Database, version 4. (wikipedia.org)
- Sindbis viruses are enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses, belonging to the genus of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that has more than 30 members [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Purified virions of Aura virus, a South American alphavirus related to Sindbis virus, were found to contain two RNA species, one of 12 kb and the other of 4.2 kb. (caltech.edu)
- Kielian, M 1995, ' Membrane fusion And the Alphavirus Life Cycle ', Advances in Virus Research , vol. 45, no. (elsevierpure.com)
- Four potential viral zoonoses associated with wildlife have previously been documented in New Zealand: three flaviviruses (Johnston Atoll virus, 16,17 Saumarez Reef virus and an unnamed Hughes group virus 17 ) and one alphavirus (Whataroa virus 18 ). (who.int)
- 21 The Whataroa virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that belongs to the Sindbis virus subgroup that has had a known public health impact in several countries. (who.int)
Vectors4
- Noncytopathic Sindbis virus RNA vectors for heterologous gene expression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Instead of the classical types of vaccines such as live and inactivated viruses, several novel immunogens including protein subunit and DNA vaccines as well as viral and bacterial vectors are currently being examined. (aerzteblatt.de)
- The anophelines include proven or suspected vectors of malarial protozoa and the culicines include proven or suspected vectors of dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile and Rift Valley fever viruses, as well as microfilariae. (biomedcentral.com)
- Surprisingly, intrastriatal injections of adeno-associated virus serotype 2/1 (AAV2/1) vectors expressing different shRNAs, whether targeting torsinA expression or mismatched controls, resulted in significant toxicity with progressive weight loss, motor dysfunction and animal demise. (shengsci.com)
Viral10
- Northern (RNA) blot analysis, primer extension analysis, and limited sequencing showed that the 12-kb RNA was the viral genomic RNA, whereas the 4.2-kb RNA present in virus preparations was identical to the 26S subgenomic RNA present in infected cells. (caltech.edu)
- The subgenomic RNA is the messenger for translation of the viral structural proteins, and its synthesis is absolutely required for replication of the virus. (caltech.edu)
- Laboratory diagnosis is generally accomplished by testing whole blood, serum, or plasma to detect virus, viral nucleic acid, or virus-specific immunoglobulin M and neutralizing antibodies. (cdc.gov)
- Characterization of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the viral messenger RNAs isolated from BHK-21 cells infected with Germiston virus (Bunyavirus). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The L protein of Rift Valley fever virus can rescue viral ribonucleoproteins and transcribe synthetic genome-like RNA molecules. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The toxicity of Sindbis viral envelopes may be the cause of the very low production titers realized from packaging cells constructed to produce Sindbis pseudotypes. (genetherapynet.com)
- Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Dr. Andrew Pekosz studies the pathogenesis of influenza virus at mucosal surfaces with the goal of identifying viral antigens that can be used in a vaccine that will blunt the impact of new viral variants. (jhu.edu)
- In the second season, blood clots ( n = 544) were screened for viral presence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for alphaviral and flaviviral RNA, and virus isolation ( n = 146) was conducted. (who.int)
- It is not part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classification of viruses (ie, it is not a species, genus, or family), which is based on the nature and structure of the viral genome. (msdmanuals.com)
Genome7
- Sindbis viruses are enveloped particles with an icosahedral capsid, with a positive single stranded RNA genome, with an approximate size of 11.7 kb. (wikipedia.org)
- A non-coding RNA element has been found to be essential for Sindbis virus genome replication. (wikipedia.org)
- Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
- To honor Michael, we invite submissions for this Special Issue of Viruses focusing on Michael's interests: virus structures and assembly mechanisms, conformational transitions and structure-function relationships, and genome packaging and virus infection mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
- The genome of Bunyamwera virus (BUN) consists of three segments of single-stranded RNA of negative polarity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Characterization of La Crosse virus small genome transcripts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
Togaviridae1
- Rubella virus is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus (Togaviridae family) and is a single-stranded RNA virus. (medscape.com)
Chikungunya2
- Because of similar geographic distribution and symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- People infected with Zika, chikungunya, or dengue virus should be protected from further mosquito exposure during the first few days of illness to prevent other mosquitoes from becoming infected and reduce the risk of local transmission. (cdc.gov)
Genus2
- Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus . (cdc.gov)
- ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Arbovirus4
- In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
- Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) is defined as any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, mostly insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks). (msdmanuals.com)
- The term arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) describes a virus that is transmitted by certain species of arthropods. (msdmanuals.com)
- West Nile Virus West Nile virus is a flavivirus that is now the primary cause of arbovirus encephalitis in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
Humans7
- Humans are infected with Sindbis virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. (wikipedia.org)
- Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rubella virus naturally infects humans, primarily women, and is transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions, with a peak incidence in late winter and spring. (medscape.com)
- Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic virus and one of the causes of flavivirus encephalitis in birds and occasionally in humans. (frontiersin.org)
- The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Johnston Atoll virus is closely related to the Quaranfil group of viruses, which have been isolated from symptomatic humans, 16 and it has been hypothesized that humans may also be susceptible to infection with Johnston Atoll virus. (who.int)
- These viruses may spread to humans from nonhuman reservoirs, but most arboviral diseases are not transmissible by humans, perhaps because the typical viremia is inadequate to infect the arthropod vector. (msdmanuals.com)
Glycoproteins1
- Antigenic characterisation of two Sindbis envelope glycoproteins separated by isoelectric focusing. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antibody2
- Gene Tan, PhD is leading efforts to develop SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein pseudotyped viruses for receptor binding and antibody neutralization assays. (jcvi.org)
- Dr. Sabra Klein's laboratory examines the antibody and cellular responses induced by influenza virus in the context of the hormonal, genetic and epigenetic differences inherent to males and females. (jhu.edu)
Usutu1
- Usutu virus (USUV), a neglected Old World flavivirus, causes annually reoccurring epizootics in the avian fauna and sporadic human infections. (frontiersin.org)
Zika9
- Zika virus RNA has been identified in asymptomatic blood donors during an ongoing outbreak. (cdc.gov)
- Many people infected with Zika virus are asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)
- However, there have been cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in patients following suspected Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Recently, CDC concluded that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. (cdc.gov)
- Due to concerns of microcephaly caused by maternal Zika virus infection, fetuses and infants of women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy should be evaluated for possible congenital infection and neurologic abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
- Based on the typical clinical features, the differential diagnosis for Zika virus infection is broad. (cdc.gov)
- As an arboviral disease , Zika virus is a nationally notifiable condition. (cdc.gov)
- No specific antiviral treatment is available for Zika virus disease. (cdc.gov)
- The recent increase in reported cases of microcephaly and Guillain-Barre Syndrome potentially associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) has highlighted the urgent need to identify individuals infected with ZIKV. (who.int)
Flaviviruses1
- The flaviviruses are all tick-borne viruses that have remained largely unstudied since their detection in the late 1970s. (who.int)
Infectivity3
- One of them was capable of neutralizing virus infectivity and inhibiting haemagglutination, while the other had no significant neutralizing or haemagglutination-inhibiting capability, but did inhibit virus-mediated haemolysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Both monoclonal antibodies could enhance virus infectivity of Fc receptor-bearing macrophage-like cells when present at suitable dilutions. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Inoculation of ribonuclease into ticks during eclipse phase of TBE virus abolished infectivity. (dtic.mil)
Pathogenic1
- After passages in baby hamsters, Marburg virus became pathogenic for newborn mice. (dtic.mil)
Flavivirus3
- Enhancement of dengue virus infection in monocytes by flavivirus antisera. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Flavivirus antibodies were detected in 13 species, and one Australasian gannet ( Morus serrator ) from one site was positive for antibodies to Ross River virus. (who.int)
- Evidence for flavivirus exposure in seabirds at Kaikoura Peninsula and Cape Kidnappers suggests that viruses isolated from seabirds and associated ticks in New Zealand in the late 1970s are still present. (who.int)
Adeno-assoc1
- Interleukin-10 expression induced by adeno-associated virus vector suppresses proteinuria in Zucker obese rats. (shengsci.com)
19693
- Tahyna virus was active in the Neusiedlersee area in 1968 and 1969. (dtic.mil)
- The incidence of Calovo virus was only found in 1969. (dtic.mil)
- 1969 ) Inhibition of interjacent ribonucleic acid (26S) synthesis in cells infected by Sindbis virus. (academictree.org)
Infections3
- Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
- This report published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Volume 28, Number 2 In 2002, discusses the Ross River virus (RRV) infections in Tasmania after the largest number of RRV infections ever recorded for the state was reported. (health.gov.au)
- In 2002, Tasmania reported the largest number of Ross River virus (RRV) infections ever recorded for the state. (health.gov.au)
Pathogenesis1
- Dr. Joseph Margolick's research centers on the cellular immunology and pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with particular emphasis on the regulation of CD4 T cell turnover and immune homeostasis. (jhu.edu)
RNAs1
- Recombination has been demonstrated between RNAs of Sindbis virus. (wikipedia.org)
Encephalitis virus1
- Density gradient characterization of disrupted and untreated Eastern encephalitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genomic3
- Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of XJ-160 virus contains 11626nt and shows typical genomic organization of Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
- We also found that subgenomic RNA was present in about threefold-greater amounts relative to genomic RNA in cells infected by Aura virus than in cells infected by Sindbis virus. (caltech.edu)
- They are pairing this with a rapid, modular reverse genetic system to assess genomic variants identified in the wealth of global sequencing data, develop and test vaccine candidates, and generate needed reagents, including fluorescent and tagged virus strains. (jcvi.org)
Replication3
- Sindbis Virus Replication Reduces Dependence on Mitochondrial Metabolism During Infection. (nih.gov)
- The explosion of information in modern cell biology has in many cases been fostered by the use of viruses as experimental paradigms Subjects as wide ranging as RNA splicing, DNA replication, on cogenes, cell polarity, and membrane protein biosynthesis have all taken advantage of the experimental manipulability, high signal-to-noise ratio, and defined components of virus systems. (elsevierpure.com)
- Rubella Virus Replication and Links to TeratogenicityJIA-YEE LEE* ANDD. (vdocuments.net)
Western equine encephalomyelitis virus1
- Hemolytic properties of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Envelope4
- The viruses assemble at the host cell surfaces and acquire their envelope through budding. (wikipedia.org)
- Two monoclonal antibodies raised against Sindbis virus were shown to be specific for the envelope glycoprotein E1 by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP). (microbiologyresearch.org)
- However, the expression of Sindbis virus envelopes may lead to apoptosis, and their introduction into host cells upon infection by Sindbis virus envelope pseudotyped retroviruses may also lead to cell death. (genetherapynet.com)
- Most animal viruses are also surrounded by a lipid envelope (a bilayered membrane analogous to a cell membrane). (unboundmedicine.com)
Aedes2
- Sindbis virus is suppressed in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti by ATG-6/Beclin-1 mediated activation of autophagy. (bvsalud.org)
- Packaging of the Aura virus subgenomic mRNA occurred following infection of mosquito (Aedes albopictus C6/36), hamster (BHK-21), or monkey (Vero) cells. (caltech.edu)
Mosquitoes3
- The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes (Culex and Culiseta). (wikipedia.org)
- As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, but some are transmitted by ticks, and one (Oropouche virus) is transmitted by midges. (msdmanuals.com)
Strain1
- However, nucleotide difference between XJ-160 virus and prototype Sindbis virus (AR339 strain) is 18%, much more than the nucleotide difference (2~7%) among the Sindbis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Rubella4
- Rubella is an acute infectious disease caused by Rubella virus (RUBV). (biomedcentral.com)
- Rubella is an acute infectious disease that normally has a mild clinical course, caused by rubella virus (RUBV). (biomedcentral.com)
- Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the diseasecommonly known as German measles. (vdocuments.net)
- The notion that rubella wasonly a mild illness of children was dispelled in 1941, whenNorman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmic surgeon, reportedthe devastating teratogenic effects of the virus (47). (vdocuments.net)
CDNA1
- Recombinant plasmid pBR-XJ160 is an infectious full-length cDNA clone of XJ-160 virus, from which rescued virus BR-XJ160 can be obtained by transcription in vitro and transfection. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza Viruses1
- The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
Antigenic2
- Influenza virus is consistently a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality by virtue of the ability to change its antigenic identity. (jhu.edu)
- The spectre of pandemic influenza arising from new antigenic variants of this virus underscores the importance of defining how this respiratory pathogen interacts with the immune system. (jhu.edu)
Envelopes2
- Of particular interest are the chimeric viruses that may be formed with alphaviral envelopes and retroviral capsids. (genetherapynet.com)
- Viruses with lipid envelopes have a greater ability to adhere to cell membranes and to avoid destruction by the immune system. (unboundmedicine.com)
Single-stranded RNA virus1
- HCV is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. (medscape.com)
Isolation1
- PCR tests and virus isolation were all negative. (who.int)
Pathogens1
- Professor Gary Ketner is exploiting detailed knowledge on the immunology and molecular genetics of Adenovirus to develop novel vaccine delivery systems that will protect people from a variety of pathogens including papilloma virus and malaria. (jhu.edu)
Measles2
- Professor Diane Griffin's laboratory studies the immune response to measles virus infection and vaccination. (jhu.edu)
- These studies are aimed at defining new vaccine approaches that will protect even very young children as well as defining the cellular and humoral mechanisms of measles virus clearance, protective immunity and induction of both immune suppression and long-term immunological memory. (jhu.edu)
Animal viruses1
- A multihit model for the neutralization of animal viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Fever1
- Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Characterization1
- Characterization of Bunyamwera S RNA that is transcribed and replicated by the L protein expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Hemorrhagic2
- Most viruses associated with hemorrhagic fevers are classified in the families Arenaviridae and Filoviridae . (msdmanuals.com)
- Hantavirus Infection Hantaviridae are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, which consists of at least 4 serotypes with 9 viruses causing 2 major, sometimes overlapping, clinical syndromes: Hemorrhagic. (msdmanuals.com)
Cells5
- On the entry of Semliki virus into BHK-21 cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- The BR-XJ160 virus raised in BHK-21 cells was indistinguishable from the XJ-160 virus in its biological properties, including its plaque morphology, growth kinetics and suckling mouse neurovirulence. (biomedcentral.com)
- Parvovirus B19 is a small, single-stranded DNA virus that replicates in dividing cells and thus has a remarkable tropism for human erythroid progenitor cells. (medscape.com)
- New viruses are then released either by destroying their host cell or by forming small buds that break off and infect other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
- AAVs are nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses used in gene therapy to insert copies of missing genes into host cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
Protein1
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) modulates cellular apoptosis, which is involved in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
Illness2
Widely1
- Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. (wikipedia.org)
Teratogenic1
- that viruses could be teratogenic agents was introduced.Greggs report initially drew little attention. (vdocuments.net)